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Группа авторов. Applied Water Science
Table of Contents
Guide
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Pages
Applied Water Science Volume 1. Fundamentals and Applications
Preface. Applied Water Science I-Fundamentals and Applications
1. Sorbent-Based Microextraction Techniques for the Analysis of Phthalic Acid Esters in Water Samples
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Solid-Phase Microextraction
1.3 Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction
1.4 Solid-Phase Extraction
1.5 Others Minor Sorbent-Based Microextraction Techniques
1.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
2. Occurrence, Human Health Risks, and Removal of Pharmaceuticals in Aqueous Systems: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Occurrence and Behaviour of Pharmaceutics in Aquatic Systems. 2.2.1 Nature and Sources
2.2.2 Dissemination and Occurrence in Aquatic Systems
2.2.3 Behaviour in Aquatic Systems
2.3 Human Health Risks and Their Mitigation. 2.3.1 Human Exposure Pathways
2.3.2 Potential Human Health Risks
2.3.3 Human Health Risks: A Developing World Perspective
2.3.4 Removal of Pharmaceuticals
2.3.4.1 Conventional Removal Methods
2.3.4.2 Advanced Removal Methods
2.3.4.2.1 Advanced Oxidation Processes
2.3.4.2.2 Photolysis
2.3.4.2.3 Ozonation
2.3.4.2.4 O3/UV/H2O2 as an Oxidant
2.3.4.2.5 Fenton Process
2.3.4.2.6 Adsorption
2.3.4.3 Hybrid Removal Processes
2.4 Knowledge Gaps and Future Research Directions
2.4.1 Increasing Africa’s Research Footprint
2.4.2 Hotspot Sources and Reservoirs
2.4.3 Behaviour and Fate in Aquatic Systems
2.4.4 Ecotoxicology of Pharmaceuticals and Metabolites
2.4.5 Human Exposure Pathways
2.4.6 Human Toxicology and Epidemiology
2.4.7 Removal Capacity of Low-Cost Water Treatment Processes
2.5 Summary, Conclusions, and Outlook
Author Contributions
References
3. Oil-Water Separations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Sources and Composition
3.3 Common Oil-Water Separation Techniques
3.4 Oil-Water Separation Technologies
3.4.1 Advancement in the Technology of Membrane
3.4.1.1 Polymer-Based Membranes
3.4.1.2 Ceramic-Based Membranes
3.5 Separation of Oil/Water Utilizing Meshes
3.5.1 Mechanism Involved
3.5.2 Meshes Functionalization
3.5.2.1 Inorganic Materials
3.5.2.2 Organic Materials
3.6 Separation of Oil-Water Mixture Using Bioinspired Surfaces
3.6.1 Nature’s Lesson
3.6.2 Superhydrophilic/Phobic and Superoleophilic/Phobic Porous Surfaces
3.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
4. Microplastics Pollution
4.1 Introduction and General Considerations
4.2 Key Scientific Issues Concerning Water and Microplastics Pollution
4.3 Marine Microplastics: From the Anthropogenic Litter to the Plastisphere
4.4 Social and Human Perspectives: From Sustainable Development to Civil Science
4.5 Conclusions and Future Projections
References
5. Chloramines Formation, Toxicity, and Monitoring Methods in Aqueous Environments
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Inorganic Chloramines Formation and Toxicity
