Оглавление
Группа авторов. Groundwater Geochemistry
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Groundwater Geochemistry. Pollution and Remediation Methods
Preface
About the Editors
List of Contributors
1 Geogenic Pollutants in Groundwater and Their Removal Techniques
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Arsenic
1.2.1 Health Impact
1.2.2 Remediation
1.3 Fluoride
1.3.1 Health Impact
1.3.2 Remediation
1.4 Salinity (Na and Cl)
1.4.1 Health Impacts
1.4.2 Remediation
1.5 Sulphate
1.5.1 Health Impact
1.5.2 Remediation
1.6 Heavy Metals
1.6.1 Iron
1.6.1.1 Health Impact
1.6.2 Manganese
1.6.2.1 Health Impact
1.6.3 Chromium
1.6.3.1 Health Impact
1.6.4 Remediation of Heavy Metals
1.7 Selenium
1.7.1 Health Impact
1.7.2 Remediation
1.8 Conclusion
References
2 Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater, Impacts, and Their Potential Remediation Techniques
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Source of Fluoride in the Environment
2.2.1 Natural Sources. 2.2.1.1 Rocks and Minerals
2.2.1.2 Groundwater
2.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources
2.3 Occurrence of Fluoride in the World and India. 2.3.1 World
2.3.1.1 America
2.3.1.2 Indian Scenario
2.4 Effects of Fluoride on Human Health
2.4.1 Dental Fluorosis
2.4.2 Skeletal Fluorosis
2.5 Remediation Techniques for Fluoride Contamination. 2.5.1 Remediation of Fluoride
2.5.2 In‐situ Treatment Methods for Fluoride Removal
2.5.2.1 Check Dams
2.5.2.2 Percolation Tank and Recharge Pits
2.5.3 Ex‐situ Treatment Methods for Fluoride Removal
2.5.3.1 Adsorption
2.5.3.2 Ion Exchange
2.5.3.3 Coagulation‐Precipitation
2.5.3.4 Membrane Process
2.5.3.5 Reverse Osmosis
2.5.3.6 Nanofiltration
2.5.3.7 Electrocoagulation
2.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
3 Salinity Problems in Groundwater and Management Strategies in Arid and Semi‐arid Regions
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Problem of Salinity
3.3 Sources of Aquifer Salinity
3.3.1 Inland Aquifer Salinity
3.3.2 Coastal Aquifer Salinity
3.4 Types of Salinity
3.4.1 Primary Salinity
3.4.2 Secondary Salinity
3.4.3 Tertiary Salinity
3.4.4 Urban Salinity
3.5 Effects on Agriculture. 3.5.1 Soil Structure
3.5.2 Oxidative and Alkaline Stress
3.5.3 Ion Toxicity
3.5.4 Nutrient Deficiencies
3.6 Effects on Non‐Agricultural Lands and Other Natural Resources. 3.6.1 Subsidence of Land
3.6.2 Corrosive Risk
3.6.3 Deterioration of Water Quality
3.7 Effects of Saline Water on Human Health
3.8 Management Strategies
3.8.1 Lowering of the Groundwater Table
3.8.2 Construction of Water Harvesting Structures
3.8.3 Reclamation of Saline Soils
3.8.4 Leaching
3.8.5 Surface and Subsurface Drainage Systems
3.8.6 Possible Strategies and Practices to Reduce Salinity‐Related Health Issues
3.8.7 Organic or Chemical Fertilizers
3.8.8 Salt‐Tolerant Cultivars
3.8.9 Water Management
3.8.9.1 Irrigation Methods
3.8.9.2 Mulching
3.8.9.3 Crop Rotation
3.9 Conclusions
References
4 Heavy Metal Contamination in Groundwater Sources
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Sources of Heavy Metal Contamination
4.2.1 Natural Sources
4.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources
4.2.3 Point Sources
4.2.4 Non‐Point Sources
4.3 Types of Water Pollution. 4.3.1 Surface Water Pollution
4.3.2 Groundwater Pollution
4.3.3 Heavy Metal Pollution
4.3.3.1 Arsenic
4.3.3.2 Mercury
4.3.3.3 Cadmium
4.3.3.4 Lead
4.3.3.5 Antimony
4.3.3.6 Zinc
4.3.3.7 Chromium
4.4 Effects on the Human Body
4.4.1 Impact of Heavy Metal Pollution in Groundwater: Some Case Studies
4.5 Recent Strategies to Control Heavy Metals
4.6 Remediation Methods of Heavy Metals
4.6.1 Oxidation
4.6.2 Coagulation‐Flocculation
4.6.3 Phytoremediation
4.6.4 Membrane Filtration
4.6.5 Ion Exchange
4.6.6 Electrokinetics Remediation
4.6.7 Adsorption Method
4.7 Conclusion and Future Aspects
References
5 Source, Assessment, and Remediation of Metals in Groundwater
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sources of Contamination. 5.2.1 Geogenic Sources
5.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources
