Оглавление
Группа авторов. Clinical Guide to Fish Medicine
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Clinical Guide to Fish Medicine
Preface
Acknowledgments
List of Contributors
Section A Fish Medicine Topic Reviews. Introduction
A1 Anatomy and Taxonomy
Introduction
Anatomy of Bony Fish. Body Plan
Integument
Box A1.1 Basic Taxonomy of Extant Fish
Musculoskeletal System. Skeleton
Muscle
Buoyancy Organs
Adipose Tissue
Ocular Anatomy
Auditory Anatomy
Olfactory and Gustatory Anatomy
Oral/Pharyngeal Cavity
Gastrointestinal System
Liver and Gallbladder
Respiratory System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphomyeloid System
Endocrine System
Urogenital System. Urinary System
Reproductive System
Neurologic System
Electric Organs
Anatomy of Cartilaginous Fish
Body Plan
Integument
Musculoskeletal System
Buoyancy
Ocular Anatomy
Auditory Anatomy
Olfactory and Gustatory Anatomy
Oral/Pharyngeal Cavity
Gastrointestinal System
Liver and Gallbladder
Respiratory System
Cardiovascular System
Hematopoetic and Immunologic System
Endocrine System
Urogenital System. Urinary System
Reproductive System
Neurologic System
Electric Organs
Taxonomy
Taxonomy of Bony Fish (Osteichthyes) Acipenseriformes (Sturgeons, Paddlefish)
Amiiformes (Bowfin)
Anguilliformes (Eels)
Beryciformes (Soldierfish, Squirrelfish, Pinecone Fish, Flashlight Fish)
Characiformes (Piranha, Tetras, Hatchetfish)
Clupeiformes (Herrings, Anchovies)
Cypriniformes (Carp, Goldfish, Koi, Minnows, Zebrafish, Algae‐Eaters, Loaches)
Elopiformes (Tarpon, Ladyfish)
Gobiiformes (Gobies, Mudskippers)
Lepisosteiformes (Gars)
Lophiiformes (Frogfish, Anglerfish)
Osteoglossiformes (Arowana, Arapaima, Freshwater Butterflyfish, Elephantfish, Knifefish)
Perciformes (Perch‐Like Fish)
Pleuronectiformes (Flounder, Sole, Halibut)
Salmoniformes (Salmon, Trout, Char)
Siluriformes (Catfish)
Syngnathiformes (Seahorses, Sea Dragons, Pipefish, Trumpetfish, Shrimpfish)
Tetraodontiformes (Pufferfish, Triggerfish, Filefish, Ocean Sunfish)
Sarcopterygii (Coelacanths, Lungfish)
Taxonomy of Cartilaginous Fish (Chondrichthyes)
Chimaeriformes (Chimaeras, Ratfish, Ghost Sharks)
Carcharhiniformes (Ground Sharks)
Lamniformes (Mackerel Sharks, White Sharks, Sand Tigers)
Squaliformes (Dogfish, Gulper Sharks)
Orectolobiformes (Carpet Sharks, Wobbegongs, Bamboo Sharks, Nurse Sharks)
Rajiformes (Skates)
Myliobatiformes (Cownose Rays, Stingrays, Manta Rays)
Torpediniformes (Electric Rays)
Pristiformes (Guitarfish and Sawfish)
Acknowledgments
References
A2 Water Quality
Introduction
Water Source
Dissolved Oxygen
Total Gas Pressures
Temperature
Salinity and Salt Composition
Nitrogenous Wastes (Ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate)
pH
Alkalinity and Hardness
Carbon Dioxide
Chlorines and Chloramines
Iodide and Iodate
Heavy Metals
Turbidity/Suspended Solids
Microbiome and Bacterial Testing
Water Quality Testing Options
Conclusion
References
A3 Life Support Systems
Introduction
Bacteria and Other Microorganisms
System Type
Oxygenation and Gas Exchange
Water Flow
