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Группа авторов. Integration of Renewable Energy Sources with Smart Grid
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Guide
Pages
Integration of Renewable Energy Sources with Smart Grid
Preface
1. Renewable Energy Technologies
1. Introduction
1.1 Types of Renewable Energy
1.1.1 Solar Energy
1.1.2 Wind Energy
1.1.3 Fuel Cell
1.1.3.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
1.1.3.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
1.1.3.3 Alkaline Fuel Cell
1.1.3.4 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell
1.1.3.5 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
1.1.4 Biomass Energy
1.1.4.1 Energy Production From Biomass
1.1.5 Hydro-Electric Energy
1.1.5.1 Hydro Scenario
1.1.6 Geothermal Energy
1.1.6.1 Geothermal Provinces of India
References
2. Present Power Scenario in India
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Thermal Power Plant
2.2.1 Components of Thermal Power Plant
2.2.2 Major Thermal Power Plants in India
2.3 Gas-Based Power Generation
2.3.1 Basics of Gas-Based Power Generation
2.3.2 Major Gas-Based Power Plants in India
2.4 Nuclear Power Plants
2.4.1 India’s Hold in Nuclear Power
2.4.2 Major Nuclear Power Plants
2.4.3 Currently Operational Nuclear Power Plants
2.4.4 Challenges of Nuclear Power Plants
2.5 Hydropower Generation
2.5.1 Pumped Storage Plants
2.6 Solar Power
2.6.1 Photovoltaic
2.6.2 Photovoltaic Solar Power System
2.6.3 Concentrated Solar Power System
2.6.4 Major Solar Parks in India
2.7 Wind Energy
2.8 The Inherited Structure
References
3. Introduction to Smart Grid
3.1 Need for Smart Grid in India
3.2 Present Power Scenario in India
3.2.1 Performance of Generation From Conventional Sources
3.2.2 Status of Renewable Energy Sources
3.3 Electric Grid
3.3.1 Evolving Scenario of the Electric Grid
3.3.1.1 Integrated Grid
3.3.1.2 Prosumers
3.3.1.3 Transmission v/s Energy Storage
3.3.1.4 Changing Nature of Loads
3.3.1.5 Electric Vehicles
3.3.1.6 Microgrids
3.4 Overview of Smart Grids
3.4.1 Purpose of Smart Grid
3.5 Smart Grid Components for Transmission System
3.5.1 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System
3.5.1.1 SCADA Overview
3.5.1.2 Components of SCADA
3.5.2 Energy Management System
3.5.3 Wide-Area Monitoring System
3.6 Smart Grid Functions Used in Distribution System
3.6.1 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System
3.6.2 Distribution Management System
3.6.3 Distribution Automation
3.6.4 Substation Automation
3.6.5 Advanced Metering Infrastructure
3.6.6 Geographical Information System
3.6.7 Peak Load Management
3.6.8 Demand Response
3.6.9 Power Quality Management
3.6.10 Outage Management System
3.6.11 Distribution Transformer Monitoring System
3.6.12 Enterprise Application Integration
3.6.13 Smart Street Lights
3.6.14 Energy Storage
3.6.15 Cyber Security
3.6.16 Analytics
3.7 Case Study: Techno-Economic Analysis. 3.7.1 Peak Load Shaving and Metering Efficiency
3.7.2 Outage Management System
3.7.3 Loss Detection
3.7.4 Tamper Analysis
3.8 Case Study: Solar PV Awareness of Puducherry SG Pilot Project
3.9 Recent Trends in Smart Grids. 3.9.1 Smart GRIP Architecture
3.9.2 Implementation of Smart Meter With Prepaid Facility
References
4. Internet of Things–Based Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Smart Grids
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Smart Grids
4.1.2 Smart Meters
4.2 Advanced Metering Infrastructure
4.2.1 Smart Devices
4.2.2 Communication
4.2.3 Data Management System
4.2.4 Mathematical Modeling
4.2.5 Energy Theft Detection Techniques
4.3 IoT-Based Advanced Metering Infrastructure
4.3.1 Intrusion Detection System
4.4 Results
4.5 Discussion
4.6 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
5. Requirements for Integrating Renewables With Smart Grid
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Smart Grid
5.1.2 Renewable Energy Resources
5.1.3 How Smart Grids Enable Renewables
5.1.4 Smart Grid and Distributed Generation
5.1.5 Grid Integration Terminologies
5.2 Challenges in Integrating Renewables Into Smart Grid
