Soil Health Analysis, Set

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Группа авторов. Soil Health Analysis, Set
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Soil Health Series: Volume 1 Approaches to Soil Health Analysis
Dedication
Foreword
References
Preface
References
1 Soil Health: An Overview and Goals for These Volumes
Synopsis of Two‐Volume Book
Introduction
Why is Soil Health Important?
Soil Health Indicators and Methods
Need for Standardization
Interpretation of Soil Health Information
Utilizing Soil Health Assessments to Inform Soil Management Decisions
Minimizing Soil Disturbance
Maximizing Soil Cover
Maximizing Biodiversity
Maximizing the Presence of Living Roots
Summary and Conclusion
References
Note
2 Evolution of the Soil Health Movement
Introduction
Pre‐20th Century Soil Awareness
From 1900 to 1970
From 1970 to 2000 – Soil Quality Emerges. Concept Development
Soil Quality Assessment
21st Century Developments in Soil Health
References
3 The Utility and Futility of Soil Health Assessment
Chapter Overview
Introduction
Definitions
Opportunities for Implementing Soil Health Approaches
Comparison groups
Scale
Analytical Methods
Degrees of Change
Soil Health Limitations
Conclusions
References
4 Metadata: An Essential Component for Interpreting Soil Health Measurements
Methods and Frequency. Site Description
Soil Characterization
Experimental Descriptors
Climate and Weather
Management
Tillage
Cropping System
Amendments
Crop Management
Livestock Management
Sample Collection, Preparation, Storage, and Analysis
Discussion
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Note
5 Soil Health Assessment of Agricultural Lands
Summary
Overview of Assessments
Assessment Frameworks. Initial Soil Health Frameworks
Soil Health Cards
Soil Conditioning Index (SCI)
AgroEcosystem Performance Assessment Tool (AEPAT)
Rangeland and Forestland Assessment
Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF)
Comprehensive Assessment of Soil Health (CASH)
Land‐Potential Knowledge System (LandPKS)
Evolving Soil Health Assessment Activities
References
6 Soil Health Assessment of Forest Soils
Introduction
Ecosystem Examples. Agroforestry
Carbon Sequestration
Soil Physical Indicators
Soil Biological Indicators
Soil Enrichment and Decontamination
Tropical Forests
Environmental Gradients and Future Climate Projections
Tropical Soil Chemical and Biological Properties
Earthworms as Bioindicators
Temperate Forests
The North American Long‐Term Soil Productivity Study
Temperate Forest Soil Health
Elevated Carbon Dioxide
Fire
Thinning or Bioenergy Harvests
Using National Forest Inventory and Analysis Data to Assess Forest Soil Health
Forest Soil Health Data Limitations and Management Implications
Climate Change, Fire Shifts, Invasive Species
Conclusion: Criteria and Indicators for Monitoring Forest Soil Health
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
7 A Risk‐Based Soil Health Approach to Management of Soil Lead
Introduction
Urban Soil Lead Assessment and Human Exposure
Soil Health Based Assessment and Management of Soil Lead
Practical Assessment of Soil Lead. Sampling
Soil Health and Pb Bioavailability Framework
Case Study
Summary and Conclusions
References
8 The Future of Soil Health Assessments: Tools and Strategies
Introduction
Sensor Technology
Soil Biological Properties
Soil Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Auxiliary Data and Sensor Data Fusion
Challenges to In situ Data Collection
Soil Profile Information
Soil Health Indices
Conclusions and Future Work
References
Epilogue
References
Notes
Soil Health Series: Volume 2 Laboratory Methods for Soil Health Analysis
Dedication
Foreword
References
Preface
References
1 Laboratory Methods for Soil Health Assessment: An Overview
How Can a Farmer Assess Soil Health in the Field?
What Do Researchers Need, and Can They Reach Consensus?
What Do Commercial Analytical Laboratories Need?
