Оглавление
Группа авторов. Western Philosophy
BLACKWELL PHILOSOPHY ANTHOLOGIES
Western Philosophy An Anthology
John Cottingham’s Western Philosophy: An Anthology Praise for the first edition
Contents
Guide
Pages
Preface
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the Third Edition
Acknowledgements
Part I Knowledge and Certainty
Part II Being and Reality
Part III Language and Meaning
Part IV Mind and Body
Part V The Self and Freedom
Part VI God and Religion
Part VII Science and Method
Part VIII Morality and the Good Life
Part IX Problems in Ethics
Part X Authority and the State
Part XI Beauty and Art
Part XII Human Life and its Meaning
Guidance for Readers and Format of the Volume
Introductory Essay: How to Read a Philosophical Text and How to Write about It. What Is Philosophical Inquiry?
Exegesis and Criticism
Assessing the Argument
An Example from Berkeley
Making the Subject Your Own
Give It Time
Notes
PART I Knowledge and Certainty. Knowledge and Certainty Introduction
1 Innate Knowledge: Plato, Meno*
Specimen Questions
Suggestions for Further Reading (Including Internet Resources)
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2 knowledge versus opinion: plato, Republic*
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3 Demonstrative Knowledge and Its Starting Points: Aristotle, Posterior Analytics*
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4 New Foundations for Knowledge: René Descartes, Meditations*
What can be called into doubt
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5 The Senses as the Basis of Knowledge: John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding*
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6 Innate Knowledge Defended: Gottfried Leibniz, New Essays on Human Understanding*
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7 Scepticism versus Human Nature: David Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding*
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8 Experience and Understanding: Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason*
The distinction between pure and empirical knowledge
We are in possession of certain modes of a priori knowledge, and even the common understanding is never without them
The idea of a transcendental logic
Transition to the transcendental deduction of the categories
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9 From Sense-certainty to Self-consciousness: Georg Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit*
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10 Beliefs Judged by Their Practical Effects: William James, What Pragmatism Means*
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11 Against Scepticism: G. E. Moore, A Defence of Common Sense*
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12 Does Empirical Knowledge Have a Foundation? Wilfrid Sellars, The Myth of the Given*
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PART II Being and Reality. Introduction
1 The Allegory of the Cave: Plato, Republic*
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2 Individual Substance: Aristotle, Categories*
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3 Supreme Being and Created Things: René Descartes, Principles of Philosophy*
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4 Qualities and Ideas: John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding*
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5 Substance, Life and Activity: Gottfried Leibniz, New System*
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6 Nothing Outside the Mind: George Berkeley, Principles of Human Knowledge*
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7 The Limits of Metaphysical Speculation: David Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding*
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8 Metaphysics, Old and New: Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena*
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9 Reality as Flux: Alfred Whitehead, Process and Reality, and Science and the Modern World*
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10 Being and Involvement: Martin Heidegger, Being and Time*
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11 The End of Metaphysics? Rudolf Carnap, The Elimination of Metaphysics*
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12 The Problem of Ontology: W. V. O. Quine, On What There Is*
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PART III Language and Meaning. Language and Meaning Introduction
Notes
1 The Meanings of Words: Plato, Cratylus*
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2 Language and Its Acquisition: Augustine, Confessions*
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3 Thought, Language and Its Components: William of Ockham, Writings on Logic*
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4 Language, Reason and Animal Utterance: René Descartes, Discourse on the Method*
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5 Abstract General Ideas: John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding*
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6 Particular Ideas and General Meaning: George Berkeley, Principles of Human Knowledge*
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7 Denotation versus Connotation John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic*
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8 Names and Their Meaning: Gottlob Frege, Sense and Reference*
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9 Definite and Indefinite Descriptions: Bertrand Russell, Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy*
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10 Meaning and Use: Ludwig Wittgenstein, The Blue and Brown Books*
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11 Non-descriptive Uses of Language J. L. Austin, Performative Utterances*
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12 How the Reference of Terms is Fixed: Saul Kripke, Naming and Necessity*
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PART IV Mind and Body. Mind and Body Introduction
1 The Immortal Soul: Plato, Phaedo*
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2 Soul and Body, Form and Matter: Aristotle, De Anima*
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3 The Human Soul: Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae*
Is the soul a body?
