Оглавление
Группа авторов. Biofuel Cells
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Guide
Pages
Biofuel Cells. Materials and Challenges
Preface
1. Bioelectrocatalysis for Biofuel Cells
1.1 Introduction: Generalities of the Bioelectrocatalysis
1.2 Reactions of Interest in Bioelectrocatalysis. 1.2.1 Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions
1.2.2 Reactions Catalyzed by Microorganisms
1.3 Immobilization of Biocatalyst. 1.3.1 Immobilization of Enzymes on Electrodes
1.3.2 Preparation of Microbial Bioelectrodes
1.4 Supports for Immobilization of Enzymes and Microorganisms for Biofuel Cells
1.4.1 Buckypaper Bioelectrodes for BFCs
1.4.2 Carbon Paper Bioelectrodes for BFCs
1.4.3 Nitrogen-Doped Carbonaceous Materials as Bioelectrodes for BFCs
1.4.4 Metal–Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Carbonaceous Materials as Bioelectrodes for BFCs
1.4.5 Flexible Bioelectrodes for Flexible BFCs
1.5 Electron Transfer Phenomena. 1.5.1 Enzyme-Electrode Electron Transfer
1.5.2 Microorganism-Electrode Electron Transfer
1.6 Bioelectrocatalysis Control. 1.6.1 Control of Enzymatic Bioelectrocatalysis
1.6.2 Microbiological Catalysis Control
1.7 Recent Applications of Bioelectrocatalysis. 1.7.1 Biosensors
1.7.2 Microbial Catalyzed CO2 Reduction
References
2. Novel Innovations in Biofuel Cells
2.1 Introduction to Biological Fuel Cells
2.1.1 Implantable BFCs
2.1.2 Wearable BFCs
2.2 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
3. Implantable Biofuel Cells for Biomedical Applications
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biofuel Cells
3.2.1 Microbial Biofuel Cells
3.2.1.1 Design and Configuration
3.3 Enzymatic Biofuel Cells
3.3.1 Design and Configurations
3.3.2 Factors Affecting
3.4 Mechanism of Electron Transfer
3.5 Energy Sources in the Human Body
3.6 Biomedical Applications
3.6.1 Glucose-Based Biofuels Cells
3.6.2 Pacemakers
3.6.3 Implanted Brain–Machine Interface
3.6.4 Biomarkers
3.7 Limitations
3.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Abbreviations
4. Enzymatic Biofuel Cells
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Enzyme Used in EBFCs
4.3 Enzyme Immobilization Materials
4.3.1 Physical Adsorption Onto a Solid Surface
4.3.2 Entrapment in a Matrix
4.3.3 Sol–Gel Entrapment
4.3.4 Nanomaterials as Matrices for Enzyme Immobilization
4.3.5 Covalent Bonding
4.3.6 Cross-Linking With Bifunctional or Multifunctional Reagents
4.4 Applications of EBFCs
4.4.1 Self-Powered Biosensors
4.4.2 EBFCs Into Implantable Bioelectronics
4.4.3 EBFCs Powering Portable Devices
4.5 Challenges
4.6 Conclusion
References
5. Introduction to Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC): Waste Matter to Electricity
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Operating Principles of MFC
5.3 Main Components and Materials of MFCs. 5.3.1 Anode Materials
5.3.2 Cathode Materials
5.3.3 Substrates or Fed-Stocks
5.3.4 MFC Cell Configurations
5.4 Current and Prospective Applications of MFC Technology
5.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
Acknowledgment
References
6. Flexible Biofuel Cells: An Overview
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Working Principle of Fuel Cell
6.1.2 Types of Fuel Cells
6.2 Biofuel Cells (BFCs)
6.2.1 Working Principle
6.2.1.1 Microbial Fuel Cell
6.2.1.2 Photomicrobial Fuel Cell
6.2.1.3 Enzymatic Fuel Cell
6.2.2 Applications of Biofuel Cells
6.3 Needs for Flexible Biofuel Cell