Mechanical and Physicochemical Filtration
Surface Skimming
Prefilters
Sand/Canister/Bead Filters
Settling/Sedimentation Tanks
Foam Fractionators
Activated Carbon
Flocculation
Mechanical and Physicochemical Filtration Troubleshooting
Biological Filtration: Nitrification and Mineralization
Biological Filtration Troubleshooting
Denitrification
Ecological Scrubbers
Water Disinfection
Ultraviolet Light Disinfection
Ozone Disinfection
Temperature Control
Noise and Vibration
Lighting
Other Life Support Equipment
Pond Life Support
Coral Reef Life Support
Conclusion
References
A4 Nutrition and Nutritional Support
Introduction
Natural History
Wild Diet and Foraging Ecology
Metabolism and Energetics
Anatomy and Digestion
Nutrient Requirements
Sources of Energy
Protein
Lipid
Carbohydrates
Vitamins
Minerals
Other Additives
Nutrient Choice
Feeding. Diet Selection and Formulation
Food Types
Pellet and Flake Foods
Gel Diets
Harvested Fish and Invertebrates (Seafood)
Plants and Algae
Live Foods
Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation
Feeding Behavior, Amount, and Frequency
Body Condition
Food Storage and Preparation
Food Safety and Monitoring
Storage
Food Preparation
Seafood
Produce
Pelleted and Flake Feeds
Gel Foods
Quality Control
Nutritional Support
Appetite Stimulants
Assisted Feeding
Tube Feeding (Gavage)
Force Feeding
Larval and Broodstock Nutrition
New Directions in Fish Nutrition Research
References
A5 Fish Behavior : Training and Enrichment
Introduction
Fish Abilities
Benefits of Behavioral Management
Introduction to the Science of Learning
Box A5.1 A Cup of Preventative Behavior
Box A5.2 Follow the Bouncing Ball
Before Training Begins
Getting Started with Training
Box A5.3 Possible Training Plan for Stingrays in a Touch Pool
Basic Training
Beyond Basic Training (Other Reasons to Train)
Box A5.4 A Tube for Every Eel
Box A5.5 Responding to the Dinner Bell
Box A5.6 Bubba's Postsurgical Cancer Treatment
Modifying Problem Behaviors
Box A5.7 Ready for Treatment and Travel – Shark Stretcher Training
Box A5.8 Shark Tickles
Conclusion
Box A5.9 Anchovy Calisthenics
Box A5.10 Right on Target!
Box A5.11 Change Direction
Box A5.12 Shark Hearing Study
Box A5.13 Blue Tang Visual Match to Sample
Box A5.14 Recommendations for General Fish Behavior Resources
References
A6 Clinical Examination and Diagnostic Sampling
Introduction
History
Clinical Examination. Observation
Transport Considerations
Handling Considerations
Manual Restraint
Box A6.1 List of Equipment Needed for Clinical Examination of Koi (Cyprinus carpio koi) or Similar‐Sized Fish
Chemical Restraint
Components of the Physical Examination
Individual Identification
Diagnostic Sampling
Skin Scrapes
Gill Biopsies
Box A6.2 Common Infectious Diseases of Koi and Goldfish (Cyprinidae)
Box A6.3 Common Infectious Diseases of Salmon and Trout (Salmonidae)
Fin Biopsies
Fecal Collection
Diagnostic Imaging
Box A6.4 Common Infectious Diseases of Ictalurid Catfish (Ictaluridae)
Blood Collection
Box A6.5 Common Infectious Diseases of Tilapia (Oreochromis, Tilapia spp.)
