Оглавление
Группа авторов. Diatom Gliding Motility
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Guide
Pages
Diatom Gliding Motility
Dedication to Jeremy D. Pickett-Heaps In Memoriam 1940–2021
Preface
References
1. Some Observations of Movements of Pennate Diatoms in Cultures and Their Possible Interpretation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Kinematics and Analysis of Trajectories in Pennate Diatoms with Almost Straight Raphe along the Apical Axis
1.3 Curvature of the Trajectory at the Reversal Points
1.4 Movement of Diatoms in and on Biofilms
1.5 Movement on the Water Surface
1.6 Formation of Flat Colonies in Cymbella lanceolata
1.7 Conclusion
References
2. The Kinematics of Explosively Jerky Diatom Motility: A Natural Example of Active Nanofluidics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Material and Methods. 2.2.1 Diatom Preparation
2.2.2 Imaging System
2.2.3 Sample Preparation
2.2.4 Image Processing
2.3 Results and Discussion. 2.3.1 Comparison of Particle Tracking Algorithms
2.3.2 Stationary Particles
2.3.3 Diatom Centroid Measurements
2.3.4 Diatom Orientation Angle Measurements
2.3.5 Is Diatom Motion Characterized by a Sequence of Small Explosive Movements?
2.3.6 Future Work
2.4 Conclusions
Appendix
References
3. Cellular Mechanisms of Raphid Diatom Gliding
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Gliding and Secretion of Mucilage
3.3 Cell Mechanisms of Mucilage Secretion
3.4 Mechanisms of Gliding Regulation
3.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
4. Motility of Biofilm-Forming Benthic Diatoms
4.1 Introduction
4.2 General Motility Models and Concepts
4.2.1 Adhesion
4.2.2 Gliding Motility
4.2.3 Motility and Environmental Responsiveness
4.3 Light-Directed Vertical Migration
4.4 Stimuli-Directed Movement
4.4.1 Nutrient Foraging
4.4.2 Pheromone-Based Mate-Finding Motility
4.4.3 Prioritization Between Co-Occurring Stimuli
4.5 Conclusion
References
5. Photophobic Responses of Diatoms – Motility and Inter-Species Modulation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Types of Observed Photoresponses
5.2.1 Light Spot Accumulation
5.2.2 High-Intensity Light Responses
5.3 Inter-Species Effects of Light Responses
5.3.1 Inter-Species Effects on High Irradiance Direction Change Response
5.3.2 Inter-Species Effects on Cell Accumulation into Light Spots
5.4 Summary
References
6. Diatom Biofilms: Ecosystem Engineering and Niche Construction
6.1 Introduction. 6.1.1 Diatoms: A Brief Portfolio
6.1.2 Benthic Diatoms as a Research Challenge
6.2 The Microphytobenthos and Epipelic Diatoms
6.3 The Ecological Importance of Locomotion
6.4 Ecosystem Engineering and Functions. 6.4.1 Ecosystem Engineering
6.4.2 Ecosystem Functioning
6.5 Microphytobenthos as Ecosystem Engineers. 6.5.1 Sediment Stabilization
6.5.2 Beyond the Benthos
6.5.3 Diatom Architects
6.5.4 Working with Others: Combined Effects
6.5.5 The Dynamic of EPS
6.5.6 Nutrient Turnover and Biogeochemistry
6.6 Niche Construction and Epipelic Diatoms
6.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
7. Diatom Motility: Mechanisms, Control and Adaptive Value
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Forms and Mechanisms of Motility in Diatoms. 7.2.1 Motility in Centric Diatoms
7.2.2 Motility in Pennate Raphid Diatoms
7.2.3 Motility in Other Substrate-Associated Diatoms
7.2.4 Vertical Migration in Diatom-Dominated Microphytobenthos
7.3 Controlling Factors of Diatom Motility
7.3.1 Motility Responses to Vectorial Stimuli. 7.3.1.1 Light Intensity
7.3.1.2 Light Spectrum
7.3.1.3 UV Radiation
7.3.1.4 Gravity
7.3.1.5 Chemical Gradients
7.3.2 Motility Responses to Non-Vectorial Stimuli. 7.3.2.1 Temperature
7.3.2.2 Salinity
7.3.2.3 pH
7.3.2.4 Calcium
7.3.2.5 Other Factors
7.3.2.6 Inhibitors of Diatom Motility
7.3.3 Species-Specific Responses and Interspecies Interactions
7.3.4 Endogenous Control of Motility
7.3.5 A Model of Diatom Vertical Migration Behavior in Sediments
7.4 Adaptive Value and Consequences of Motility. 7.4.1 Planktonic Centrics
7.4.2 Benthic Pennates
7.4.3 Ecological Consequences of Vertical Migration. 7.4.3.1 Motility-Enhanced Productivity
7.4.3.2 Carbon Cycling and Sediment Biostabilization
Acknowledgments
References
8. Motility in the Diatom Genus Eunotia Ehrenb
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Accounts of Movement in Eunotia
8.3 Motility in the Context of Valve Structure
8.3.1 Motility and Morphological Characteristics in Girdle View
8.3.2 Motility and Morphological Characteristics in Valve View
8.3.3 Motility and the Rimoportula
8.4 Motility and Ecology of Eunotia
8.4.1 Substratum-Associated Environments
8.4.2 Planktonic Environments
8.5 Motility and Diatom Evolution
8.6 Conclusion and Future Directions
Acknowledgements
References