6.3.1 Fuel Diversity
6.3.2 Materials for Flexible Biofuel Cells
6.3.3 Fabrication of Bioelectrodes
6.3.4 Recent Advances and New Progress for the Development of Flexible Biofuel Cell
6.3.4.1 Carbon-Based Electrode Materials for Flexible Biofuel Cells
6.3.4.2 Textile and Polymer-Based Electrode Materials for Flexible Biofuel Cells
6.3.4.3 Metal-Based Electrode Materials
6.3.5 Challenges Faced by Flexible Biofuel Cell
6.4 Conclusion
References
7. Carbon Nanomaterials for Biofuel Cells
List of Abbreviations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Types of Biofuel Cells
7.2.1 Enzyme-Based Biofuel Cell (EBFC)
7.2.2 Microbial-Based Biofuel Cells (MBFCs)
7.3 Carbon-Based Materials for Biofuel Cells
7.3.1 Cellulose-Based Biomass Fuel Cells
7.3.2 Starch and Glucose-Based Fuel Cells
7.3.3 Carbon Nanoparticles (NPs)
7.3.4 Graphite
7.3.5 Nanographene
7.3.6 Carbon Nanotubes
7.3.6.1 Buckypapers
7.3.6.2 Hydrogenases
7.3.6.3 N-Doped CNTs
7.3.6.4 Biphenylated CNTs
7.3.7 Nanohorns
7.3.8 Nanorods
7.3.9 Carbon Nanofibers
7.3.10 Nanoballs
7.3.11 Nanosheets
7.3.12 Reticulated Vitreous Carbon (RVC)
7.3.13 Porous Carbon
7.4 Applications of Biofuel Cells Using Carbon-Based Nanomaterials. 7.4.1 Living Batteries/Implantable Fuel Cells
7.4.1.1 Animal In Vivo Implantation
7.4.1.2 Energy Extraction From Body Fluids
7.4.2 Energy Extraction From Fruits
7.5 Conclusion
References
8. Glucose Biofuel Cells
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Merits of BFC Over FC
8.3 Glucose Oxidize (GOs) as Enzyme Catalyst in Glucose Biofuel Cells
8.4 General Experimental Technique for Fabrication of Enzyme GOs Immobilized Electrodes for Glucose Oxidation
8.5 General Method of Characterization of Fabricated Enzyme Immobilized Working Electrode
8.6 Determination of Electron Transfer Rate Constant (ks)
8.7 Denaturation of Enzymes
8.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
9. Photochemical Biofuel Cells
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Various Configuration of PBEC-FC
9.2 Photosynthetic Biofuel Cell (PS-BFC)
9.2.1 Various Configurations of PS-BFC
9.3 Photovoltaic-Biofuel Cell (PV-BFC)
9.4 Photoelectrode Integrated-Biofuel Cell (PE-BFC)
9.4.1 The Basic Mechanism of Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Reaction
9.4.2 Photoelectrode-Integrated BFC
9.4.3 Various Configuration of PE-BFC
9.4.4 Materials Used in PE-BFC
9.5 Potential Fuels Generation and Their Performance From PEC-BFC. 9.5.1 Hydrogen Generation
9.5.2 Contaminants Removal and Waste Remediation
9.5.3 Sustainable Power Generation
9.6 Conclusion
References
10. Engineering Architectures for Biofuel Cells
10.1 Introduction. 10.1.1 Biofuel Cell
10.1.2 General Configuration of a Biofuel Cell
10.2 Role as Miniaturized Ones
10.3 Attractiveness
10.3.1 Biological Sensors
10.3.2 Implantable Medical Devices
10.3.2.1 Invertebrates
10.3.2.2 Vertebrates
10.3.3 Electronics
10.3.4. Building Materials
10.4 Architecture
10.4.1 Fabrication and Design
10.4.1.1 Modeling
10.4.1.2 Sol–Gel Encapsulation
10.4.1.3 3D Electrode Architecture
10.4.1.4 Multi-Enzyme Systems (Enzyme Cascades)
10.4.1.5 Linear Cascades
10.4.1.6 Cyclic Cascades
10.4.1.7 Parallel Cascades
10.4.1.8 Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
10.4.2. Single Compartment Layout
10.4.3 Two-Compartment Layout
10.4.4 Mechanisms. 10.4.4.1 Direct Electron Transfer
10.4.4.2 Mediated Electron Transfer
