Оглавление
Группа авторов. Phytopharmaceuticals
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Phytopharmaceuticals. Potential Therapeutic Applications
Preface
1. A Great Challenge on the Reproducibility of Therapeutic Results of Phytopharmaceuticals
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Common Challenges in Phytopharmaceuticals
1.2.1 Authentication of Raw Material
1.2.2 Variability of Chemical Content in Raw Material
1.2.2.1 Intrinsic Factor
1.2.2.2 Extrinsic Factor
1.2.2.3 Harvesting
1.2.2.4 Post-Harvesting Process
1.2.2.5 Storage
1.2.2.6 Complex Mixture of the Pharmacologically Active Constituent
1.3 Strategy to Guarantee the Quality of Phytopharmaceutical
1.3.1 Marker Compound Concept
1.3.2 Phytoequivalence Concept
1.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
2. Ibero-American Network as a Collaborative Strategy to Provide Tools for the Development of Phytopharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Some Unexplored Botanicals From Ibero-America as Potential Sources of Bioactive Compounds
2.2.1 South America Regions: Tropical Savanna and Atlantic Forest
2.2.2 Central South America Semiarid Regions
2.2.3 Northern South America, Central America and Caribbean
2.2.4 Exploitation of Undervalued Resources From Fabaceae Family to Obtain Hydrocolloids
2.2.4.1 Gums From Native Fabaceae Family Seeds
2.2.4.2 Gums From Fabaceae Family Exudates
2.2.5 Healthy Fatty Acid Sources From Ibero America
2.2.6 Bioactives From Agroindustrial Wastes. 2.2.6.1 Commercial Edible Flowers
2.2.6.2 Coffee Grounds as Source of Prebiotics
2.2.6.3 Healthy Compounds From Olive Oil Wastes
2.3 Technologies for Obtaining Stable Natural Bioactive Extracts
2.3.1 Extraction Techniques
2.3.2 In Vitro Tests for Assessing Antioxidant and Antiglycant Activities
2.3.2.1 Antioxidant Activity
2.3.2.2 Antiglycant Agents Detection
2.3.3 Biocompounds Conservation and Controlled Delivery Systems
2.3.3.1 Spray Drying
2.3.3.2 Coacervation
2.3.3.3 Management of Protein-Hydrocolloid Interactions for Designing Bioactive Delivery Systems
2.4 Multivariate Analysis for Phytopharmaceuticals Development
2.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
References
3. Use of Hydrodistillation as a Green Technology to Obtain Essential Oils From Several Medicinal Plants Belonging to Lamiaceae (Mint) Family
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Essential Oils and Applied Extraction Techniques
3.3 Use of Hydrodistillation to Bridge the Nature With Novel Green Applications
3.4 Specific Gravities of Essential Oils as Related to Their Chemical Compositions
3.5 Use of Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation in the Extraction of Essential Oils From Ziziphora (A Case Study) 3.5.1 Extraction Yield
