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Группа авторов. Communicating Science in Times of Crisis
Communicating Science in Times of Crisis. The COVID-19 Pandemic
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
List of Contributors
1 Managing Science Communication in a Pandemic
Outstanding Features
The Essential Nature of Science Communication
What Is Science Without Communication?
Challenges of Science Communication
Pandemics: An Inescapable Truth
Getting to the Other Side: Communicating Science to Mitigate COVID-19
A Cautionary Tale
References
2 Comprehending Covidiocy Communication Dismisinformation, Conspiracy Theory, and Fake News
The Matrix of Dismisinformation
Typologies of Dismisinformation
A Proposed Typology of Mediated Dismisinformation
Theorizing Conspiracy Theory, Fake News, and Dismisinformation
The Evolution of Conspiratorial Thinking
Of Narratives, Stories, and Theories
Narrative Theory and Health Communication
Diffusion Theories
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
3 How Existential Anxiety Shapes Communication in Coping with the Coronavirus Pandemic A Terror Management Theory Perspective
Terror Management Theory
Anxiety Buffering Mechanisms
Empirical Support
Applications of TMT
Death Anxiety and Dissociative Communication
Adaptive vs. Maladaptive Coping During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Death Anxiety and COVID-19
Conclusion
References
4 Communication and COVID-19 Challenges in Evidence-based Healthcare Design
Brief Introduction to COVID-19
Theory
Risk Perception Attitude Framework
Hierarchy of Control
Science Communication and EBD in Pandemics
Communication and Built Healthcare Environments
Pandemic and the Typical Hospital Design
Dealing with Overwhelming Numbers
International Design Lessons
Communication of Risk
Design and Outpatient Facilities
Growing Role of Home Care
Evidence-based Design Decisions
Technology Applications for Design and Communication. Technology Planning and Design—Pre-COVID
Technology Planning and Design—Responding to the COVID Pandemic
Case Study: Applying Evidence-based Design to Respond to a Pandemic
Innovations and Research Directions
Considerations on Theory and Practice. Innovative Approaches
Specific Research Directions
Practical Implications
Conclusion
References
5 Identity and Information Overload Examining the Impact of Health Messaging in Times of Crisis
Communicating Health and Risk in Times of Crisis
Current Health Crisis, COVID-19
The How of Communication
Message Characteristics
The Where of Communication
Digital Information Platform and the Rise of Mis/disinformation
COVID-19 and Mis/disinformation
Health and Risk-related Communication and Vulnerable Populations
Information Overload, and Hypervulnerability
Mis/disinformation and Vulnerability
References
6 Social Media, Risk Perceptions Related to COVID-19, and Health Outcomes
COVID-19 Information on Social Media and Risk Perceptions
Social Media Use, COVID-19 Misinformation, and Risk Perceptions
Countering Misinformation and Tracking COVID-19 Cognitions and Behaviors
Health Behaviors and Outcomes Related to Social Media Use during COVID-19
Theoretical Frameworks for Studying Social Media and Risk Perceptions
The Health Belief Model (HBM)
Extended Parallel Process Model
Social Amplification of Risk Framework
Media Richness Theory
Future Directions for Research on Social Media Use, Risk Perceptions and COVID-19, and Health Behaviors and Outcomes
Conclusion
References
7 Overcoming Obstacles to Collective Action by Communicating Compassion in Science
Introduction
The Nature of Collective Action Problems
Obstacles to Collective Action: The Case of COVID-19
Distrust of Science
Ideological Differences
Cognitive Biases
Communicating Compassion in Science
Appeals to Compassion
Moral Reframing
Narrative Persuasion
Conclusion
References
8 Communicating the Science of COVID-19 to Children Meet the Helpers
Protective Action during Crises
The IDEA Model
Collective Efficacy
Meet the Helpers Meets COVID-19
Analysis
Internalization
Distribution
Explanation
Action
Discussion
References
9 The Use of Telehealth in Behavioral Health and Educational Contexts during COVID-19 and Beyond
Telehealth in a Behavioral Health Context—Telemental Health
Challenges and Barriers to Implementing Telemental Health. Clients’ Attitudes
Providers’ Attitudes
Other Challenges and Barriers
Recommendations and Resources
Other Recommendations
Summary of Recommendations for Telemental Health Practice
Conclusions
Telehealth in an Education Context—Telepractice
Early Childhood Education Services
Research in Early Childhood that Uses Technology Platform for Service Delivery
Examples of Implementation Strategies
What We Have Learned
Where Do We Go from Here?