Box A6.6 Common Infectious Diseases of Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Box A6.7 Common Infectious Diseases of Tropical Marine Teleosts
Musculoskeletal Impression Smears, Aspirates, or Biopsies
Box A6.8 Common Infectious Diseases of Seahorses, Pipefish, and Sea Dragons (Syngnathidae)
Box A6.9 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR/RT‐PCR) Tests That Are Often Commercially Available for Fish
Coelomic Aspirates or Biopsies
Periocular and Ocular Aspirates
Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection
Egg or Sperm Collection
Commercial Laboratories
References
A7 Clinical Pathology and Ancillary Diagnostics
Introduction
Reference Materials in Fish Medicine
Wet Mount Examinations
Skin Scrapes
Gill Biopsies/Gill Clips
Fin Biopsies/Fin Clips
Fecal Wet Mounts
Tissue Wet Mounts/Squash Preparations
Cytologic Examination
Factors that Affect the Diagnostic Quality of Stained Cytologies
Cytologic Sample Evaluation
Romanowsky Stains
Gram Stains
Acid‐Fast Stains
Histopathology
Hematology
Hematologic Sample Processing
Hematologic Sample Evaluation
Teleost Leukocytes
Elasmobranch Leukocytes
Special Stains for Hematology
Blood Biochemistry
Biochemistry Sample Processing
Biochemistry Sample Evaluation
Toxicologic and Nutritional Analyses. Toxicology
Vitamin and Mineral Analysis
Microbiology
Bacteriology
Bacteriology Sample Submission
Common Bacterial Media and Their Uses
Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing
Virology
Molecular Diagnostics. Nucleic Acid Amplification Methods. PCR, qPCR, RT‐PCR
Box A7.1 Cell Lines Used to Test for OIE‐Reportable Viral Fish Pathogens (OIE 2018)
Multiplex PCR
Consensus PCR
DNA Sequencing
Metagenomics and Microbiomes
Immunohistochemistry
In Situ Hybridization
Antibody‐Based Testing
Fluorescent Antibody Testing
Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs)
Conclusion
References
A8 Diagnostic Imaging
Introduction
Conventional Radiography
Radiographic Safety
Plain Radiography
Contrast Radiography
Interventional Radiography
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Ultrasonography
Common Abnormalities on Diagnostic Imaging. Spinal Pathology
Swim Bladder Pathology
Skin and Pouch Pathology in Syngnathids
Gastrointestinal Pathology
Hepatic Pathology
Reproductive Pathology
Conclusion
References
A9 Necropsy and Ancillary Diagnostics
Introduction
Specimen Selection
Euthanasia of Fish
Box A9.1 Recommendations for Shipping Dead Fish to Diagnostic Laboratories
Human Safety
Equipment Needed
Gross Necropsy. Ancillary Diagnostics
External Examination
Gill, Skin, and Fin Wet Mounts
Box A9.2
Necropsy Approach
Examination In Situ
Organ Evaluation
Organ Wet Mounts and Impression Smears
Sample Storage and Bio‐artifacts
Disposal
Box A9.3 Possible Causes of Granulomatous Inflammation in Fish
Histology. Fixatives
Box A9.4 Possible Causes of Cysts in Fish
Samples
Shipping
Processing and Stains
Histopathologic Interpretation
Conclusion
References
A10 Anesthesia and Analgesia
Introduction
Anatomical and Physiological Considerations. Respiratory Systems
Skin and Muscle
Temperature and Metabolism
Water Quality Considerations. Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature
pH and Nitrogenous Waste
Ionic Balance
Anesthetic Techniques and Drugs. Human Safety
Preanesthetic Preparation
Anesthetic Drug Administration and Agents. Immersion Anesthesia