5.2.2.1 Industries
5.2.2.2 Urbanization
5.2.2.3 Mines and Mineral Exploration
5.2.2.4 Fertilizers
5.2.2.5 Intrusion of Seawater in Coastal Regions
5.3 Pathways of Contamination
5.3.1 Leaching of Heavy Metals
5.3.2 Direct Contact with Contaminates
5.4 Monitoring and Assessment Tools
5.4.1 Indices
5.4.2 Geospatial Tools
5.5 Remediation Methods
5.5.1 Chemical Processes
5.5.2 Physical Processes
5.5.3 Biological/Biochemical Processes
5.6 Summary
References
6 Nitrate Pollution in Groundwater and Their Possible Remediation Through Adsorption
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sources of Nitrate in Groundwater
6.3 Standards of Nitrate for Drinking Water
6.4 High Nitrate Concentrations in Drinking Water and Their Impact on Human Health
6.5 Techniques for Nitrate Removal from Water
6.6 Challenges in Using Organic Adsorbentor Resin‐Based Ion Exchangers
6.7 Inorganic Materials Used in the Removal of Nitrate from Aqueous Solutions
6.8 Concluding Remarks
References
7 Organic Micropollutants in Groundwater : A Rising Concern for Indian Drinking Water Supplies
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Types of Organic Micropollutants
7.2.1 Pesticides
7.2.2 Pharmaceuticals
7.2.3 Personal Care Products
7.2.4 Per‐ and Poly‐fluroalkyl Substances
7.2.5 Industrial Chemicals and Products
7.2.6 Treatment By‐products
7.2.7 Other Micropollutants
7.3 Organic Micropollutants in Indian Groundwater
7.4 Organic Micropollutant Sources and Transportation Pathways
7.5 Fate of Organic Micropollutants in Groundwater
7.6 Organic Micropollutant Analysis in Groundwater
7.7 Conclusions and Future Strategies
References
8 Organic Pollutants in Groundwater Resource
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Types of Organic Contaminants in Groundwater. 8.2.1 Pesticides
8.2.2 Pharmaceuticals
8.2.3 Personal Care Compounds
8.2.4 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
8.2.5 Hormones and Sterols
8.2.6 Water Treatment By‐Products
8.2.7 Chemicals Used in Treatments. 8.2.7.1 Chlorine
8.2.8 Food Additives
8.3 Sources of Organic Contaminants in the Groundwater
8.3.1 Natural and Anthropogenic Sources
8.3.1.1 Natural Sources
8.3.1.2 Anthropogenic Sources
8.3.2 Point and Non‐Point Sources
8.3.2.1 Point Sources
8.3.2.2 Non‐Point Sources
8.4 Fate of Organic Contaminants in the Groundwater
8.4.1 Physical Controls
8.4.2 Surface Sorption
8.4.3 Biodegradation
8.5 Health Effects of Organic Contaminants
8.5.1 Possible Health Impacts of some VOCs Found in the Groundwater Samples
8.6 Conclusion
References
9 Organic Pollutants of Global Concern in Groundwater Resources and Remediation Measures
Nomenclature
9.1 Introduction to Organic Pollutants in Groundwater Resources
9.2 Organic Groundwater Pollutants: Types, Physical and Chemical Characteristics, and Associated Hazards. 9.2.1 Pharmaceuticals
9.2.2 Personal Care Products
9.2.3 Pesticides
9.2.4 Industrial Compounds
9.2.5 By‐products in Water Treatment or Disinfection Process
9.2.6 Surfactants
9.2.7 Lifestyle Compounds
9.2.8 Flame Retardants
9.3 OPs Remediation Methods
9.4 Advanced Treatment Processes (ATPs): Theory, General Aspects, Advantages, Disadvantages, and Reported Researches. 9.4.1 Adsorption
9.4.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
9.4.3 Membrane Separation
9.4.4 Combined Processes
9.5 Conclusion
References
10 Impact of Industrial Effluents on Groundwater
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Industrial Effluents Affecting the Groundwater Quality
10.2.1 Heavy Metals
10.2.2 Nitrates
10.2.3 Synthetic Dyes
10.2.4 Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs)
10.2.5 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
10.3 Groundwater Contamination by Industrial Effluents: Case Study
10.4 Recommendation for Industrial Effluent Management: A Circular Economy Approach
10.5 Summary
References
11 Impact on Groundwater Quality Resources Due to Industrial Effluent
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Quantity of Groundwater in India
11.3 Characterization of Groundwater Quality
