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Группа авторов. Biomass Valorization
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Biomass Valorization. Sustainable Methods for the Production of Chemicals
Foreword
Preface
1 Role of Biomass in the Production of Chemicals
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biomass Valorization
1.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass
1.4 Key Biomolecules
1.5 Solvents
1.6 Pretreatment of Lignocelluloses
1.7 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
2 Biomass Processing via Acid Catalysis
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Is an Acid the Best Catalyst?
2.2 Acid‐Catalyzed Processing of Cellulosic Polysaccharides
2.3 Acid‐Catalyzed Processing of Lignin
2.4 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
3 Biomass Processing via Base Catalysis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Aldol Condensation
3.2.1 Aldol Condensation of Furanic Aldehydes
3.2.2 Self‐Aldol Condensation of Acetone
3.2.3 Aldol Condensation Between Alcohols: Guerbet Coupling Reaction
3.3 Ketonization Reaction of Carboxylic Acids
3.4 Transesterification Reaction. 3.4.1 Biodiesel Production
3.4.2 High Value‐Added Chemicals from Transesterification Reactions
3.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
4 Biomass Processing via Metal Catalysis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Synthetic Strategies for Supported Metal Nanoparticles
4.2.1 Impregnation
4.2.2 Precipitation
4.2.3 Sol Immobilization
4.3 Furfural
4.3.1 Furfural Hydrogenation
4.3.1.1 Furfural to Furfuryl Alcohol
4.3.1.2 Furfural to Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol
4.3.1.3 Furfural to Pentanediols
4.3.1.4 Furfural to 2‐Methylfuran
4.3.2 Furfural Oxidation
4.3.2.1 Furfural to Furoates
4.4 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)
4.4.1 HMF Hydrogenation
4.4.1.1 HMF to 2,5‐Dimethylfuran (DMF)
4.4.1.2 HMF to 2,5‐Dihydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran (DHMTHF)
4.4.2 HMF Oxidation. 4.4.2.1 HMF to 2,5‐Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) Using Monometallic Systems
4.4.2.2 HMF Oxidation over Bimetallic Catalysts
4.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
5 Biomass Processing with Biocatalysis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Generations of Renewable Biomass: Advantages and Limitations
5.3 Advantages and Limitations of Biocatalysis
5.4 Enzyme Discovery and Optimization of Enzyme Performance
5.5 Enzyme Immobilization
5.5.1 Enzyme Immobilization by Cross‐linking Enzyme Molecules
5.5.2 Advantages and Limitations of Cross‐Linked Enzyme Aggregates (CLEAs)
5.5.3 Magnetically Separable Immobilized Enzymes
5.6 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Starch to Glucose
5.7 Enzymatic Depolymerization of Lignocellulose
5.8 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose and Hemicellulose
5.8.1 Magnetizable Immobilized Enzymes in Lignocellulose Conversion
5.9 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of 3rd Generation (3G) Polysaccharides
5.10 Commodity Chemicals from Carbohydrates (Monosaccharides)
5.10.1 Fermentative Production of Commodity Chemicals
5.10.2 Deoxygenation via Dehydration of Carbohydrates to Furan Derivatives
5.10.3 Polyethylene Furandicarboxylate (PEF) as a Renewable Alternative to PET
5.10.4 Enzymatic Synthesis of Bio‐based Polyesters
5.11 Enzymatic Conversions of Triglycerides: Production of Biodiesel and Bulk Chemicals
5.12 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
6 Biomass Processing via Pyrolysis
6.1 Brief Introduction
6.2 Chemicals from Cellulose Pyrolysis. 6.2.1 General Aspects
6.2.2 Levoglucosan
6.2.3 Levoglucosenone
6.2.4 LAC, (1R,5S)‐1‐Hydroxy‐3,6‐Dioxabicydioxabicyclo‐[3.2.1]octan‐2‐one
6.3 Chemicals from Lignin Pyrolysis
6.4 Pyrolysis of Biomass. 6.4.1 Levoglucosan
6.4.1.1 Effects of Metal Oxides
6.4.1.2 Effects of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
6.4.1.3 Effects of Acid Impregnation
6.4.1.4 Effects of Other Components
6.4.2 Levoglucosenone
6.4.2.1 Effects of Metal Chlorides
6.4.2.2 Effects of Acid Catalysts
6.4.2.3 Others
6.4.3 Furfural
6.4.4 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
6.4.5 Phenolic Compounds
6.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
7 Biomass Processing via Thermochemical–Biological Hybrid Processes
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Hybrid Thermochemical/Biological Processing with Single‐Strain Microorganisms
7.1.2 Hybrid Thermochemical/Biological Processing with Microbial Mixed Consortia (MMC)