Services for Children with ASD and IDD
Research on Telehealth Provision of ABA for ASD/IDD
Telehealth Challenges
Return to School Challenges
What We Have Learned
Final Thoughts
References
10 Toward a New Model of Public Relations Crisis and Risk Communication Following Pandemics
Overview
Introduction
Crisis Models and Planning
Crisis Defined
Types of Crisis
How Crises Morph
Existing Models of Crisis Communication Management
Anticipatory Model of Crisis Management
The Instructing-Adjusting-Internalizing Crisis Communication Content Objectives
Reputation Management-based Crisis Communication Management Models
The Social-mediated Crisis Communication Model (SMCC)
Call for the “End-to-end” Approach in Crisis Communication Management
Risk Influences Crisis Morphing
Risk Perception
Risk Communication Challenges
Organizational Constraints
Constraint from the Audience
Role of Social Media During Pandemics
Early Monitoring
Sources of Information
Emotional/Psychological Needs
Social Media Platforms
Multiple Actors on Social Media
Challenges: Misinformation, Disinformation, and the “Echo Chamber Effect”
Cross-sectoral Collaboration
Toward a New Model of Crisis Communication Management
The COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis Case1
Precrisis Vulnerabilities
The Crisis2
Crisis and Risk Mismanaged through Social Media
Morphing of COVID-19 Crisis in the United States
Management Deception
Management Mismanagement/Failure
Confrontation
Summary
Notes
References
11 Perspective Change in a Time of Crisis The Emotion and Critical Reflection Model
Critical Reflection
Surprise
Emotion and Critical Reflection Model
Study 1
Method
CDC Trustworthiness
Surprise
Critical Reflection
Analysis
Results
Discussion
Study 2
Method
Analysis
Results
Discussion
General Discussion
Future Directions and Limitations
Conclusion
References
12 Social Media Surveillance and (Dis)Misinformation in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Surveillance of Stupidity: The Scope of Dismisinformation
General Disease-related Dismisinformation
Specific CORONA-related Dismisinformation
Survey Studies
Social Media, YouTube, and Internet Studies
Echo Chambers and Infobubbles
Covidiocy and Credibility in Twitter
Methodology
Results
Limitations
Tilting Toward Truthiness
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
13 Science Communication and Inoculation Mitigating the Effects of the Coronavirus Outbreak
Introduction
Overview of Inoculation Theory
Content
Context
Application of Inoculation Theory
Inoculation in General Contexts
Inoculation in Science Communication
Inoculation and the Coronavirus
Countering False Information
Countering Conspiracy Theories
Countering Anti-vaccination Sentiment
Countering Resistance to Coronavirus Mitigating Strategies
Influencing Public Opinion and Behavior
Conclusion
References
14 Communicating with Policymakers in a Pandemic
Introduction
The Numbers
Information Ecosystem
Policymaking Process
Three Obstacles
Uncertainty
Information Overload
Politics
Conclusion
References
15 Equally Unpleasant Choices Observations on School Leadership in a Time of Crisis
Introduction
The Context: Between the Rocks and the Hard Places
Conflicting Scientific Conclusions
Difficult Internal Tensions
Accounting for Inequities and Abuse
The Court of Public Opinion
The Response: Scrambling for a New Heading
Gathering Data
Broadening the Team
Developing a Playbook
Connecting through Digital Media
Challenges, Unexpected Opportunities, and Silver Linings
Emergency Communications Beyond a Moment in Time
The Need for Chief Communications Officers
Teachers as Strong Family Communicators
Online Teaching and Digital Tools
Conclusion: Navigating the Narrow Pass
References
16 Controlling the Narrative Mixed Messages and Presidential Credibility
The Role of Science in Society
The Politicization of Science
The Role of the Media
Theoretical Framework
Rational World vs. Narrative Paradigms
Trust and Credibility
“Fake News,” Counternarratives, and Conspiracy Theories
Identification of Conflicting Information
Origin and Spread of the Virus
Medical Diagnosis
Potential Treatments
Discussion
Limitations and Directions for Future Research
References
17 Communicating Death and Dying in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Introduction
Reporting Disease Data
What Is Reported
Functions of Data
Complexity in Reporting Incidence, Prevalence, Hospitalizations, Mortality, and Morbidity
Excess Mortality and Morbidity
Challenges in Reporting to the Media
Communicating Mortality and Morbidity Data during COVID-19
Discussion
Conclusion
References
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