5.3 Analytical Methods for Inorganic Chloramines
5.3.1 Colorimetric and Batch Methods
5.3.2 Chromatographic Methods
5.3.3 Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometry
5.4 Organic Chloramines Formation and Toxicity
5.5 Analytical Methods for Organic Chloramines
5.6 Conclusions
References
6. Clay-Based Adsorbents for the Analysis of Dye Pollutants
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Biological Method
6.1.2 Physical Method
6.1.3 Why Only Clays?
6.1.4 Clay-Based Adsorbents
6.1.4.1 Kaolinite
6.1.4.2 Rectorite
6.1.4.3 Halloysite
6.1.4.4 Montmorillonite
6.1.4.5 Sepiolite
6.1.4.6 Laponite
6.1.4.7 Bentonite
6.1.4.8 Zeolites
6.2 Membrane Filtration
6.3 Chemical Treatment
6.3.1 Fenton and Photo-Fenton Process
6.3.2 Mechanism Using Acid and Base Catalyst
6.4 Photo-Catalytic Oxidation
6.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
7. Biochar-Supported Materials for Wastewater Treatment
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Generalities of Biochar: Structure, Production, and Properties. 7.2.1 Biochar Structure
7.2.2 Biochar Production
7.2.2.1 Pyrolysis
7.2.2.2 Gasification
7.2.2.3 Hydrothermal Carbonization
7.2.3 Biochar Properties
7.2.3.1 Porosity
7.2.3.2 Surface Area
7.2.3.3 Surface Functional Groups
7.2.3.4 Cation Exchange Capacity
7.2.3.5 Aromaticity
7.3 Biochar-Supported Materials
7.3.1 Magnetic Biochar Composites
7.3.2 Nano-Metal Oxide/Hydroxide-Biochar Composites
7.3.3 Functional Nanoparticles-Coated Biochar Composites
7.4 Conclusion
References
8. Biological Swine Wastewater Treatment
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Swine Wastewater Characteristics
8.3 Microorganisms of Biological Swine Wastewater Treatment
8.4 Classification of Biological Swine Wastewater Treatment
8.5 Biological Processes For Swine Wastewater Treatment
8.5.1 Suspended Growth Processes. 8.5.1.1 Activated Sludge Process
8.5.1.2 Sequential Batch Reactor
8.5.1.3 Sequencing Batch Membrane Bioreactor
8.5.1.4 Anaerobic Contact Process
8.5.1.5 Anaerobic Digestion
8.5.2 Attached Growth Processes. 8.5.2.1 Rotating Biological Contactor
8.5.2.2 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
8.5.2.3 Anaerobic Filter
8.5.2.4 Hybrid Anaerobic Reactor
8.6 Challenges and Future Prospects in Swine Wastewater Treatment
References
9. Determination of Heavy Metal Ions From Water
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Detection of Heavy Metal Ions
9.2.1 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
9.2.2 Nanomaterials
9.2.3 High-Resolution Surface Plasmon Resonance
9.2.4 Biosensors
9.2.4.1 Enzyme-Based Biosensors
9.2.4.2 Electrochemical Sensors
9.2.4.3 Polymer-Based Biosensors
9.2.4.4 Bacterial-Based Sensors
9.2.4.5 Protein-Based Sensors
9.2.5 Attenuated Total Reflectance
9.2.6 High-Resolution Differential Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor
9.2.7 Hydrogels
9.2.8 Chelating Agents
9.2.9 Ionic Liquids
9.2.10 Polymers
9.2.10.1 Dendrimers
9.2.11 Macrocylic Compounds
9.2.12 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
9.3 Conclusions
References
10. The Production and Role of Hydrogen-Rich Water in Medical Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Functional Water
10.3 Reduced Water
10.4 Production of Hydrogen-Rich Water
10.5 Mechanism of Hydrogen Molecules During Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging
10.6 Hydrogen-Rich Water Effects on the Human Body. 10.6.1 Anti-Inflammatory Effects
10.6.2 Anti-Radiation Effects
10.6.3 Wound Healing Effects
10.6.4 Anti-Diabetic Effects
10.6.5 Anti-Neurodegenerative Effects
10.6.6 Anti-Cancer Effects
10.6.7 Anti-Arteriosclerosis Effects
10.7 Other Effects of Hydrogenated Water. 10.7.1 Effect of Hydrogen-Rich Water in Hemodialysis
10.7.2 Effect on Anti-Cancer Drug Side Effects
10.8 Applications of Hydrogen-Rich Water. 10.8.1 In Health Care
10.8.2 In Sports Science
10.8.3 In Therapeutic Applications and Delayed Progression of Diseases
10.9 Safety of Using Hydrogen-Rich Water