MS‐222 (Tricaine Methanesulfonate)
Clove Oil, Eugenol, Isoeugenol, and Aqui‐S™
Alfaxalone
Propofol
Metomidate Hydrochloride
Other Immersion Agents
Parenteral Anesthesia
Ketamine Hydrochloride
Xylazine, Medetomidine, Dexmedetomidine
Midazolam, Diazepam
Propofol
Alfaxalone
Monitoring, Support, Recovery, and Resuscitation. Anesthetic Depth
Cardiopulmonary Activity
Water Quality Monitoring
Recovery
Resuscitation
Analgesia
Euthanasia
References
A11 Surgery and Endoscopy
Introduction
General Surgical Principles. Preparation of the Patient
Instrumentation and Visualization
Suture
Postoperative Management
Surgical Procedures. External Mass Excision/Biopsy
Ophthalmic Surgery
Pseudobranch Ablation
Coeliotomy
Exploratory Coeliotomy and Biopsy Collection
Ovariectomy in Teleosts
Ovariectomy and Cesarean Section in Elasmobranchs
Swim Bladder Surgery
Gastrointestinal Surgery
Orthopedic Surgery
General Endoscopy Principles
Rigid Endoscopy Instrumentation
Rigid Endoscope Handling and Use
Box A11.1 Rigid Endoscopy Instrumentation for Fish
Endosurgery
Flexible Endoscopy
Endoscopic Procedures. Gill Endoscopy and Stomatoscopy
Gastroscopy
Cloacoscopy
Coelioscopy
Liver Biopsy
Kidney Biopsy
Pneumocystoscopy
Biopsy Sample Handling
Endosurgical Procedures
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
A12 Medical Treatment
Introduction
Environmental Changes
Routes of Administration
Injectable
Oral
Box A12.1 Preparing Medicated Gel Foods
Immersion
Box A12.2 Calculating Water Volumes
Topical
Other Routes
Commonly Used Medical Treatments
Antibiotics
Amikacin
Cefovecin
Ceftazidime
Ceftiofur
Enrofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin
Oxolinic Acid
Azithromycin
Erythromycin
Florfenicol
Oxytetracycline
Nitrofurans
Sulfamerazine
Sulfadimethoxine–Ormetoprim
Trimethoprim–Sulfamethoxazole
Trimethoprim–Sulfadiazine
Antiparasitics. Chitin Synthase Inhibitors. Diflubenzuron
Lufenuron
Oxidants. Copper
Box A12.3 Calculation of Copper Sulfate Doses
Chloramine‐T
Formalin
Hydrogen Peroxide
Malachite Green
Potassium Permanganate
Imidazoles. Fenbendazole
Metronidazole
Other Antiparasitics. Emamectin
Chloroquine
Levamisole
Niclosamide
Phytotherapy
Praziquantel
Salinity Changes
Toltrazuril
Trichlorfon or Metrifonate
Antifungals
Box A12.4 Calculation of Salt to be Added to Increase Salinity
Box A12.5 Calculation of Freshwater to be Added to Decrease Salinity
Antivirals
Anti‐inflammatories. Nonsteroidal Anti‐inflammatories
Steroidal Anti‐inflammatories
Hormones. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Gonadotropin‐Releasing Hormone Agonists
Progestins
Vaccines
Immune Stimulants
Beta‐glucans
Garlic (Allicin)
Propolis
Vitamin C
Critical Care
Resuscitation of a Nonresponsive Fish
Fluid Therapy
Legislation
International Legislation
Legislation in the United States
Legislation in Europe
Conclusion
References
A13 Environmental Considerations of Immersion Medications
Introduction
Impacts of Water Chemistry on Immersion Medications
Effects of Water Clarification and Disinfection on Immersion Medications
Effects of Immersion Medications on the Biological Filtration
Effects of The Microbiome
Effects on Target and Nontarget Species
Medication Assays
Diving or Swimming in Medicated Water
Disposal of Medicated Water
Discharge to Municipal Sanitary Sewer
Discharge to a Natural Body of Water
Return to the Institution's Water System
