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Группа авторов. Interpretation Basics of Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Interpretation Basics of Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Preface to the Second Edition
Acknowledgments
About the Companion Website
1 Introduction to Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Introduction
Conventional Computed Tomography. General Information
Cone Beam Computed Tomography. General Information
Conventional CT versus Cone Beam CT. Voxels
Field of View
Radiation Doses
Viewing CBCT Data. Multiplanar Reformation
3D Rendering
Artifacts. Streak Artifacts/Undersampling
Motion Artifacts
Ring Artifacts
References. Conventional Computed Tomography and Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Viewing CBCT Data
Artifacts
2 Cone Beam Computed Tomography Recommendations
Introduction
Endodontics
2010 Position Paper
2015/2016 Update
Diagnosis
Initial Treatment
Nonsurgical Treatment
Surgical Retreatment
Special Conditions
Outcome Assessment
HOWEVER
Orthodontics
Specific Orthodontic Uses
Periodontics
Implants
Goals
Benefits
Potential Risks
Bottom Line
Tooth Movement
Goals
Benefits
Potential Risks
Bottom Line
Periodontitis
Benefits
Potential Risks
Bottom Line
References. Endodontics
Orthodontics
Periodontics
3 Legal Issues Concerning Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Introduction
Standard of Care
Recommendations. American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology and American Dental Association Recommendations
Prescribing a Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scan
Use of Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scan
Interpretation of a Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scan
European Academy of DentoMaxilloFacial Radiology Basic Principles
Prescribing a Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scan
Use of Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scan
Interpretation of a Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scan
Summary
References
4 Paranasal Sinuses and Mastoid Air Cells
Introduction
Anatomy. Normal Paranasal Development
Maxillary Sinus
Normal Anatomy of the Ostiomeatal Complex
Ethmoid Sinuses
Frontal Sinus
Sphenoid Sinus
Onodi Cells
Frontal Cells
Pneumatic Cells of the Temporal Bone: The Mastoid Air Cells
Inflammatory Disease of the Paranasal Sinuses
Mucositis. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Sinusitis
Acute Sinusitis. Definition/Clinical Characteristics/Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation/Treatment/Recommendations
Chronic Sinusitis. Definition/Clinical Characteristics/Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation/Treatment/Recommendations
Fungal Sinusitis. Definition/Clinical Characteristics/Radiographic Description
Allergic Sinusitis. Definition/Clinical Characteristics/Radiographic Description
Intrinsic Disease of the Paranasal Sinuses
Retention Pseudocyst. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Polyps. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Empyema. Definition/Clinical Characteristics/Radiographic Description
Antrolith. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Mucocele. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment
Postsurgical Changes of Paranasal Sinuses. Uncinectomy. Definition
Radiographic Description
Caldwell–Luc Procedure. Definition/Radiographic Description
References
5 The Sinonasal Cavity and Airway
Introduction
Anatomy
Normal Anatomy of the Ostiomeatal Complex
Anatomical Variations of the Nasal Septum
Anatomical Variations of the Middle Turbinate
Paradoxic Curvature
Concha Bullosa
Lamellar Concha
Anatomy of the Uncinate Process. Attachment
Deviation
Anatomy of the Frontal Recess
Agger Nasi Cell
Frontal Cells
Type 1 Frontal Cells
Type 2 Frontal Cells
Type 3 Frontal Cells
Type 4 Frontal Cells
Supraorbital Ethmoid Cells
Frontal Bullar Cells
Suprabullar Cells
Interfrontal Sinus Septal Cells
Surgical Variations. Frontal Sinuses. Endoscopic Frontal Recess Approach (Draf Type I Procedure)
Extended Frontal Sinusotomy (Draf Type II Procedure)
Modified Lothrop Procedure (Draf Type III Procedure)
FESS Failure in Frontal Recess
Residual Frontal Recess Cells
Effect of the Superior Attachment of the Uncinate Process on Frontal Recess Drainage
Retained Uncinate Process
Lateralized Middle Turbinate Remnant
Inflammatory Diseases
Sinusitis
Osteoneogenesis
Scarring and Inflammatory Mucosal Thickening
Recurrent Polyposis
Other Causes of Frontal Recess Obstruction
Conclusions
The Pharynx
The Nasopharynx
Anatomy
Incidental Findings. Adenoidal Hyperplasia. Definition/Clinical Characteristics/Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation/Treatment
The Oropharynx
The Hypopharynx (Also Called Laryngopharynx)
The Parapharyngeal Space
References. The Sinonasal Cavity
The Pharynx
6 Cranial Skull Baseand Orbits
Introduction
Anatomy
Anatomic Variants/Developmental Anomalies. Spheno‐Occipital Synchondrosis (Basisphenoid‐Basiocciput Synchondrosis) Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Cranial Thickness. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Vascular Markings. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Incidental Findings. Displacement of the Lamina Papyracea. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
References. Anatomy
Anatomic Variants/Developmental Anomalies—Cranial Skull Base
Incidental Findings—Orbits
7 Soft Tissues
Introduction
Pathosis—Arterial Calcifications. General Arterial Calcification Clinical Characteristics and Radiographic Findings
Internal (Cavernous) Carotid Artery Calcification. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Vertebral Artery Calcification. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