Is the human soul something subsistent?
Are the souls of brute animals subsistent?
Is the soul man?
Is the soul composed of matter and form?
Whether the human soul is corruptible
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4 The Non-material Mind or Soul and Its Relation to the Body: René Descartes, Discourse and Meditations*
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5 The Identity of Mind and Body: Benedict Spinoza, Ethics*
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6 Mind–Body Correlations: Nicolas Malebranche, Dialogues on Metaphysics*
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7 Body and Mind as Manifestations of Will: Arthur Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Idea*
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8 The Problem of Other Minds: John Stuart Mill, An Examination of Sir William Hamilton’s Philosophy*
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9 The Hallmarks of Mental Phenomena: Franz Brentano, Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint*
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10 The Myth of the ‘Ghost in the Machine’: Gilbert Ryle, The Concept of Mind*
The official doctrine
The absurdity of the official doctrine
Origin of the category-mistake
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11 Mental States as Functional States: Hilary Putnam, Psychological Predicates*
1 Identity questions
2 Is pain a brain state?
3 Functional state versus brain state
4 Functional state versus behaviour-disposition
5 Methodological considerations
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12 The Subjective Dimension of Consciousness: Thomas Nagel, What is it Like to be a Bat?*
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PART V The Self and Freedom. The Self and Freedom Introduction
(a) The Self 1 The Self and Consciousness: John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding*
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2 The Self as Primitive Concept: Joseph Butler, Of Personal Identity*
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3 The Self as Bundle: David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature*
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4 The Partly Hidden Self: Sigmund Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis*
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5 Liberation from the Self: Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons*
Whyour identity is not what matters
Liberation from the self
The continuity of the body
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6 Selfhood and Narrative Understanding: Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self*
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(b) Freedom. 7 Human Freedom and Divine Providence: Augustine, The City of God*
Theforeknowledge of God, and the free will of man (in opposition to the opinion of Cicero)
Are our wills ruled by necessity?
The universal providence of God, in the laws of which all things are included
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8 Freedom to Do What We Want: Thomas Hobbes, Liberty, Necessity and Chance*
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9 Free Will as the Power of Rational Agency: Thomas Reid, Essays on the Active Powers of Man*
Thenotions of Moral Liberty and Necessity stated
Of the influence of motives
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10 Absolute Determinism: Pierre-Simon de Laplace, Philosophical Essay on Probability*
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11 Condemned to Be Free: Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness*
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12 Freedom, Responsibility and the Ability to Do Otherwise: Harry G. Frankfurt, Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility*
I
II
III
IV
V
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PART VI God and Religion. Introduction
1 God Cannot Be Thought Not to Exist: Anselm of Canterbury, Proslogion*
Themind stirred up to the contemplation of God
God truly exists
God cannot be thought not to exist
How the fool said in his heart what cannot be thought
God is whatever is better to be than not to be; he alone, existing through himself, makes all other things from nothing
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2 The Five Proofs of God: Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae*
Theexistence of God can be proved in five ways
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3 God as Source of My Idea of the Infinite: René Descartes, Meditations*
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4 God’s Existence Derived from His Nature or Essence: René Descartes, Meditations*
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5 The Wager: Blaise Pascal, Pensées*
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6 The problem of Evil: Gottfried Leibniz, Theodicy*
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7 The Argument from Design: David Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion*
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8 Against Miracles: David Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding*
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9 Faith and Subjectivity: Søren Kierkegaard, Concluding Unscientific Postscript*
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10 Reason, Passion and the Religious Hypothesis: William James, The Will to Believe*
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11 The Meaning of Religious Language: John Wisdom, Gods*
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12 Many Paths to the Same Ultimate Reality? John Hick, Problems of Religious Pluralism*
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PART VII Science and Method. Science and MethodIntroduction
1 Four Types of Explanation: Aristotle, Physics*
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2 Experimental Methods and True Causes: Francis Bacon, Novum Organum*
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3 Mathematical Science and the Control of Nature: René Descartes, Discourse on the Method*
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4 The Limits of Scientific Explanation: George Berkeley, On Motion*
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5 The Problem of Induction: David Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding*
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6 The Relation Between Cause and Effect: David Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding*
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7 Causality and our Experience of Events: Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason*
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8 The Uniformity of Nature: John Stuart Mill, System of Logic*
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9 Science and Falsifiability: Karl Popper, Conjectures and Refutations*
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10 How Explaining Works: Carl G. Hempel, Explanation in Science and History*
Elliptical and partial explanations: explanation sketches
Nomological explanation in history
Genetic explanation in history
Explanation by motivating reasons
Concluding remarks
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11 Scientific Realism Versus Instrumentalism: Grover Maxwell, The Ontological Status of Theoretical Entities*
The problem
The observational–theoretical dichotomy
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12 Change and Crisis in Science: Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions*
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PART VIII Morality and the Good Life. Morality and the Good Life Introduction
1 Morality and Happiness: Plato, Republic*
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2 Ethical Virtue: Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics*
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3 Morality and Natural Law: Aquinas, Summa Theologiae*
Is there an eternal law?