11.4 Impacts of Industrial Activity on Groundwater in India
11.5 Industrial Structure and Industrial Pollution in India
11.6 Grossly Polluting Industries (GPIs) in India
11.7 Various Kinds of Pollutants Released by Different Industries
11.7.1 Textile Industry
11.7.2 Leather Industry
11.7.3 Food‐Related Industries
11.7.4 Metal Industries
11.7.5 Paper and Pulp Industry
11.7.6 Sugar Industry
11.7.7 Thermal Power Plant
11.7.8 Petroleum and Oil Industry
11.8 Current Status of Ground and Surface Water Pollution by Indian Industries
11.9 Groundwater Recharge Movement in India
11.10 Legislation, Policy Framework, and Challenges
11.11 Industrial Water Regulations
11.12 Conclusion
References
12 Effects of Acid Mine Drainage on Hydrochemical Properties of Groundwater and Possible Remediation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Processes for AMD Generation
12.2.1 Pyrite Oxidation
12.2.2 Sulphide Weathering
12.2.3 Bacterial Activity
12.3 Effect of AMD on Groundwater Quality
12.4 Treatment Technologies for AMD
12.4.1 Active Treatment Technologies
12.4.1.1 Oxidation, Dosing with Alkali, and Sedimentation (ODAS)
12.4.1.2 Chemical Precipitation
12.4.1.3 Lime/Limestone Neutralization
12.4.1.4 Oxidation and Aeration
12.4.1.5 Sorption and Ion Exchange
12.4.1.6 Reverse Osmosis (RO)
12.4.2 Passive Treatment Technologies
12.4.2.1 Biological System
12.4.2.1.1 Aerobic and Anaerobic Constructed Wetlands (AeWs and AnWs)
12.4.2.1.2 Vertical Flow Wetlands (VFWs)/Successive Alkalinity Producing System (SAPS)
12.4.2.1.3 Bioreactors (SRB)
12.4.2.1.4 Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRB)
12.4.2.2 Geochemical/Abiotic System
12.4.2.2.1 Anoxic Limestone Drains (ALDs)
12.4.2.2.2 Open Limestone Channels (OLCs)
12.4.2.2.3 Limestone Leach Beds (LLBs)
12.4.2.2.4 Steel Slag Leach Beds (SLBs)
12.4.2.2.5 Diversion Wells
12.4.2.2.6 Limestone Sand
12.4.2.3 Other Types of Methods
12.5 Conclusion
References
13 Impact of Electronic Waste Pollutants on Underground Water
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Recycling of e‐waste
13.3 Pollutants in e‐waste
13.3.1 Inorganic Heavy Metals in e‐waste
13.3.2 Organic Pollutants in e‐waste
13.3.3 Entry of e‐waste Organic Pollutants into Groundwater
13.3.3.1 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)
13.3.3.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
13.3.3.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
13.3.3.4 Polychlorinated Dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs)
13.3.3.5 Furans
13.3.3.6 Benzotriazole (BTz) and Methyl‐benzotriazole (MBZ)
13.4 Groundwater Quality
13.5 Global Scenario of e‐waste Generation
13.6 Evaluation of Genotoxic Effect of Groundwater. 13.6.1 Ames Test
13.6.2 SOS/umu‐Test
13.7 Effect on Underground Life Forms
13.8 Groundwater Remediation
13.8.1 Pump and Treat
13.8.2 Nanotreatment
13.8.3 Reactive Barrier
13.9 Conclusion
References
14 Zero‐Valent Iron (ZVI) for Groundwater Remediation
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Groundwater Remediation
14.1.2 Zero‐Valent Iron (ZVI)
14.2 Removal Mechanism Using ZVI
14.3 Groundwater Contaminants and their Removal by ZVI. 14.3.1 Arsenic
14.3.2 Chlorinated Organic Compounds (COC)
14.3.3 Dyes
14.3.4 Heavy Metals
14.3.5 Nitrate
14.3.6 Nitro Amino Compounds (NACs)
14.3.7 Phenolic Compounds
14.4 Advantages and Limitations of ZVI
14.5 Recent Advances and Prospects in ZVI
14.6 Conclusions
References
15 Various Purification Techniques of Groundwater
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Sources of Heavy Metals in Groundwater Pollution
15.2.1 Agriculturally Important Chemicals
15.2.2 Biosolids
15.2.3 Community and Manufacturing Waste
15.2.4 Mining and Industrial Release
15.2.5 Airborne Sources of Metal
15.3 Heavy Metal Effects on Environment and Human Health
15.3.1 Lead
15.3.2 Mercury
15.3.3 Cadmium
15.3.4 Barium
15.3.5 Arsenic
15.4 Methods for Purification of Groundwater
15.4.1 Chemical Precipitation
15.4.2 Ion Exchange
15.4.3 Membrane Filtration
15.4.3.1 Ultrafiltration
15.4.3.2 Reverse Osmosis
15.4.3.3 Nanofiltration
15.4.4 Coagulation and Flocculation