External Carotid Artery Calcification. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Pathosis—Other Calcifications. Tonsiliths (Tonsilloliths, Tonsillar Calculi, Tonsillar Stones) Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Sialolith. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Incidental Findings—Soft Tissue of the Brain. Pineal Gland Calcification. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Choroid Plexus Calcification. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Dural Calcifications. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Interclinoid Ligament Calcification. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Petroclinoid Ligament Calcification. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Incidental Findings—Orbital Cavity. Scleral Plaques. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Trochlear Apparatus Calcification. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Incidental Findings—Face. Osteoma Cutis. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
References. Pathosis—Arterial Calcifications
Pathosis—Other Calcifications
Incidental Findings / Other—Soft Tissue of the Brain
Incidental Findings/Other—Orbital Cavity
Incidental Findings/Other—Face
8 Cervical Spine
Introduction
Anatomy
C1 (Atlas)
C2 (Axis)
C3–C7
Anatomic Variants/Developmental Anomalies. Clefts (C1) Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Os Terminale (C2) Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Subdental Synchondrosis (C2) Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Congenital Block Vertebrae (Non‐segmentation) Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Pathosis. Degenerative Joint Disease (Osteoarthritis, Spondylosis) Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Asymmetrical Intervertebral Joint Space Narrowing
Osteophyte Formation
Bone Erosions
Subchondral Cysts
Facet Hypertrophy
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
References. Anatomy
Anatomic Variants/Developmental Anomalies
Pathosis
9 Maxilla and Mandible (excluding TMJs)
Introduction
Anatomy
Anatomic Variants/Developmental Anomalies. Idiopathic Osteosclerosis (Enostosis, Dense Bone lsland) Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Findings
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Stafne Defect (Mandibular Salivary Gland Defect) Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Findings
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Pathosis. Apical Rarefying Osteitis (Apical Periodontitis) Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Findings
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Apical Sclerosing Osteitis. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Findings
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Osteomyelitis. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Findings
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Incidental Findings. Cemento‐Osseous Dysplasia. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Findings
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Odontoma. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Findings
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
References. Anatomic Variants/Developmental Anomalies
Pathosis
Incidental Findings/Other
10 Temporomandibular Joints
Introduction
Normal Anatomy and Function
Developmental Abnormalities
Hemifacial Microsomia. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Condylar Aplasia
Condylar Hypoplasia. Definition/Clinical Characteristics/Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Condylar Hyperplasia. Definition/Clinical Characteristics/Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Juvenile Arthrosis (Boering’s Arthrosis) Definition/Clinical Characteristics/Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Coronoid Hyperplasia. Definition/Clinical Characteristics/Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Bifid Condyle. Definition/Clinical Characteristics/Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Soft‐Tissue Abnormalities. Internal Derangements
Remodeling and Arthritis. Remodeling. Definition/Clinical Characteristics/Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Degenerative Joint Disease, Osteoarthritis. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Osteoarthrosis (Degenerative Arthritis) Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Rheumatoid Arthritis. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment/Recommendations
Juvenile Arthritis (Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis/Juvenile Chronic Arthritis/Still’s Disease) Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Psoriatic Arthritis. Definition/Clinical Characteristics/Radiographic Description
Septic Arthritis. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Synovial Chondromatosis (Synovial Chondrometaplasia, Osteochondromatosis) Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment
Chondrocalcinosis (Pseudogout, Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition Disease) Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment
Trauma. Effusion. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment
Dislocation. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment
Fracture. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment
Neonatal Fractures
Ankylosis. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment
Tumors. Benign Tumors. Definition/Clinical Characteristics
Radiographic Description
Differential Interpretation
Treatment
Malignant Tumors
Differential Interpretation
Treatment
References
11 Implants
Introduction
Imaging for Implant Purposes. American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology (AAOMR) Recommendations
Phase One Imaging: Initial Examination. Recommendation 1
Recommendation 2
Recommendation 3
Pre‐operative Site‐Specific Imaging
Recommendation 4
Recommendation 5
Recommendation 6
Recommendation 7
Postoperative Imaging
Recommendation 8
Recommendation 9
Recommendation 10
Recommendation 11
CBCT Image Development
Gray Values and Hounsfield Units
Bone Density: A Key Determinant for Treatment Planning
Linear Measurement Accuracy
Mandibular Canal
Virtual Implant Placement Software
References
Appendix. Sample Reports
Introduction
General Health Report
Pathology Report
Endodontic Report
Index
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