Is there in us a natural law?
Human law
The precepts of the natural law
Are all acts of virtue prescribed by the natural law?
Is the natural law the same in all people?
Can the natural law be changed?
Can the law of nature be eradicated from the human heart?
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4 Virtue, Reason and the Passions: Benedict Spinoza, Ethics*
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5 Human Feeling as the Source of Ethics: David Hume, Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals*
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6 Duty and Reason as the Ultimate Principle: Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals*
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7 Happiness as the Foundation of Morality: John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism*
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8 Utility and Common-sense Morality: Henry Sidgwick, Methods of Ethics*
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9 Against Conventional Morality: Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil*
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10 Duty and Intuition: W. D. Ross, The Right and the Good*
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11 Ethics as Rooted in History and Culture: Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue*
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12 Could Ethics Be Objective? Bernard Williams, Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy*
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PART IX Problems in Ethics. Problems in Ethics Introduction
Notes
1 Inequality, Freedom and Slavery: Aristotle, Politics*
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2 War and Justice: Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae*
Is making war always a sin?
Is it permissible to kill a human being in self-defence?
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3 Taking One’s Own Life: David Hume, On Suicide*
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4 Gender, Liberty and Equality: Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Women*
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5 Partiality and Favouritism: William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice*
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6 The Status of Non-human Animals: Immanuel Kant, Lectures on Ethics*
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7 The Purpose of Punishment: Jeremy Bentham, Principles of Morals and Legislation*
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8 Our Relationship to the Environment: Aldo Leopold, The Land Ethic*
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9 Abortion and Rights: Judith Jarvis Thomson, A Defense of Abortion, and Patrick Lee & Robert P. George, The Wrong of Abortion*
[Response to] the argument that abortion is justified as non-intentional killing
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10 The Relief of Global Suffering: Peter Singer, Famine, Affluence and Morality*
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11 Medical Ethics and the Termination of Life: James Rachels, Active and Passive Euthanasia*
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12 Cloning, Sexual Reproduction and Genetic Engineering: Leon R. Kass, The Wisdom of Repugnance*
The wisdom of repugnance
The profundity of sex
The perversities of cloning
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PART X Authority and the State. Introduction
Notes
1 Our Obligation to Respect the Laws of the State: Plato, Crito*
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2 The Just Ruler: Thomas Aquinas, On Princely Government*
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3 Power and Control: Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince*
Concerning hereditary principles
Concerning those who have obtained a principality by wickedness
Concerning liberality and meanness
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4 Sovereignty and Security: Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan*
Of the natural condition of mankind
Of the first and second natural laws, and of contracts
Of the causes, generation and definition of a commonwealth
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5 Consent and Political Obligation: John Locke, Second Treatise of Civil Government*
The state of nature
The state of war
Property
The beginning of political societies
The ends of political society and government
The subordination of the powers of the commonwealth
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6 Against Contractarianism: David Hume, Of the Original Contract*
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7 Society and the Individual: Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract*
The social compact
The sovereign
The civil state
That sovereignty is inalienable
Whether the general will is fallible
The limits of the sovereign power
Voting
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8 The Unified State – From Individual Desire to Rational Self-determination: Georg Hegel, The Philosophy of Right*