3.5.2 Microstructure of Ziziphora Leaves
3.5.3 Physical Properties of Essential Oil
3.5.4 Differences in Chemical Compositions
3.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
4. The Hidden Danger in Phytopharmaceuticals: Adulteration
4.1 Introduction
4.2 What is Adulteration in Plants and Phytopharmaceuticals?
4.3 Standardization and Quality in Medicinal Plants and Phytopharmaceuticals
4.3.1 Standardization Problems in Identified Plants
4.3.1.1 Inter-Species or Species Variation
4.3.1.2 Environmental Factors
4.3.1.3 Harvesting Time
4.3.1.4 Plant Part Used
4.3.1.5 Post-Harvest Factors
4.3.2 Quality and Standardization Problems
4.3.3 Standardization Parameters and Content Analysis on Medicinal Plants and Phytopharmaceuticals
4.3.3.1 Phytochemical Analyses for Phytopharmaceuticals and Medicinal Plants
4.3.3.2 Analysis of Extracts and Isolated Compounds
4.3.3.3 Standardization Parameters (Monograph Parameters)
4.4 Adulteration in Phytopharmaceuticals With Synthetic Drugs
4.4.1 Adulteration in Phytopharmaceuticals Used for Slimming
4.4.2 Adulteration in Phytopharmaceuticals With Aphrodisiac Effect
4.4.3 Adulteration in Phytopharmaceuticals Used in Rheumatic Diseases and as Antiinflammatory Drugs
4.4.4 Adulteration in Phytopharmaceuticals Used for Regulate Blood Sugar
4.4.5 Adulteration in Phytopharmaceuticals Used for Blood Pressure Regulating
4.5 How to Analyze Adulteration in Phytopharmaceuticals?
4.5.1 TLC and HPTLC
4.5.2 HPLC and GC
4.5.3 H NMR
4.6 Future Perspective for Phytopharmaceuticals
4.7 Conclusion
References
5. Medicinal Plants from the Balkan Peninsula— From Traditional To Modern Pharmacy/Medicine
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Calendula officinalis L
5.2.1 Chemical Composition of C. officinalis
5.2.2 Traditional Use vs. Modern Application of C. officinalis
5.3 Taraxacum officinale
5.3.1 Chemical Composition of T. officinale
5.3.2 Traditional Use vs. Modern Application of T. officinale
5.4 Hypericum perforatum L
5.4.1 Chemical Composition of Hypericum perforatum
5.4.2 Traditional Use vs. Modern Application of H. perforatum
5.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
List of Abbreviations
References
6. Plant-Based Peptides With Biological Properties
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Production of Plant-Based Peptides
6.3 Bioactive Plant-Based Peptides
6.3.1 Antimicrobial
6.3.2 Antioxidant
6.3.3 Antihypertensive
6.3.4 Antithrombotic
6.3.5 Other Activities
6.4 Conclusion
List of Abbreviations
References
7. Potential of Flavonoids as Anticancer Drugs
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Causes of Cancer
7.3 Synthetic and Natural Chemotherapeutic Drugs
7.4 Biosynthesis of Flavonoids
7.5 Flavonoid Chemistry
7.5.1 Flavonols
7.5.1.1 Quercetin
7.5.1.2 Kaempferol
7.5.2 Flavones
7.5.2.1 Apigenin
7.5.3 Flavanones
7.5.4 Isoflavonoids
7.5.5 Anthocyanins
7.6 Mode of Action of Plant-Based Anticancer Compounds
7.7 Conclusions
References
8. Phytomedicine Against Infectious Diseases
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 What are the Phytomedicines?
8.1.2 A Brief Synopsis of the History of Phytomedicine Uses, in Relation With Geographical Regions and Sources
8.1.3 The Relevance of Application of Phytomedicine in Today’s World
8.2 Names, Sources, and Types of Phytomedicines in Use in the Modern World
8.3 Chemical Moieties Responsible for the Inhibitory Activity of Different Phytomedicines on Different Organisms
8.4 Phytomedicines in Use Against Bacterial, Viral and Protozoan Diseases. 8.4.1 In Clinical Use
8.4.2 In Experimental Therapeutics
8.5 Conclusion
References
9. Herbal Traditional Remedies for Male Infertility
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Application of Indian Traditional Medicine (Ayurveda)for Male Infertility
9.3 The Significant Role of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Male Infertility Management
9.4 Iranian/Persian Traditional Medicine (ITM) Restores Male Fertility
9.5 Traditional Korean Medicine and Male Infertility
9.6 Traditional African Medicine in the Treatment of Male Infertility
9.7 Conclusion
References
10. The Therapeutic Applications of Phytopharmaceuticals in Dentistry
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Historical Development of Phytopharmaceuticals in Dentistry