9. A Free Ride: Diatoms Attached on Motile Diatoms
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Adhesion and Distribution of Epidiatomic Diatoms on Their Host
9.3 The Specificity of Host-Epiphyte Interactions
9.4 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Host-Epiphyte Interactions
9.5 Conclusion
References
10. Towards a Digital Diatom: Image Processing and Deep Learning Analysis of Bacillaria paradoxa Dynamic Morphology
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Organism Description
10.1.2 Research Motivation
10.2 Methods. 10.2.1 Video Extraction
10.2.2 Deep Learning
10.2.3 DeepLabv3 Analysis
10.2.4 Primary Dataset Analysis
10.2.5 Data Availability
10.3 Results. 10.3.1 Watershed Segmentation and Canny Edge Detection
10.3.2 Deep Learning
10.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
11. Diatom Triboacoustics
11.1 State-of-the-Art. 11.1.1 Diatoms and Their Movement
11.1.2 The Navier-Stokes Equation
11.1.3 Low Reynolds Number
11.1.4 Reynolds Number for Diatoms
11.1.5 Further Thoughts About Movement of Diatoms
11.1.6 Possible Reasons for Diatom Movement
11.1.7 Underwater Acoustics, Hydrophones. 11.1.7.1 Underwater Acoustics
11.1.7.2 Hydrophones
11.2 Methods. 11.2.1 Estimate of the Momentum of a Moving Diatom
11.2.2 On the Speed of Expansion of the Mucopolysaccharide Filaments
11.2.2.1 Estimation of Radial Expansion
11.2.2.2 Sound Generation
11.2.3 Gathering Diatoms
11.2.3.1 Purchasing Diatom Cultures
11.2.3.2 Diatoms from the Wild
11.2.4 Using a Hydrophone to Detect Possible Acoustic Signals from Diatoms. 11.2.4.1 First Setup
11.2.4.2 Second Setup
11.3 Results and Discussion. 11.3.1 Spectrograms
11.3.2 Discussion
11.4 Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
12. Movements of Diatoms VIII: Synthesis and Hypothesis1
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Review of the Conditions Necessary for Movements
12.3 Hypothesis
12.4 Analysis – Comparison with Observations. 12.4.1 Translational Apical Movement
12.4.2 The Transapical Toppling Movement
12.4.3 Diverse Pivoting
12.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
13. Locomotion of Benthic Pennate Diatoms: Models and Thoughts
13.1 Diatom Structure. 13.1.1 Ultrastructure of Frustules
13.1.2 Bending Ability of Diatoms
13.2 Models for Diatom Locomotion. 13.2.1 Edgar Model for Diatom Locomotion
13.2.2 Van der Waals Force Model (VW Model) for Diatom Locomotion. 13.2.2.1 Locomotion Behavior of Diatoms
13.2.2.2 Moving Organelles and Pseudopods
13.2.2.3 Chemical Properties of Mucilage Trails
13.2.2.4 Mechanical Properties of Mucilage Trails
13.2.2.5 VW Model for Diatom Locomotion
13.3 Locomotion and Aggregation of Diatoms. 13.3.1 Locomotion Trajectory and Parameters of Diatoms
13.4 Simulation on Locomotion, Aggregation and Mutual Perception of Diatoms. 13.4.1 Simulation Area and Parameters
13.4.2 Diatom Life Cycle and Modeling Parameters
13.4.3 Simulation Results of Diatom Locomotion Trajectory with Mutual Perception
13.4.4 Simulation Results of Diatom Adhesion with Mutual Perception
13.4.5 Adhesion and Aggregation Mechanism of Diatoms
References
14. The Whimsical History of Proposed Motors for Diatom Motility1
14.1 Introduction2
14.2 Historical Survey of Models for the Diatom Motor. 14.2.1 Diatoms Somersault via Protruding Muscles (1753)
14.2.2 Vibrating Feet or Protrusions Move Diatoms (1824)
14.2.3 Diatoms Crawl Like Snails (1838)
14.2.4 The Diatom Motor Is a Jet Engine (1849)
14.2.5 Rowing Diatoms (1855)
14.2.6 Diatoms Have Protoplasmic Tank Treads (1865)
14.2.7 Diatoms as the Flame of Life: Capillarity (1883)
14.2.8 Bellowing Diatoms (1887)
14.2.9 Jelly Powered Jet Skiing Diatoms (1896)
14.2.10 Bubble Powered Diatoms (1905)
14.2.11 Diatoms Win: “I Have No New Theory to Offer and See No Reason to Use Those Already Abandoned”12 (1940)
14.2.12 Is Diatom Motility a Special Case of Cytoplasmic Streaming? (1943)
14.2.13 Diatom Adhesion as a Sliding Toilet Plunger (1966)
14.2.14 Diatom as a Monorail that Lays Its Own Track (1967)
14.2.15 The Diatom as a “Compressed Air” Coanda Effect Gliding Vehicle (1967)
14.2.16 The Electrokinetic Diatom (1974)
14.2.17 The Diatom Clothes Line or Railroad Track (1980)
14.2.18 Diatom Ion Cyclotron Resonance (1987)
14.2.19 Diatoms Do Internal Treadmilling (1998)
14.2.20 Surface Treadmilling, Swimming and Snorkeling Diatoms (2007)
14.2.21 Acoustic Streaming: The Diatom as Vibrator or Jack Hammer (2010)
14.2.22 Propulsion of Diatoms Via Many Small Explosions (2020)
14.2.23 Diatoms Walk Like Geckos (2019)
14.3 Pulling What We Know and Don’t Know Together, about the Diatom Motor
14.4 Membrane Surfing: A New Working Hypothesis for the Diatom Motor (2020)
Acknowledgments
References
Appendix
References
Index
Also of Interest
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