Ethical life
The family
Civil society
The state
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9 Property, Labour and Alienation: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology*
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10 The Limits of Majority Rule: John Stuart Mill, On Liberty*
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11 Rational Choice and Fairness: John Rawls, A Theory of Justice*
The main idea of the theory of justice
The original position and justification
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12 The Minimal State: Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia*
The entitlement theory
Historical principles and end-result principles
Patterning
How liberty upsets patterns
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PART XI Beauty and Art. Beauty and Art Introduction
1 Art and Imitation: Plato, Republic*
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2 The Nature and Function of Dramatic Art: Aristotle, Poetics*
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3 The Idea of Beauty: Francis Hutcheson, Inquiry Concerning Beauty, Order, Harmony, Design*
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4 Aesthetic Appreciation: David Hume, Of the Standard of Taste*
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5 The Concept of the Beautiful: Immanuel Kant, Critique of Judgement*
The judgement of taste is aesthetic
The delight which determines the judgement of taste is independent of all interest
Delight in the agreeable is coupled with interest
Delight in the good is coupled with interest
Comparison of three specifically different kinds of delight
Definition of the beautiful derived from [the foregoing]
The beautiful is that which apart from concepts is represented as the object of a universal delight
Comparison of the beautiful with the agreeable and the good by means of the above characteristic
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6 The Metaphysics of Beauty: Arthur Schopenhauer, On Aesthetics*
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7 The Two Faces of Art: Friedrich Nietzsche, The Birth of Tragedy*
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8 The Value of Art: Leo Tolstoy, What Is Art?*
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9 Imagination and Art: Jean-Paul Sartre, The Psychology of Imagination*
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10 What Is Aesthetics? Ludwig Wittgenstein, Lectures on Aesthetics*
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11 The Meaning of a Literary Work: W. K. Wimsatt Jr. and M. C. Beardsley, The Intentional Fallacy*
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12 The Basis of Judgements of Taste: Frank Sibley, Aesthetic Concepts*
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PART XII Human Life and Its Meaning. Human Life and Its Meaning Introduction
Notes
1 How to Accept Reality and Avoid Fear: Lucretius, On the Nature of the Universe*
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2 Life Guided by Stoic Philosophy: Seneca, Moral Letters*
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3 Meaning through Service to Others: Augustine, Confessions*
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4 Contentment with the Human Lot: Michel de Montaigne, On Experience*
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5 The Human Condition, Wretched yet Redeemable: Blaise Pascal, Pensées*
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6 Human Life as a Meaningless Struggle: Arthur Schopenhauer, On the Vanity of Existence*
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7 The Death of God and the Ascendancy of the Will: Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra*
The three metamorphoses
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8 Idealism in a Godless Universe: Bertrand Russell, A Free Man’s Worship*
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9 Futility and Defiance: Albert Camus, The Myth of Sisyphus*
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10 Involvement versus Detachment: Thomas Nagel, The Absurd*
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11 Religious Belief as Necessary for Meaning: William Lane Craig, The Absurdity of Life without God*
The necessity of God and immortality
The absurdity of life without God and immortality
No ultimate meaning without immortality and God
No ultimate value without immortality and God
No ultimate purpose without immortality and God
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12 Seeing Our Lives as Part of the Process: Robert Nozick, Philosophy’s Life*
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Background Reading and Reference
Part I: Knowledge and Certainty
Part II: Being and Reality
Part III: Language and Meaning
Part IV: Mind and Body
Part V: The Self and Freedom
Part VI: God and Religion
Part VII: Science and Method
Parts VIII and IX: Morality and the Good Life and Problems in Ethics
Part X: Authority and the State
Part XI: Beauty and Art
Part XII: The Meaning of Life
Notes on the Philosophers
Index
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