Biotic or Abiotic Removal or Destruction of the Medication
Transfer to an Evaporation Pond
Record‐Keeping
Specific Drug Examples
Formalin
Trichlorfon or Metrifonate
Praziquantel
Copper Sulfate, Chelated Copper
Chloroquine
References
A14 Acquisition and Transport
Introduction
Source and Sustainability
Box A14.1 Examples of Ornamental Fish Species That Are Commonly Bred under Human Care. Freshwater
Marine
Cultured or Previously Wild‐Caught Fish
Recently Wild‐Caught Fish
General Principles of Acquisition and Transport
Preparation. Risk Assessment
Pre‐Shipment Conditioning
Mock Transports
Feeding and Fasting
Box A14.2 Possible Fasting Times for Fish Prior to Transport
Catch and Handling Recommendations
Aquarium or Pond Bony Fish
Aquarium Cartilaginous Fish
Free‐Ranging Bony Fish
Free‐Ranging Cartilaginous Fish
Transport Containers. Shipping Bags
Rigid Transport Containers
Additives
Temperature Control
Filtration and Monitoring Systems
Staffing and Medical Intervention
Transport Options. By Road
By Air
By Boat
By Parcel Carrier
Acclimation on Arrival
Legislation
Conclusion
References
A15 Fish Quarantine
Introduction
Critical Components. Acquisition Planning
Isolation
Box A15.1 Important Biosecurity Factors in Fish Quarantine
Environmental Conditions
Close Monitoring
Diagnostics and Treatments
Accurate Records
Risk Assessment Approach
Example 1: Quarantine of Koi for an Established Koi Pond
Example 2: Quarantine of Neon Tetras for a New Home Aquarium
Example 3: Quarantine of a Group of Tropical Marine Teleosts for a Display Aquarium
Example 4: Quarantine of Pelagic, Ram‐ventilating Sharks for a Display Aquarium
Example 5: Quarantine of Tilapia for an Established Tilapia Culture Facility
Training and Enrichment
“Failing” Quarantine
Clearing Quarantine
Reviewing Quarantine Results
References
Section B Presenting Problems. Introduction
B1 Acute Mortalities in a Group
B2 Respiratory or Cardiovascular Signs
Dyspnea and Tachypnea
Gill Pallor
B3 Cutaneous Signs
Red/Erosive Skin Lesions
Light Skin Lesions
Dark Skin Lesions
Pruritus
B4 Gastrointestinal or Coelomic Signs
Inappetence, Weight Loss
Coelomic Distension
Bibliography
Dental Disease
Cloacal/Anal Distension or Prolapse
B5 Musculoskeletal or Neurologic Signs
Spinal Deformity
Bibliography
External Masses
Circling or Spiraling
Positive Buoyancy
Bibliography
Negative Buoyancy
B6 Ocular Signs
Exophthalmos or Buphthalmos
Bibliography
Ocular Opacity
Section C Diseases of Fish. Introduction
C1 Noninfectious Diseases (Environmental)
Introduction
Low Dissolved Oxygen
Bibliography
Gas Supersaturation
Bibliography
Barotrauma
Bibliography
Temperature Stress
pH Stress
Bibliography
Ammonia Toxicity
Bibliography
Nitrite Toxicity
Bibliography
Nitrate Toxicity
Bibliography
Chlorine and Chloramine Toxicity
Bibliography
Heavy Metal Toxicity
Bibliography
Hydrogen Sulfide Toxicity
Bibliography
Organophosphate and Carbamate Toxicity
Bibliography
C2 Noninfectious Diseases (Other)
Introduction
Physical Trauma
Bibliography
Electrical Trauma
Bibliography
Exertional Myopathy
Bibliography
Lateral Line Depigmentation
Bibliography
Thyroid Hyperplasia (Goiters)
Bibliography
Mucometra and Ovarian Cysts
Bibliography
Egg Retention (Egg Binding)
Bibliography
Dystocia
Bibliography
Cataracts
Bibliography
Lipid Keratopathy (Corneal Lipidosis)
Bibliography
Obesity
Bibliography
Micronutrient Deficiency