10.3 Phytochemical Contents of Plants
10.3.1 Alkaloids
10.3.2 Phenolic Compounds
10.3.3 Polyphenols
10.3.4 Terpenoids
10.4 Dental Materials of Plant Origin
10.5 Phytotherapeutics in Dentistry
10.5.1 Usage in Tooth Decays
10.5.1.1 Effective Factors in Caries Formation. 10.5.1.1.1 Carbohydrates
10.5.1.1.2 Tooth Surface
10.5.1.1.3 Saliva
10.5.1.1.4 Time
10.5.1.1.5 Bacteria
10.5.1.1.6 Dental Plaque
10.5.1.2 Anticariogenic Plants Effective in Preventing Dental Caries
10.5.2 Usage in Oral Mucosal Lesions
10.5.3 Usage in Endodontic Treatment
10.5.3.1 Phytopharmaceutical Irrigants
10.5.3.2 Phytopharmaceutical Intracanal Drugs
10.5.4 Usage in Dental Traumatology
10.5.5 Usage in Oral Surgery
10.5.6 Usage in Periodontal Diseases
10.5.7 Usage in Treatment of Halitosis
10.6 Conclusion
References
11. Prevention of Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction by Polyphenols: Role in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease. 11.2.1 Production and Elimination of Reactive Oxygen Species in Endothelial Cells
11.2.2 Regulation of Nitric Oxide Bioavailability by Oxidative Stress
11.3 Inflammation and Endothelial Cell Dysfunction Associated With Arteriosclerosis in Endothelial Cells
11.4 Preventive Effects of Resveratrol on Endothelial Dysfunction
11.5 Preventive Effects of EGCG on Endothelial Dysfunction
11.6 Preventive Effects of Quercetin on Endothelial Dysfunction
11.7 Preventive Effects of Chlorogenic Acid on Endothelial Dysfunction
11.8 Conclusion
References
12. Quercetin-Rebuttal Behavior in Male Reproductive Potential
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Quercetin as Antioxidants
12.3 Quercetin, In Vitro Antioxidant Activity. 12.3.1 Quercetin, Direct Scavenging of ROS and Activates Antioxidant Enzymes
12.3.2 Metal Chelating Activity of Quercetin
12.3.3 Inhibition of Oxides by Quercetin
12.3.4 Reduction of α-Tocopheryl Radicals by Quercetin
12.3.5 Elevated Pro-Oxidant Properties of Low Molecular Antioxidants
12.4 Quercetin Metabolism With In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Activity of its Metabolites
12.5 Quercetin as Pro-Oxidant. 12.5.1 Quercetin Pro-Oxidant Function
12.6 Quercetin, Phenoxyl Radicals Oxidation
12.7 Impairment of Respiration of Mitochondria by Quercetin
12.8 Quercetin, Low Molecular Weight Antioxidant Oxidation
12.9 Quercetin Damage Directly to DNA
12.10 Spermatogenesis and Oxidative Stress
12.11 Quercetin and Male Reproduction
12.12 Amelioration of Male Reproductive Dysfunction by Quercetin
12.13 Contradictory Reports of Quercetin With Respect to Male Reproductive Potential
12.14 Conclusion
References
13. Traditional Uses and Bioactivities of Common Rubus Species With Reference to Cancer: A Mini-Review
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Traditional Uses of Common Rubus Species. 13.2.1 Rubus fruticosus
13.2.2 Rubus ellipticus
13.2.3 Rubus idaeus and Related Rubus Species
13.3 Biological Activity Studies of Rubus Extracts
13.4 Bioactive Compounds From Rubus Species
13.5 Rubus as an Antitumor Agent
13.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
14. Therapeutic Compounds From Brown Seaweeds: Antitumor Properties on Various Cancers and Their Mechanisms of Action
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Type of Bioactive Compounds From Brown Algae
14.2.1 Terpenoids (Terpens)
14.2.2 Polysaccharides
14.2.2.1 Alginic Acid
14.2.2.2 Fucoidans
14.2.2.3 Laminarin
14.2.3 Polyphenols
14.2.4 Pigments
14.3 Type of Cancer and Molecular Action Mechanisms
14.3.1 Breast Cancer
14.3.2 Colon Cancer
14.3.3 Prostate Cancer
14.4 Conclusion
References
15. Medicinal Plants and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Clinical Manifestations of PCOS
15.3 Importance of Phenotypes in PCOS
15.4 Conventional Therapies for PCOS Treatment
15.5 Herbal Medicine and PCOS
15.6 Conclusion
List of Abbreviations & Symbols
References
16. The Potential Role of Phytochemical in Establishing Prophylactic Measurements Against Neurological Diseases
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Focused Neurological Disorder for Herbal Promises
16.2.1 Cases of Attention
16.2.2 Target Identification
16.2.3 Physicochemical Characterization and Secondary Structure Prediction
16.2.4 Molecular Modeling Studies
