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Группа авторов. Supercharge, Invasion, and Mudcake Growth in Downhole Applications
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Supercharge, Invasion and Mudcake Growth in Downhole Applications
Preface
Acknowledgements
1. Pressure Transient Analysis and Sampling in Formation Testing
1.1 Conventional Formation Testing Concepts
1.2 Prototypes, Tools and Systems
1.2.1 Enhanced Formation Dynamic Tester (EFDT ®)
1.2.2 Basic Reservoir Characteristic Tester (BASIC-RCT™)
1.2.3 Enhancing and enabling technologies
1.3 Recent Formation Testing Developments
1.4 References
2. Spherical Source Models for Forward and Inverse Formulations
2.1 Basic Approaches, Interpretation Issues and Modeling Hierarchies
2.2 Basic Single-Phase Flow Forward and Inverse Algorithms
2.2.1 Module FT-00
2.2.2 Module FT-01
2.2.3 Module FT-03
2.2.4 Forward model application, Module FT-00
2.2.5 Inverse model application, Module FT-01
2.2.6 Effects of dip angle
2.2.8 FT-03 model overcomes source-sink limitations
2.2.9 Module FT-04, phase delay analysis (introductory, for now)
2.2.10 Drawdown-buildup, Module FT-PTA-DDBU
2.2.11 Real pumping, Module FT-06
2.3 Advanced Forward and Inverse Algorithms
2.3.1 Advanced drawdown and buildup methods
2.3.2 Calibration results and transient pressure curves
2.3.3 Mobility and pore pressure using first drawdown data
2.3.3.1 Run No. 1. Flowline volume 200 cc. (Software reference, pta-dd-3-run-with-rft-numbers.exe)
2.3.3.2 Run No. 2. Flowline volume 500 cc
2.3.3.3 Run No. 3. Flowline volume 1,000 cc
2.3.3.4 Run No. 4. Flowline volume 2,000 cc
2.3.4 Mobility and pore pressure from last buildup data
2.3.4.1 Run No. 5. Flowline volume 200 cc (Software reference, pta-two-dd-2.exe)
2.3.4.2 Run No. 6. Flowline volume 500 cc
2.3.4.3 Run No. 7. Flowline volume 1,000 cc
2.3.4.4 Run No. 8. Flowline volume 2,000 cc
2.3.4.5 Run No. 9. Time-varying flowline volume inputs from FT-07
2.3.5 Phase delay and amplitude attenuation, anisotropic media with dip – detailed theory, model and numerical results
2.3.5.1 Basic mathematical results
2.3.5.2 Numerical examples and typical results
Example 1. Parameter estimates
Example 2. Surface plots
Example 3. Sinusoidal excitation
Example 4. Rectangular wave excitation
Example 5. Permeability prediction at general dip angles
Example 6. Solution for a random input
2.3.5.3 Layered model formulation
2.3.5.4 Phase delay software interface
2.3.5.5 Detailed phase delay results in layered anisotropic media
2.3.6 Supercharging and formation invasion introduction, with review of analytical forward and inverse models
2.3.6.1 Development perspectives
2.3.6.2 Review of forward and inverse models
2.3.6.3 Supercharging summaries - advanced forward and inverse models explored
2.3.6.4 Drawdown only applications
Example DD-1. High overbalance
Example DD-2. High overbalance
Example DD-3. High overbalance
Example DD-4. Qualitative pressure trends
Example DD-5. Qualitative pressure trends
Example DD-6. “Drawdown-only” data with multiple inverse scenarios for 1 md/cp application
Example DD-7. “Drawdown-only” data with multiple inverse scenarios for 0.1 md/cp application
2.3.6.5 Drawdown – buildup applications. Example DDBU-1. Drawdown-buildup, high overbalance
Example DDBU-2. Drawdown-buildup, high overbalance
Example DDBU-3. Drawdown-buildup, high overbalance
Example DDBU-4. Drawdown-buildup, 1 md/cp calculations
Example DDBU-5. Drawdown-buildup, 0.1 md/cp calculations
2.3.7 Advanced multiple drawdown – buildup (or, “MDDBU”) forward and inverse models
2.3.7.1 Software description
2.3.7.2 Validation of PTA-App-11 inverse model
2.3.8 Multiphase flow with inertial effects – Applications to invasion, supercharging, clean-up and contamination analysis
2.3.8.1 Mudcake dynamics
2.3.8.2 Multiphase modeling in boreholes
2.3.8.3 Pressure and concentration displays
Example 1. Single probe, infinite anisotropic media
Example 2. Single probe, three layer medium
Example 3. Dual probe pumping, three layer medium
Example 4. Straddle packer pumping
Example 5. Formation fluid viscosity imaging
Example 6. Contamination modeling
Example 7. Multi-rate pumping simulation
2.4 References
3. Practical Applications Examples
3.1 Non-constant Flow Rate Effects
3.1.1 Constant flow rate, idealized pumping, inverse method
3.1.2 Slow ramp up/down flow rate
3.1.3 Impulsive start/stop flow rate
3.2 Supercharging – Effects of Nonuniform Initial Pressure
3.3 Dual Probe Anisotropy Inverse Analysis
3.4 Multiprobe “DOI,” Inverse and Barrier Analysis
3.5 Rapid Batch Analysis for History Matching
3.6 Supercharge, Contamination Depth and Mudcake Growth in “Large Boreholes” – Lineal Flow
3.7 Supercharge, Contamination Depth and Mudcake Growth in Slimholes or “Clogged Wells” – Radial Flow
3.8 References
4. Supercharge, Pressure Change, Fluid Invasion and Mudcake Growth
4.1 Governing equations and moving interface modeling
4.2 Static and dynamic filtration
4.2.1 Simple flows without mudcake
4.2.2 Flows with moving boundaries
4.3 Coupled Dynamical Problems: Mudcake and Formation Interaction
4.4 Inverse Models in Time Lapse Logging
4.5 Porosity, Permeability, Oil Viscosity and Pore Pressure Determination
4.6 Examples of Time Lapse Analysis
4.7 References
5. Numerical Supercharge, Pressure, Displacement and Multiphase Flow Models
5.1 Finite Difference Solutions
Example 5-1. Lineal liquid displacement without mudcake
Example 5-2. Cylindrical radial liquid displacement without cake
Example 5-3. Spherical radial liquid displacement without cake
Example 5-4. Lineal liquid displacement without mudcake, including compressible flow transients
Example 5-5. Von Neumann stability of implicit time schemes
Example 5-6. Gas displacement by liquid in lineal core without mudcake, including compressible flow transients
Example 5-7. Simultaneous mudcake buildup and displacement front motion for incompressible liquid flows
5.2 Forward and Inverse Multiphase Flow Modeling
5.2.1 Immiscible Buckley-Leverett lineal flows without capillary pressure
5.2.2 Molecular diffusion in fluid flows
5.2.3 Immiscible radial flows with capillary pressure and prescribed mudcake growth
5.2.4 Immiscible flows with capillary pressure and dynamically coupled mudcake growth
5.3 Closing Remarks
5.4 References
Cumulative References
Index. A
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About the Authors
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