5.2.1 The Power Flow Control of Distributed Energy Resources
5.2.2 Investments on New Renewable Energy Generations
5.2.3 Transmission Expansion
5.2.4 Improved Flexibility
5.2.5 High Penetration of Renewables in Future
5.2.6 Standardizing Control of ESS
5.2.7 Regulations
5.2.8 Standards
5.3 Conclusion
References
6. Grid Energy Storage Technologies
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Need of Energy Storage System
6.1.2 Services Provided by Energy Storage System
6.2 Grid Energy Storage Technologies: Classification
6.2.1 Pumped Hydro Storage System
6.2.2 Compressed Air Storage System
6.2.3 Flywheel Energy Storage System
6.2.4 Superconducting Magnet Storage System
6.2.5 Battery Storage System
6.2.6 Capacitors and Super Capacitor Storage System
6.2.7 Fuel Cell Energy Storage System
6.2.8 Thermal Storage System
6.3 Grid Energy Storage Technologies: Analogy
6.4 Applications of Energy Storage System
6.5 Power Conditioning of Energy Storage System
6.6 Conclusions
References
7. Multi-Mode Power Converter Topology for Renewable Energy Integration With Smart Grid
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Literature Survey
7.3 System Architecture
7.3.1 Solar PV Array
7.3.2 Wind Energy Generator
7.4 Modes of Operation of Multi-Mode Power Converter
7.4.1 Buck Mode
7.4.2 Boost Mode
7.4.3 Bi-Directional Mode
7.5 Control Scheme
7.5.1 Mode Selection
7.5.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking
7.5.3 Reconfigurable SPWM Generation
7.6 Results and Discussion
7.7 Conclusion
References
8. Decoupled Control With Constant DC Link Voltage for PV-Fed Single-Phase Grid Connected Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Schematic of the Grid-Tied Solar PV System
8.2.1 DC Link Voltage Controller
8.2.2 MPPT Controller
8.2.3 SPWM-Based dq Controller
8.3 Simulation and Experimental Results of the Grid Tied Solar PV System
8.4 Conclusion
References
9. Wind Energy Conversion System Feeding Remote Microgrid
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Literature Review
9.3 Direct Grid Connected Configurations of Three-Phase WDIG Feeding Single-Phase Grid
9.4 Three-Phase WDIG Feeding Single-Phase Grid With Power Converters
9.5 Performance of the Three-Phase Wind Generator System Feeding Power to Single-Phase Grid
9.5.1 Wind Turbine Characteristics
9.5.2 Generator Analysis
9.6 Power Converter Configurations
9.6.1 Configuration 1: WDIG With Uncontrolled Rectifier–Line Commutated Inverter
9.6.2 Configuration 2: WDIG With Uncontrolled Rectifier–(DC-DC)–Line Commutated Inverter
9.6.2.1 Closed-Loop Operation of UR-DC/DC-LCI Configuration
9.6.3 Configuration 3: WDIG With Uncontrolled Rectifier–Voltage Source Inverter
9.6.3.1 Closed-Loop Operation of UR-VSI Configuration
9.7 Summary
References
10. Microgrid Protection
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Necessity of Distributed Energy Resources
10.3 Concept of Microgrid
10.4 Why the Protection With Microgrid is Different From the Conventional Distribution System Protection
10.4.1 Role of the Type of DER on Protection
10.5 Foremost Challenges in Microgrid Protection
10.5.1 Relay Blinding
10.5.2 Variations in Fault Current Level
10.5.3 Selectivity
10.5.4 False/Unnecessary Tripping
10.5.5 Loss of Mains (Islanding Condition)
10.6 Microgrid Protection
10.6.1 Overcurrent Protection
10.6.2 Distance Protection
10.6.2.1 Effect of Distributed Generator Inclusion in the Distribution System on Distance Relay
10.6.3 Differential Protection
10.6.3.1 Drawbacks in Differential Protection
10.6.4 Hybrid Tripping Relay Characteristic
10.6.5 Voltage-Based Methods
10.6.6 Adaptive Protection Methods
10.7 Literature Survey
10.8 Comparison of Various Existing Protection Schemes for Microgrids
10.9 Loss of Mains (Islanding)
10.10 Necessity to Detect the Unplanned Islanding
10.10.1 Health Hazards to Maintenance Personnel
10.10.2 Unsynchronized Reclosing
10.10.3 Ineffective Grounding
10.10.4 Inept Protection
10.10.5 Loss of Voltage and Frequency Control
10.11 Unplanned Islanding Identification Methods
10.11.1 Communication-Based Methods (Remote Method)
10.11.2 Non-Communication–Based Methods (Local Method)