7.2 Pyrolysis Products (PyP) from the Microorganism's Standpoint
7.2.1 What Pyrolysis Can Do for Microorganisms: Yields and Bioavailability of PyP
7.2.2 Viable Pathways According to Thermodynamics Laws
7.2.3 Rate of MMC Biological Conversions in Relationship with PyP Treatment
Toxicity of PyP Toward MMC
7.3 Conversion of PyP with MMC: Survey of Experimental Evidence
7.3.1 Syngas Conversion to Methane
7.3.2 Syngas Conversion to H2, Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA), and Alcohols
7.3.3 Conversion of Condensable PyP to Methane
7.3.4 Conversion of Condensable PyP to VFA and Other Intermediates
7.4 Feasible Pathways for Producing Chemicals from PyP with MMC
7.4.1 Hybrid Pyrolysis Fermentation and Extraction of Mixed VFA/Alcohols
7.4.2 Alkaline Fermentation of Pyrolysis Products to VFA Salts, Ketonization, and Hydrogenation to C3–C6 Mixed Alcohols
7.4.3 Alkaline Fermentation of Pyrolysis Products to VFA Salts and Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) Production via Aerobic MMC
7.4.4 Direct Alcohol Production by Means of Fermentation of PyP under High Hydrogen Pressure
7.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
8 Biomass Processing via Electrochemical Means
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Electrochemical Conversion of Bio‐Based Molecules
8.3 Conversion of Sugars
8.4 Conversion of Furanics. 8.4.1 5‐(Hydroxymethyl)furfural (5‐HMF)
8.4.1.1 5‐HMF Oxidation
8.4.1.2 5‐HMF Reduction
8.4.2 Furfural
8.5 Conversion of Levulinic Acid
8.6 Conversion of Glycerol
8.7 Lignin Depolymerization
8.8 Scale‐up of Electrosynthesis of Biomass‐Derived Chemicals
8.9 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
9. Biomass Processing via Photochemical Means
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Fundamental Aspects of Photoredox Catalysis
9.3 Photochemical Valorization of Lignin
9.3.1 Strategies for Cα—Cβ Bond Cleavage
9.3.2 Strategies for Lignin Oxidation and Cβ—O Bond Cleavage
9.3.3 Strategies for Ar—O Bond Cleavage
9.4 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Note
10. Biomass Processing via Microwave Treatment
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Microwave–Matter Interaction: Advantages and Limitations in the Processing of Biomass
10.3 Microwave Pyrolysis
10.4 Microwave‐assisted Hydrolysis
10.5 Microwave‐assisted Extraction of Phytochemical Compounds
10.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
11 Biomass Processing Assisted by Ultrasound
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Ultrasound Background
11.3 Ultrasound‐Assisted Biomass Pretreatments
11.4 Ultrasound‐Assisted Biomass Conversion
11.4.1 Thermochemical Conversion Assisted by Ultrasound
11.4.2 Biochemical Conversion Assisted by Ultrasound
11.4.3 Chemical Conversion (Synthesis) Assisted by Ultrasound
11.5 Ultrasound‐Assisted Extraction of Value‐Added Compounds. 11.5.1 Ultrasound Contribution to Biomass Extraction Processes
11.5.2 Uses of Alternative Approaches for Biomass Extractions Assisted by Ultrasound
11.6 Alternative Solvents
11.7 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
12 Biomass Processing via Mechanochemical Means
12.1 Overview and Introduction
12.1.1 Background to the Method
12.1.2 Properties of a Typical Laboratory Mixer/Mill
12.2 Crystallinity Reduction in Biopolymers via Mechanochemistry
12.3 Mechanochemical Transformations of Polysaccharides. 12.3.1 Cellulose Depolymerization
12.3.2 Cellulose Modification Toward Composite Materials
12.3.3 Transformations of Chitin
12.4 Mechanochemical Transformations of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Materials
12.5 Mechanochemical Treatment of Lignin
12.6 Biominerals from Mechanochemical Processing of Biomass
12.7 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
13 Industrial Perspectives of Biomass Processing
13.1 Replacing Existing Petrochemicals with Alternatives from Biomass: An Introduction
13.2 Oleochemical Biorefinery: A Consolidated and Multifaceted Example of Biomass Processing
13.2.1 Biofuels and Coproduced Chemicals from Oils and Fats
13.2.2 Skeletal Isomerization of Unsaturated Fatty Acids for Isostearic Acid Production
13.2.3 Bio‐based Synthesis of Azelaic and Pelargonic Acids: A Renewable Route Toward Bio‐based Polyesters and Cosmetics
13.3 From Sugar to Bio‐monomers: The Case of 2,5‐Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA)
13.4 From Bioethanol to Rubber: The Synthesis of Bio‐butadiene
13.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Index. a
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