10.10 Concluding Remarks
References
11. Hydrosulphide Treatment
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Agriculture
11.1.2 Medical
11.1.3 Industrial
11.2 Conclusions
References
12. Radionuclides: Availability, Effect, and Removal Techniques
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Available Radionuclides in the Environment. 12.1.1.1 Uranium
12.1.1.2 Thorium (Z = 90)
12.1.1.3 Radium (Z = 88)
12.1.1.4 Radon (Z = 86)
12.1.1.5 Polonium and Lead
12.1.2 Presence of Radionuclide in Drinking Water
12.1.2.1 Health Impacts of Radionuclides
12.1.2.2 Health Issues Caused Due to Uranium
12.1.2.3 Health Issues Caused Due to Radium
12.1.2.4 Health Issues Caused Due to Radon
12.1.2.5 Health Issues Caused Due to Lead and Polonium
12.2 Existing Techniques and Materials Involved in Removal of Radionuclide. 12.2.1 Ion Exchange
12.2.2 Reverse Osmosis
12.2.3 Aeration
12.2.4 Granulated Activated Carbon
12.2.5 Filtration
12.2.6 Lime Softening, Coagulation, and Co-Precipitation
12.2.7 Flocculation
12.2.8 Nanofilteration
12.2.9 Greensand Filteration
12.2.10 Nanomaterials. 12.2.10.1 Radionuclides Sequestration by MOFs
12.2.10.2 Radionuclides Removal by COFs
12.2.10.3 Elimination of Radionuclides by GOs
12.2.10.4 Radionuclide Sequestration by CNTs
12.2.11 Ionic Liquids
12.3 Summary of Various Nanomaterial and Efficiency of Water Treating Technology
12.4 Management of Radioactive Waste
12.5 Conclusion
References
13. Applications of Membrane Contactors for Water Treatment
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Characteristics of Membrane Contactors
13.3 Membrane Module Configurations
13.4 Mathematical Aspects of Membrane Contactors
13.5 Advantages and Limitations of Membrane Contactors. 13.5.1 Advantages
13.5.1.1 High Interfacial Contact
13.5.1.2 Absence of Flooding and Loading
13.5.1.3 Minimization of Back Mixing and Emulsification
13.5.1.4 Freedom for Solvent Selection
13.5.1.5 Reduction in Solvent Inventory
13.5.1.6 Modularity
13.5.2 Limitations
13.6 Membrane Contactors as Alternatives to Conventional Unit Operations
13.6.1 Liquid-Liquid Extraction
13.6.2 Membrane Distillation
13.6.3 Osmotic Distillation
13.6.4 Membrane Crystallization
13.6.5 Membrane Emulsification
13.6.6 Supported Liquid Membranes
13.6.7 Membrane Bioreactors
13.7 Applications. 13.7.1 Wastewater Treatment
13.7.2 Metal Recovery From Aqueous Streams
13.7.3 Desalination
13.7.4 Concentration of Products in Food and Biotechnological Industries
13.7.5 Gaseous Stream Treatment
13.7.6 Energy Sector
13.8 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
14. Removal of Sulfates From Wastewater
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Effect of Sulfate Contamination on Human Health
14.3 Groundwater Distribution of Sulfate
14.4 Traditional Methods for Sulfate Removal. 14.4.1 Treatment With Lime
14.4.2 Treatment With Limestone
14.4.3 Wetlands
14.5 Modern Day’s Technique for Sulfate Removal. 14.5.1 Nanofiltration
14.5.2 Electrocoagulation
14.5.3 Precipitation Methods
14.5.4 Adsorption
14.5.5 Ion Exchange
14.5.6 Biological Treatment
14.5.7 Removal of Sulfate by Crystallization
14.6 Conclusions and Future Perspective
Acknowledgment
References
15. Risk Assessment on Human Health With Effect of Heavy Metals
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Toxic Effects Heavy Metals on Human Health
15.3 Biomarkers and Bio-Indicators for Evaluation of Heavy Metal Contamination
15.3.1 Hazard Quotient
15.3.2 Transfer Factor
15.3.3 Daily Intake of Metal
15.3.4 The Bioaccumulation Factor
15.3.5 Translocation Factor
15.3.6 Enrichment Factor
15.3.7 Metal Pollution Index
15.3.8 Health Risk Index
15.3.9 Pollution Load Index
15.3.10 Index of Geo-Accumulation
15.3.11 Potential Risk Index
15.3.12 Exposure Assessment
15.3.13 Carcinogenic Risk
References
16. Water Quality Monitoring and Management: Importance, Applications, and Analysis
16.1 Qualitative Analysis: An Introduction to Basic Concept
16.2 Significant Applications of Qualitative Analysis