Summary and Conclusions
References
2 Sampling Considerations and Field Evaluations for Soil Health Assessment
Introduction
Soil Variability
Sampling Considerations. Sources of Error
Site Characterization
Sampling Designs
Judgement Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Composite Sampling
Sampling Depth
Timing and Frequency of Sampling
Sample Collection, Processing, and Archival
Field Evaluations
General Field Observations
Visual Soil Evaluations
Soil Health Test Kits
Sensor‐based Measurements
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
3 Soil Organic Carbon Assessment Methods
Summary
Introduction
Origin and Factors Affecting SOC
Functions of SOC
Biological Effects
Chemical Effects
Physical Effects
Crop Productivity
Measurement of SOC
Methods for SOC Analysis. Soil Sampling and Preparation
Dry Combustion. Apparatus
Reagents
Procedures
Pre‐treatment for soils with inorganic carbon content
Loss‐On‐Ignition (LOI) (Salehi et al., 2011; Schulte and Hopkins, 1996) Apparatus
Procedures
Calculation
Soil Inorganic C. Dry combustion Procedure
Other Analytical Methods and Issues Affecting Soil Carbon. Gravimetric method for loss of carbon dioxide (Loeppert and Suarez, 1996) Apparatus
Reagents
Procedure
Calculation
Biochar
SOC Stocks: Considerations on Sampling Depth and Mass Corrections
References
4 Water‐Stable Soil Aggregate Assessment
Introduction
Soil sampling and preparation
Water‐stable aggregation (WSA)
Materials and Procedures
Aggregate Sieving Apparatus
Construction Supplies
Water‐stable aggregate size distribution with the slaking method
Sand‐Free Water‐Stable Soil Aggregates
Supplies and procedure for sand content determination
Aggregate mean weight diameter
Summary
References
5 Determination of Infiltration Rate and Bulk Density in Soils
Soil Infiltration
Single‐Ring Infiltrometer (Bouwer, 1986; Reynolds, Elrick, Young, & Amoozegar, 2002)
Double‐Ring Infiltrometer (Bouwer, 1986; Jabro, Toth, & Jemison, 1996; Reynolds et al., 2002)
Constant‐Head Pressure Infiltrometer (Figure 5.2)
Soil Bulk Density
Soil Core Method
Acknowledgments
References
6 Chemical Reactivity: pH, Salinity and Sodicity Effects on Soil Health
Introduction
Natural Soil Salinization Processes
Salt Accumulation and Solute Transport Mechanisms
Anthropogenic Soil Salinization Processes
Chemical Characterization of Salinity Sources
Soil Chemistry, Biota and Ecosystem Services
Chemistry Effects on Soil Biota
Habitat Heterogeneity and Soil Microbial Diversity
Agricultural Ecosystems: Degradation Prevention and Conservation
Soil Health Indices
Technological Advances in the Study of Soil Biogeochemical Interfaces
Conclusions
References
7 Nutrient Availability: Macro‐ and Micronutrients in Soil Quality and Health
Introduction. Macronutrients
Micronutrients
Soil Nutrient Availability Measurements
Acid to Neutral, Non‐Calcareous Soils
Neutral to Calcareous Soils
Conclusions
References
8 Assessment and Interpretation of Soil‐Test Biological Activity
Introduction. Importance of Soil Biological Activity to Soil Health and Functioning
Indicators of Soil Biological Activity
Laboratory‐Based Soil Respiration Methods
Chosen Method – Flush of CO2 During 3 d Following Rewetting of Dried Soil
Management Factors Influencing Soil‐Test Biological Activity
Literature Review of Indicator and Method. Consideration of Indicators for Determining Soil Biological Activity
Relationship of Soil Biological Activity to Important Soil Functions / Ecosystem Services