15.4.5 Electrochemical Treatment
15.4.6 Adsorption
15.4.6.1 Adsorption Isotherm
15.4.6.1.1 Langmuir Model
15.4.6.1.2 Freundlich Model
15.4.6.1.3 Temkin Model
15.4.7 Adsorption Kinetics Analysis
15.5 Summary
Acknowledgement
Financial and Ethical Disclosures
References
16 Various Remediation Measures for Groundwater Contamination
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Determining the Remedial Measure
16.2 Conventional Techniques for Groundwater Contamination Remediation. 16.2.1 Physical Methods of Treatment
16.2.1.1 Air Sparging or Air Stripping
16.2.1.2 Pump and Treat Method
16.2.1.3 In‐situ Flushing
16.2.1.4 Dual‐phase Vacuum Extraction (DPVE) Technique
16.2.2 Chemical Methods of Treatment
16.2.2.1 Chemical Precipitation
16.2.2.2 Ion Exchange
16.2.2.3 Carbon Adsorption
16.2.2.4 Chemical Oxidation
16.2.2.5 Surfactant Enhanced Recovery (SER)
16.2.2.6 Permeable Reactive Barriers
16.2.3 Biological Methods of Treatment
16.2.3.1 Bioaugmentation
16.2.3.2 Bioventing
16.2.3.3 Biosparging
16.2.3.4 Bioslurping
16.2.3.5 Phytoremediation
16.3 Nanotechnological Advancements in the Groundwater Contamination Remediation: Nanoremediation
16.4 Conclusion
References
17 Various Remediation Measures for Groundwater Contamination
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Ex‐Situ and In‐Situ Remediation. 17.2.1 Pump and Treatment (Ex‐Situ Treatment)
17.2.2 In‐Situ Remediation
17.2.3 Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRB)
17.3 Methods of Groundwater Remediation. 17.3.1 Chemical Oxidation and Reduction. 17.3.1.1 In‐situ Chemical Oxidation
17.3.1.2 In‐Situ Chemical Reduction
17.3.2 Ion Exchange Methods
17.3.3 Flocculation
17.3.4 Adsorption
17.3.5 Bioremediation
17.4 Conclusion
References
Note
18 Exploration of Water Resources Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System
18.1 Introduction. 18.1.1 Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System
18.1.2 Hydro‐geomorphological Unit and Groundwater
18.1.3 Effect of Vegetation and Deforestation on Hydrology
18.1.4 Land Use Land Cover Change Analysis and Groundwater
18.1.5 Identification of Water‐Ice Using Extraterrestrial Remote Sensing
18.2 Methods for Groundwater Mapping
18.2.1 Weighted Overlay
18.2.2 Frequency Ratio (FR) Model
18.2.3 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
18.2.4 Fuzzy Logic
18.2.4.1 Pairwise Comparison Matrix Formation
18.2.5 ANN Method
18.2.6 Techniques for Water‐Ice Detection on Extraterrestrial Planets
18.2.6.1 Morphological Analysis
18.2.6.2 Reflectance Spectroscopy
18.2.6.3 Radar
18.2.6.4 Gamma‐Ray and Neutron Spectroscopy
18.3 Conclusion
References
19 Recent Trends in Groundwater Conservation and Management
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Occurrence of Groundwater
19.3 Factors Affecting Availability of Groundwater. 19.3.1 Impact of Climate Change
19.3.2 Surface Water Precipitation and Evapotranspiration
19.3.3 Vadose Zone
19.3.4 Zone of Saturation
19.3.5 Recharging of Aquifers
19.3.6 Groundwater Discharge
19.3.7 Groundwater Storage and Flow
19.4 Hydrogeological Setup of India
19.5 Hydrological Conditions and Farming Systems
19.6 Groundwater Resource Management
19.6.1 Measures of Supply Side
19.6.2 Measures of Demand Side
19.7 Groundwater Development Prospects in India
19.8 Groundwater Conservation
19.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
20 Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment Using Random Forest Approach in a Water‐Stressed Paddy Cultivated Region of West Bengal, India
20.1 Introduction
20.1.1 Study Area
20.2 Materials and Methods. 20.2.1 Database
20.2.2 Methodology
20.2.2.1 Random Forest
20.3 Results. 20.3.1 Groundwater Vulnerability Causal Factors. 20.3.1.1 Topographical Factors
20.3.1.2 Hydrological Factors
20.3.1.3 Environmental Factor
20.3.1.4 Geological Factors
20.3.1.5 Hydrochemical Factors
20.3.2 Groundwater Vulnerability (GV) Assessment
20.3.3 Accuracy Assessment
20.4 Discussion
20.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Index
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