10.4.5. Materials. 10.4.5.1 Carbon Nanomaterials
10.4.5.2 H2/O2 Biofuel Cells
10.4.5.3 Hydrogenases
10.4.5.4 Fungal Cellulases
10.4.6 Characterization. 10.4.6.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
10.4.6.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
10.4.6.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
10.4.6.4 Fluorescence Microscopy
10.4.7 Metagenomic Techniques
10.4.7.1 Pre-Treatment of Environmental Samples
10.4.7.2 Nucleic Acid Extraction
10.4.8 Integrated Devices
10.5 Issues and Perspectives
10.6 Future Challenges in the Architectural Engineering
10.7 Conclusions
References
11. Biofuel Cells for Commercial Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 History of Biofuel Cell
11.2 Classification of Electrochemical Devices Based on Fuel Confinement
11.2.1 Process of Electron Shift From Response Site to Electrode
11.2.2 Bioelectrochemical Cells Including an Entire Organism
11.2.3 Entire Organism Product Biofuel Cells Producing Hydrogen Gas
11.2.4 Entire Organism Non-Diffusive Biofuel Cells
11.3 Application of Biofuel Cells
11.3.1. Micro- and Nanotechnology
13.3.2 Self-Powered Biofuel Sensor
13.3.3. Switchable Biofuel Cells and Logic Gates
11.3.4 Microbial Energy Production
11.3.5 Transport and Energy Generation
11.3.6. Infixable Power Sources
11.3.7 Aqua Treatment
11.3.8 Robots
11.4 Conclusion
References
12. Development of Suitable Cathode Catalyst for Biofuel Cells
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxygen Reduction Reaction
12.3 Techniques for Evaluating ORR Catalyst
12.4 Cathode Catalyst in BFCs
12.5 Chemical Catalyst. 12.5.1 Metals-Based Catalyst. 12.5.1.1 Metals and Alloys
12.5.1.2 Metal Oxide
12.5.2 Carbon Materials
12.6 Microbial Catalyst
12.7 Enzymatic Catalyst for Biofuel Cell
12.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
13. Biofuel Cells for Water Desalination
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Biofuel Cell
13.2.1 Basic Mechanism
13.2.2 Types of Biofuel Cells
13.2.2.1 Enzymatic Fuel Cell
13.2.2.2 Microbial Fuel Cell
13.3 Biofuel Cells for Desalination: Microbial Desalination Cell
13.3.1 Working Mechanism
13.3.2. Microbial Desalination Cell Configurations
13.3.2.1 Air Cathode MDC
13.3.2.2 Biocathode MDC
13.3.2.3 Stacked MDC (sMDC)
13.3.2.4 Recirculation MDC (rMDC)
13.3.2.5 Microbial Electrolysis Desalination and Chemical Production Cell (MEDCC)
13.3.2.6 Capacitive MDC (cMDC)
13.3.2.7 Upflow MDC (UMDC)
13.3.2.8 Osmotic MDC (OMDC)
13.3.2.9 Bipolar Membrane Microbial Desalination Cell
13.3.2.10 Decoupled MDC
13.3.2.11 Separator Coupled Stacked Circulation MDC (c‐SMDC‐S)
13.3.2.12 Ion-Exchange Resin Coupled Microbial Desalination Cell
13.4 Factors Affecting the Performance and Efficiency of Desalination Cells
13.4.1 Effect of External Resistance
13.4.2. Effect of Internal Resistance
13.4.3 Effect of pH
13.4.4 Effect of Microorganisms
13.4.5. Effect of Operating Conditions
13.4.6. Effect of Membrane Scaling and Fouling
13.4.7 Effect of Desalinated Water Contamination
13.5 Current Challenges and Further Prospects
Acknowledgements
References
14. Conventional Fuel Cells vs Biofuel Cells
14.1 Bioelectrochemical Cell
14.2 Types. 14.2.1 Fuel Cells
14.2.1.1 Conventional Fuel Cell (FC)
14.2.1.2 History
14.2.1.3 Principle of FC
14.2.1.4 Construction/Designs
14.2.1.5 Stacking of Fuel Cell
14.2.1.5.1 Planar Bipolar Stacking
14.2.1.5.2 Tubular Cell Stacking
14.2.1.6 Importance of Conventional FC