Issues of Concern With Various C Mineralization Indicators
Method
Materials
Reagents
Method
Calibration of the Flush of CO2 During 3 d With Other Methods
Interpretations
References
9 Permanganate Oxidizable Carbon: An Indicator of Biologically Active Soil Carbon
Soil Organic Carbon Pools
Indicators of Biologically Active soil Carbon
Particulate Organic Matter
Microbial Biomass Carbon
Extractable Organic Carbon
Permanganate‐Oxidizable Carbon. History of POXC
Functional Role of POXC
Methodological Standardization of POXC
Sensitivity of POXC to Management Practices
Relationship of POXC to Crop Yield and Productivity
Procedure to Quantify Poxc
Materials and Reagents
0.2 M KMnO4 Stock Solution Preparation (Makes 1 L)
Standard Preparation
Part 1. Standard Stock Solutions
Part 2. Dilution Step
Sample Reaction
Sample Dilution
Sample Quantification
Calculating Mass of POXC for Unknown Soil Samples
Example Calculation
Cleanup and Disposal
Procedural Notes. POXC Soil Mass
Repeatability of POXC with Time
Reductions in pH of KMnO4 Stock Solution
References
10 Is Autoclaved Citrate‐Extractable (ACE) Protein a Viable Indicator of Soil Nitrogen Availability?
Introduction
Nitrogen Availability Indices
Aerobic Incubation
Inorganic and Total Soil Nitrogen
Labile Soil Nitrogen Fractions
Autoclaved Citrate‐Extractable Protein
Soil Sampling Considerations
Methods and Materials for Protein Quantification. Materials and Reagents. Sodium Citrate Buffer and BCA Working Reagent Solutions
Sample Extraction and Clarification
Sample Quantification
Reagent Preparation
Procedure
Extraction
Clarification
Quantification
Calculations
Comments
Summary and Conclusions
References
11 Metabolic Activity– Enzymes
Introduction
Enzymes as Soil Health Indicators
Tillage and Crop Residues
Crop Diversity. Crop Rotations
Cover Crops
Perennial Systems
Biomass Removal– Perennial Systems
Inorganic Fertilizers, Organic Amendments and other Materials
Climate Change
Soil Sampling and Handling
Field Sampling
Sample Handling and Storage
Method
Bench Scale Individual Assays to Measure Activities of β‐Glucosidase, β‐Glucosaminidase, Phosphatases, and Arylsulfatase
Equipment, Materials, and Reagents
Combined Assay to Determine the Four EAs Simultaneously (CNPS Activity)
Equipment, Materials, and Reagents
Procedure
Calibration Curve for all Enzyme Assays
Interpretation– Putting Enzyme Measurements into Context. Use of EAs vs. Other Measurements
Calibration and Interpretation of EAs Independent of Soil Type and Region
Importance of Strict EA Protocols and Practical Modifications
Limitations of EAs as Soil Health Indicators
Future Research Directions
References
12 PLFA and EL‐FAME Indicators of Microbial Community Composition
Abbreviations
Introduction
Available Methods
Selected Methods: PLFA and EL‐FAME
Advantages and Disadvantages of PLFA and EL‐FAME Protocols
PLFA Using the Buyer and Sasser (2012) High‐throughput Extraction Method Paired with the MIDI‐Sherlock System. List of Supplies and Major Equipment for PLFA
Chemicals
Reagents. Internal Standard Solution
Phosphate Buffer (50 mM)
Bligh‐Dyer Extractant (enough for ~2 × 96 well plates)
Transesterification Reagent
5:5:1 methanol/chloroform/H2O
0.075 M acetic acid
Standard Operating Procedure for PLFA Extraction. Freeze dry soil
Extraction
Separation
Chromatography
Transesterification and Transfer to GC vials
EL‐FAME Extraction Paired with the MIDI‐Sherlock System. List of Supplies and Major equipment for EL‐FAME method
Reagents
Standard Operating Procedure for EL‐FAME Extraction. Methylation
Neutralization
Extraction
FAME Concentration in N Evaporation Chamber
Tips and Tricks for FAME Extraction and Analysis
Calculations and Interpretation of FAME Data
Management Implications
References
13 Microbial Community Composition, Diversity, and Function
Introduction
Methods for Identifying and Quantifying Microbial Communities. Traditional Techniques
Plate Counts
Community Level Physiological Profiles (CLPP)
Biochemical Techniques
Fatty Acids
Molecular‐Based Techniques
Partial Community Analysis. Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)
Amplicon Sequencing
Whole Community Analysis. Metagenomics
Transcriptomics
Criteria for Method Selection
Soil Health Indicator Effectiveness and Interpretation
Production Readiness
Measurement Repeatability
Other Considerations
Selected Method Protocol
List of Specialized Equipment
Soil Handling
Soil Moisture Determination
DNA Extraction
Reagents and Consumables
Procedure
Quality Check (optional, but Recommended)
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)
Reagents and Consumables
Primer Selection
Procedure
Quality Check
Amplicon Bead Clean‐up
Reagents and Consumables
Procedure
Indexing PCR
Reagents and Consumables
Procedure
Indexed Amplicon Bead Clean‐up
Normalization and Pooling of Final Library
Materials and Consumables
Procedure
Library Amplicon Size Determination
Materials and Consumables
Procedure
Library Quantification and Dilution
Materials and Consumables
Procedure
MiSeq Library Denaturation and Dilution
Materials and Consumables
Procedure
MiSeq Loading, Sequencing, and Data Transfer
Procedure
Analysis Section. qPCR
Amplicon Sequence Processing and Analysis
References
Epilogue
References
Note
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Отрывок из книги
EDITORS Douglas L. Karlen, Diane E. Stott, and Maysoon M. Mikha
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Several nationally appropriate tools, including the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), Soil Conditioning Index (SCI), Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP), Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS), AgroEcosystem Performance Assessment Tool (AEPAT), and Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF), have been developed to help interpret soil health related data (USDA‐NRCS, 2019b). RUSLE2 estimates soil loss due to rill and inter‐rill erosion caused by rainfall on cropland (Renard et al., 2011; USDA‐ARS, 2015). The SCI combines information from the soil tillage intensity rating tool (STIR), a N‐leaching index, and Version 2 of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE2) to provide information to producers regarding how their management decisions are affecting their soil resources and is widely used in NRCS conservation planning. AEPAT is a research‐oriented index methodology that ranks agroecosystem performance among management practices for chosen functions and indicators (Liebig et al., 2004; Wienhold et al., 2006). Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) is a process‐based, distributed parameter, continuous simulation, erosion prediction model for use on personal computers (USDA‐ARS, 2017); Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) predicts many forms of soil erosion by wind including saltation‐creep and suspension (USDA‐ARS, 2018). Without question, wind‐, water‐, and anthropogenic‐induced soil erosion continues to be a global problem (Karlen & Rice, 2015) and must be the first factor mitigated to truly improve soil health, as it is an advanced symptom of degradation including loss of soil organism habitat, stable aggregation, and other critical soil functions.
Soil health indicator measurements, when coupled with an available assessment framework, complement soil erosion tools as they can directly and more definitively detect less advanced symptoms of soil health degradation across diverse management systems. Laboratory data, without field‐level information can be difficult to interpret or use for management decisions, and should only be used when supplemented with qualitative, in‐field assessments of SH and an understanding of the past and current management system in use.
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