Bibliography
Gastrointestinal Foreign Bodies
Bibliography
Neoplasia
Bibliography
C3 Viral Diseases
Introduction
Viral Diseases (General)
Bibliography
Cyprinid Herpesviruses
Bibliography
Ictalurid Herpesviruses
Bibliography
Rhabdoviruses
Bibliography
Birnaviruses
Bibliography
Pox Viruses
Bibliography
Lymphocystiviruses
Bibliography
Ranaviruses
Bibliography
Megalocytiviruses
Bibliography
Orthomyxoviruses
Bibliography
Betanodaviruses
Bibliography
C4 Bacterial Diseases
Introduction
Bacterial Diseases (General)
Bibliography
Aeromonas salmonicida
Bibliography
Motile Aeromonad Septicemia
Bibliography
Vibriosis
Bibliography
Enteric Septicemia of Catfish
Bibliography
Edwardsiellosis
Bibliography
Columnaris and Flexibacteriosis
Bibliography
Flavobacterium psychrophilum
Bibliography
Yersiniosis
Bibliography
Streptococcosis
Bibliography
Renibacterium salmoninarum
Bibliography
Mycobacteriosis
Bibliography
Nocardiosis
Bibliography
Epitheliocystis
Bibliography
Francisellosis
Bibliography
Piscirickettsiosis
Bibliography
C5 Fungal and Fungal‐Like Diseases
Introduction
Oomycota (Saprolegniasis)
Bibliography
Exophiala spp
Bibliography
Fusarium spp
Bibliography
Microsporidia
Bibliography
Mesomycetozoea (DRIPs)
Bibliography
C6 Protozoal Diseases
Introduction
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
Bibliography
Cryptocaryon irritans
Bibliography
Chilodonella spp
Bibliography
Brooklynella spp
Bibliography
Scuticociliates
Bibliography
Trichodinids
Bibliography
Sessile Ciliates
Bibliography
Cryptobia spp
Bibliography
Ichthyobodo spp
Bibliography
Spironucleus and Hexamita spp
Bibliography
Amyloodinium and Piscinoodinium spp
Bibliography
Amoebic Gill Disease
Bibliography
C7 Metazoan Diseases
Introduction
Monogeneans (General)
Bibliography
Capsalid Monogeneans
Bibliography
Dactylogyrid Monogeneans
Bibliography
Gyrodactylid Monogeneans
Bibliography
Monocotylid Monogeneans
Bibliography
Microbothriid Monogeneans
Bibliography
Polyopisthocotyle Monogeneans
Bibliography
Digenes (Excluding Blood Flukes)
Bibliography
Digenes (Blood Flukes)
Bibliography
Turbellaria
Bibliography
Cestodes
Bibliography
Leeches
Bibliography
Ascarid Nematodes
Bibliography
Camallanid Nematodes
Bibliography
Philometrid Nematodes
Bibliography
Anguillicolid Nematodes
Bibliography
Trichosomoidid Nematodes
Bibliography
Pentastomids
Bibliography
Acanthocephalans
Bibliography
Copepods
Bibliography
Isopods
Bibliography
Branchiurans
Bibliography
c8 Myxozoan and Coccidial Diseases
Introduction
Myxozoan (General)
Bibliography
Enteromyxum spp
Bibliography
Henneguya spp
Bibliography
Myxobolus spp
Bibliography
Ceratonova and Ceratomyxa spp
Bibliography
Hoferellus spp
Bibliography
Kudoa spp
Bibliography
Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae
Bibliography
Eimeria spp
Bibliography
Cryptosporidium spp
Bibliography
Appendix 1 Conversions. Distance/Area
Weight
Volume
Concentration
Temperature
Energy
Appendix 2 Common Disinfectants
Appendix 3 Fish Diagnostic Laboratories in the United States
Appendix 4 Veterinary Training Programs in Aquatic Animal Medicine
Veterinary Schools with Aquatic Animal Courses
Veterinary Student Programs and Volunteer Opportunities
Veterinary Internships and Fellowships
Veterinary Residencies
Conferences and Courses that Include Fish Medicine
Job Opportunities
Index. a
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