16.2.5 Virtual Screening for Potential Phytochemicals
16.2.6 Molecular Interaction Studies
16.3 Conclusion
References
17. Immunomodulatory Activity of Cannabinoids: From Abuse to Therapy
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Immunity System, Related Diseases and Current Therapeutic Options
17.3 Historical and Traditional Uses of Cannabis Herb
17.4 Chemistry of Cannabinoids
17.5 Pharmacology of Phytocannabinoids
17.5.1 Pharmacological Effect of THC
17.5.2 Pharmacological Effect of CBD
17.6 Conclusion
References
18. Botany, Geographical Distribution, Phytochemistry and Phytopharmaceutical Potential of Rheum emodi Wall. ex Meisn.: An Overview
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Botany and Taxonomic Status of R. emodi
18.3 Origin and Geographical Distribution of R. emodi
18.4 Phytoconstituents of R. emodi
18.5 Traditional Uses of R. emodi
18.6 Pharmaceutically Active Biomolecules of R. emodi
18.7 Conclusion
18.8 Future Prospective
Acknowledgements
References
19. Taxonomic Status, Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmaceutical Active Components of Genus Alseodaphne: A Literature Update
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Botany and Taxonomic Status of Some Important Members of Alseodaphne
19.2.1 Alseodaphne archboldiana Kosterm
19.2.2 Alseodaphne andersonii Kosterm
19.2.3 Alseodaphne corneri Kosterm
19.2.4 Alseodaphne hainanensis Merr
19.2.5 Alseodaphne pendulifolia Gamble
19.2.6 Alseodpahne peduncularis (Wall. ex Nees)
19.2.7 Alseodaphne perakensis (Gamble) Kosterm
19.2.8 Alseodaphne semecarpifolia Nees
19.3 Origin and Geographical Distribution of a Some Important
19.3.1 A. archboldiana
19.3.2 A. andersonii
19.3.3 A. corneri
19.3.4 A. hainensis
19.3.5 A. pendulifolia
19.3.6 A. peduncularis
19.3.7 A. perakensis
19.3.8 A. semecarpifolia
19.4 Phytochemical Studies of a Few Important Members of Alseodaphne
19.4.1 A. archboldiana
19.4.2 A. andersonii
19.4.3 A. corneri
19.4.4 A. hainensis
19.4.5 A. pendulifolia
19.4.6 A. peduncularis
19.4.7 A. perakensis
19.4.8 A. semicarpifolia
19.5 Traditional and Pharmaceutical Importance of Some Members of Alseodaphne. 19.5.1 A. archboldiana
19.5.2 A. andersonii. 19.5.2.1 Effect on Inflammation and Central Nervous System
19.5.2.2 Antimicrobial Activity
19.5.2.3 Immunomodulatory Activity of A. andersonii
19.5.2.4 Major Fatty Acids and Oil Content of A. andersonii
19.5.3 A. corneri
19.5.4 A. hainensis
19.5.5 A. pendulifolia
19.5.6 A. peduncularis
19.5.7 A. perakensis
19.5.8 A. semicarpifolia
19.6 Future Prospective
19.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
20. Bioactive Compounds From Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi and Their Potential Health Benefits
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Search Strategies
20.3 Bioactive Compounds
20.3.1 Phenolic Compounds
20.3.2 Terpenes
20.4 Biological Activities. 20.4.1 Antimicrobial Activity
20.4.2 Healing Activity
20.4.3 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
20.4.4 Antioxidant Activity
20.5 Toxicity
20.6 Conclusion and Future Considerations
Acknowledgements
References
21. Composition and Biological Properties of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum)
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Chemical Characterization
21.2.1 Centesimal Composition
21.2.1.1 Peel
21.2.1.2 Pericarp or Pulp
21.2.1.3 Seed
21.2.2 Bioactive Compounds
21.2.2.1 Peel
21.2.2.2 Pericarp or Pulp
21.2.2.3 Seed
21.3 Biological Properties. 21.3.1 Antioxidant Activity
21.3.2 Antimicrobial Activity
21.3.3 Antidiabetic Activity
21.3.4 Antiobesogenic Activity
21.3.5 Other Health Benefits
21.4 Toxicity Aspects
21.5 Conclusion
References
22. Phytochemicals and Health: An Update
22.1 Introduction
22.1.1 Types of Phytochemicals
22.1.2 Reported Phytochemicals
22.1.2.1 Steroids
22.1.2.2 Flavonoid C-Glycoside
22.1.2.3 Flavones
22.1.2.4 Essential Oil Component
22.1.2.5 Tannins
22.1.2.6 Miscellaneous
22.2 Health Effect of Phytochemicals
22.2.1 Wheat
22.2.2 Barley
22.2.3 Fruit and Vegetables
22.2.4 Legumes
22.2.5 Tea
22.2.6 Spices and Herbs
22.3 Advanced Analysis of Phytochemicals
22.4 Conclusion
References
Index
Also Available by the Same Editors. Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy
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