10.11.2.1 Passive Method
10.11.2.2 Active Method
10.11.2.3 Hybrid Method
10.12 Comparison of Unplanned Islanding Identification Methods
10.13 Discussion
10.14 Conclusion
References
11. Microgrid Optimization and Integration of Renewable Energy Resources: Innovation, Challenges and Prospects
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Microgrids
11.3 Renewable Energy Sources
11.3.1 Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs)
11.3.2 Distributed Storage Technologies
11.3.3 Combined Heat and Power
11.4 Integration of RES in Microgrid
11.5 Microgrid Optimization Schemes
11.5.1 Load Forecasting Schemes
11.5.2 Generation Unit Control
11.5.3 Storage Unit Control
11.5.4 Data Monitoring and Transmission
11.5.4.1 Communication Systems
11.5.5 Energy Management and Power Flow
11.6 Challenges in Implementation of Microgrids
11.7 Future Prospects of Microgrids
11.8 Conclusion
References
12. Challenges in Planning and Operation of Large-Scale Renewable Energy Resources Such as Solar and Wind
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Solar Grid Integration
12.3 Wind Energy Grid Integration
12.4 Challenges in the Integration of Renewable Energy Systems with Grid
12.4.1 Disturbances in the Grid Side
12.4.2 Virtual Synchronous Machine Method
12.4.3 Frequency Control
12.4.4 Solar Photovoltaic Array in Frequency Regulation
12.4.5 Harmonics
12.5 Electrical Energy Storage (EES)
12.6 Conclusion
References
13. Mitigating Measures to Address Challenges of Renewable Integration— Forecasting, Scheduling, Dispatch, Balancing, Monitoring, and Control
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Microgrid
13.2.1 Types of Microgrid
13.2.1.1 DC Microgrid
13.2.1.2 AC Microgrid
13.2.1.3 Hybrid AC-DC Microgrid
13.3 Large-Scale Integration of Renewables: Issues and Challenges
13.4 A Review on Short-Term Load Forecasting Methods
13.4.1 Short-Term Load Forecasting Methods
13.4.1.1 Statistical Technique
13.4.1.1.1 Multiple Regression Method
13.4.1.1.2 Exponential Smoothing
13.4.1.1.3 Iterative Reweighted Least Square
13.5 Overview on Control of Microgrid. 13.5.1 Need for Microgrid Control
13.5.2 Fully Centralized Control
13.5.3 Decentralized Control
13.5.4 Hierarchical Control. 13.5.4.1 Primary Control
13.5.4.2 Secondary Control
13.5.4.3 Tertiary Control
13.6 Measures to Support Large-Scale Renewable Integration
13.6.1 Basic Idea of Preventive Control
13.6.1.1 Maximum Output Control Mode
13.6.1.2 Output Following Mode
References
14. Mitigation Measures for Power Quality Issues in Renewable Energy Integration and Impact of IoT in Grid Control
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Impact of Power Quality Issues
14.2.1 Power Quality in Renewable Energy
14.2.2 Power Quality Issues in Wind and Solar Renewable Energy. 14.2.2.1 Wind Renewable Energy
14.2.2.2 Solar Renewable Energy
14.3 Mitigation of Power Quality Issues
14.3.1 UPQC
14.3.2 DVR
14.3.3 D-STATCOM
14.3.4 UPS
14.3.5 TVSS
14.3.6 Internet of Things in Distributed Generations Systems
14.4 Discussions
14.5 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
15. Smart Grid Implementations and Feasibilities
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Smart Grid Technologies—Literature Review
15.2 Need for Smart Grid
15.2.1 Smart Grid Description
15.3 Smart Grid Sensing, Measurement, Control, and Automation Technologies
15.3.1 Advanced Metering Infrastructure
15.3.2 Key Components of AMI
15.3.3 Smart Meter
15.3.4 Communication Infrastructure and Protocols for AMI
15.3.4.1 Data Concentrator Unit
15.3.5 Benefits of AMI
15.3.6 Peak Load Management
15.3.7 Distribution Management System
15.3.8 Distribution Automation System
15.4 Implementation of Smart Grid Project
15.4.1 Challenges and Issues of SG Implementation
15.4.2 Smart Grid Implementation in India: Puducherry Pilot Project
15.4.3 Power Quality of the Smart Grid
15.5 Solar PV System Implementation Barriers
15.6 Smart Grid and Microgrid in Other Areas
15.6.1 Maritime Power System
15.6.2 Space Electrical Grids
15.7 Conclusion
References
Index
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