14.2.2 Types of FC
14.2.2.1 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)
14.2.2.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)
14.2.2.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC)
14.2.2.4 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
14.2.2.5 Alkaline FC (AFC)
14.2.2.6 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC)
14.2.3. Advantages of Fuel Cells. 14.2.3.1 Efficiency
14.2.3.2 Low Emissions
14.2.3.3 Noiseless
14.2.4 Applications
14.3 Biofuel Cells. 14.3.1 Introduction
14.3.2 Categories of Biofuel
14.3.2.1 First-Generation Biofuel
14.3.2.2 Second-Generation Biofuel
14.3.2.3 Third-Generation Biofuel
14.3.2.4 Fourth-Generation Biofuel
14.3.3 Advantages of Biofuels
14.4 Types of Biofuel Cells. 14.4.1 Microbial Fuel Cell
14.4.1.1 Basic Principles of MFC
14.4.1.2 Types of MFCs
14.4.1.2.2 Mediator MFCs
14.4.1.3 Mechanism of Electron Transfer
14.4.1.4 Uses of MFCs. 14.4.1.4.1 Wastewater Treatment
14.4.1.4.2 Production of Electricity
14.4.1.4.3 MFC Biosensor
14.4.1.4.4 Biofuel Applications (Biohydrogen)
14.4.1.5 Advantages of MFCs
14.4.1.6 Disadvantage of MFCs
14.4.2 Enzymatic Biofuel Cells (EBCs)
14.4.2.1 Principle/Mechanism
14.4.2.2 Working of EBCs
14.4.2.3 Immobilization of an Enzyme
14.4.2.3.1 Covalent Bond
14.4.2.3.2 Entrapment
14.4.2.3.3 Cross-Linkage
14.4.2.3.4 Affinity Tag Binding
14.4.3 Glucose Biofuel Cells (GBFCs)
14.4.4 Photochemical Biofuel Cell
14.4.5 Flexible or Stretchable Biofuel Cell
14.5 Conclusion
References
15. State-of-the-Art and Prospective in Biofuel Cells: A Roadmap Towards Sustainability
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Membrane-Based and Membrane-Less Biofuel Cells
15.3 Enzymatic Biofuel Cells
15.4 Wearable Biofuel Cells
15.5 Fuels for Biofuel Cells
15.6 Roadmap to Sustainability
15.7 Conclusion and Future Direction
Acknowledgements
References
16. Anodes for Biofuel Cells
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Anode Material Properties
16.3 Anode
16.3.1 Non-Carbon Anode Materials
16.3.2 Carbon Anode Materials
16.4 Anode Modification. 16.4.1 Anode Modification With Carbon Nanotube (CNT)
16.4.2 Graphite-Based Material for Anode Electrode Modification
16.4.3 Anode Modification With Nanocomposite of Metal Oxides
16.4.4 Anode Modification With Conducting Polymer
16.4.5 Chemical and Electrochemical Anode Modifications
16.5 Challenge and Future Perspectives
16.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
17. Applications of Biofuel Cells
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Fuel Cell
17.3 Biofuel Cells
17.3.1 Microbial Biofuel Cell
17.3.1.1 At Anode Chamber
17.3.1.2 At Cathode Chamber
17.3.2 Enzymatic Biofuel Cell
17.3.3 Mammalian Biofuel Cell
17.4 Implantable Devices Powered by Using Biofuel Cell
17.4.1 Implantable Biofuel Cell for Pacemakers or Artificial Urinary Sphincter
17.4.2 Implantable Medical Devices Powered by Mammalian Biofuel Cells
17.4.3 Medical Devices Using PEM Fuel Cell
17.4.4 Implantable Brain Machine Interface Using Glucose Fuel Cell
17.5 Single Compartment EBFCs
17.6 Extracting Energy from Human Perspiration Through Epidermal Biofuel Cell
17.7 Mammalian Body Fluid as an Energy Source
17.8 Implantation of Enzymatic Biofuel Cell in Living Lobsters
17.9 Biofuel Cell Implanted in Snail
17.10 Application of Biofuel Cell
17.11 Conclusion
References
Index
Also of Interest
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