16.2.1 Water Quality
16.2.2 Water Quality Index
16.3 Qualitative Analysis of Water
16.3.1 Sampling Procedure
16.3.2 Sample Transportation and Preservation
16.3.3 Some Important Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water Quality
16.4 Existing Water Quality Standards
16.5 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
16.6 Conclusions
References
17. Water Quality Standards
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Chemical Standards for Water Quality
17.2.1 Physical Standards
17.2.2 Chemical Standards for Salt Water Quality
17.2.3 Biological Standards
17.2.4 Radiation Standards
17.2.5 Wastewater and Water Quality
17.3 Inorganic Substances and Their Effect on Palatability and Household Uses. 17.3.1 Aluminum
17.3.2 Calcium
17.3.3 Magnesium
17.3.4 Chlorides
17.4 The Philosophy of Setting Standards for Drinking Water (Proportions and Concentrations of Water Components)
17.5 Detection of Polychlorinated Biphenyls
17.6 The Future Development of Water Analysis
17.7 Conclusion
References
18. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Water
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Sources of Water
18.3 Water Quality
18.3.1 Physical Parameters
18.3.2 Chemical Parameters
18.3.3 Biological Parameters
18.3.4 Water Quality Index
18.4 Factors Affecting the Quality of Surface Water
18.5 Quantitative Analysis of the Organic Content of the Wastewater
18.5.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
18.5.1.1 DO Profile Curve in BOD Test
18.5.1.2 Significance of BOD Test
18.5.1.3 Nitrification in BOD Test
18.5.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand
18.5.3 Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD)
18.6 Treatment of Wastewater
18.6.1 Primary Treatment Method
18.6.1.1 Pre-Aeration
18.6.1.2 Flocculation
18.6.2 Secondary Treatment
18.6.2.1 Aerobic Biological Process
18.6.2.2 Anaerobic Biological Treatment
18.6.2.3 Activated Sludge Process
18.6.3 Tertiary Treatment
18.6.3.1 Nutrients Removal
18.6.3.1.1 Aeration
18.6.3.1.2 Biological Nitrification and Denitrification
18.6.3.1.2.1 NITRIFICATION
18.6.3.1.2.2 DENITRIFICATION
18.6.3.2 Phosphorus Removal
18.6.3.3 Ion-Exchange Process
18.6.3.4 Membrane Process
18.6.3.5 Disinfection
18.6.3.6 Coagulation
18.7 Instrumental Analysis of Wastewater Parameters
18.7.1 Hardness
18.7.2 Alkalinity
18.7.3 pH
18.7.4 Turbidity
18.7.5 Total Dissolved Solids
18.7.6 Total Organic Carbon
18.7.7 Color
18.7.8 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
18.7.9 Inductive Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectroscopy
18.7.10 Gas Chromatography With Mass Spectroscopy
18.8 Methods for Qualitative Determination of Water
18.8.1 Weight Loss Method
18.8.2 Karl Fischer Method
18.8.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Method
18.8.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Method
18.9 Conclusion
References
19. Nanofluids for Water Treatment
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Types of Nanofluids Used in the Treatment of Water
19.2.1 Zero-Valent Metal Nanoparticles. 19.2.1.1 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
19.2.1.2 Iron Nanoparticles
19.2.1.3 Zinc Nanoparticles
19.2.2 Metal Oxides Nanoparticles. 19.2.2.1 Tin Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticles
19.2.2.2 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs)
19.2.2.3 Iron Oxides Nanoparticles
19.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes
19.2.4 Nanocomposite Membranes
19.2.5 Modes of Action of These Nanofluids. 19.2.5.1 Carbon-Based Nano-Adsorbents (CNTs) for Organic Expulsion
19.2.5.2 Heavy Metal Removal
19.2.5.3 Metal-Based Nano-Adsorbents
19.2.5.4 Polymeric Nano-Adsorbents
19.2.5.5 Nanofiber Membranes
19.2.5.6 Some Applications of Nanofluids in the Treatment of Water
19.2.5.7 Informatics and AI Nanofluid-Enhanced Water Treatment
19.3 Conclusion and Recommendation to Knowledge
References
Index
Also of Interest
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