Оглавление
Группа авторов. Energy
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Energy. Crises, Challenges and Solutions
Preface
List of Contributors
1 Energy Crisis and Climate Change: Global Concerns and Their Solutions
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Energy Crisis
1.3 Role of Renewable Energy in Sustainable Development
1.4 Climate Change and Energy Crisis
1.5 Climate Change
1.5.1 Environmental and Social Consequences of Climate Change
1.5.2 Process and Causes of Global Warming
1.6 Cleaner Alternatives to Coal to Alleviate Climate Change. 1.6.1 Carbon Sequestering and Clean Coal
1.6.2 Natural Gas and Nuclear Energy
1.6.3 Hydrogen
1.7 Climate Change and Energy Demand
1.8 Mitigation Measures for the Energy Crisis and Global Warming: Reduce Emissions of Greenhouse Gases (IPCC)
1.9 Conclusion
1.10 Future Considerations
References
2 Advances in Alternative Sources of Energy: Opening New Doors for Energy Sustainability
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Need of Novel Research in Alternative Sources of Energy
2.3 Recent Advances in Renewable Sources of Energy
2.3.1 Solar Energy
2.3.1.1 Solar Photovoltaic
2.3.1.2 Solar Power Generation
2.3.1.3 Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) Collectors
2.3.2 Wind Energy
2.3.2.1 Onshore Wind Energy Technology
2.3.2.1.1 Turbine Size and Ratings
2.3.2.1.2 Design and Materials of Rotor Blade
2.3.2.1.3 Power Electronics Optimization
2.3.2.1.4 Smart Wind Turbines
2.3.2.1.5 Recycling of Materials
2.3.2.2 Offshore Wind Energy Technology
2.3.2.2.1 Future‐Generation Turbines Technology
2.3.2.2.2 Floating Foundations
2.3.2.2.3 Repowering of Sites
2.3.2.2.4 Integrated Turbine and Foundation Installation
2.3.2.2.5 HVDC Infrastructure
2.3.2.2.6 DC Power Take‐off and Array Cables
2.3.2.2.7 Site Layout Optimization
2.3.2.2.8 Other Techniques
2.3.3 Hydropower
2.3.3.1 Flow Control Technologies
2.3.3.2 Digitalization of Hydropower Plants
2.3.3.3 Evolution in Hydroelectric Energy Storage
2.3.3.4 Technology Evolution: Small‐Scale Hydropower Plants
2.3.3.5 Gravity Hydropower Converters
2.3.3.6 Pump as Turbines (PAT)
2.3.3.7 Developments in Fish‐Friendly Hydropower
2.3.4 Geothermal Energy
2.3.4.1 Direct Dry Steam Plants
2.3.4.2 Flash Power Plants
2.3.4.3 Binary Plants
2.3.4.4 Combined‐Cycle or Hybrid Plants
2.3.4.5 Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)
2.3.5 Bioenergy
2.3.5.1 Biopellets and Biogas
2.3.5.2 Bioethanol and Biodiesel
2.3.5.3 Advanced or 2G Biofuels
2.3.6 Ocean Energy
2.3.6.1 Wave Energy
2.3.6.2 Tidal Energy
2.3.6.3 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
2.3.6.4 Salinity Gradient Energy
2.4 Future Fuel: Hydrogen
2.4.1 Hydrogen Production Methods Using Renewable Sources. 2.4.1.1 Renewable Electrolysis
2.4.1.2 Biomass Gasification
2.4.1.3 Thermochemical Water Splitting
2.4.1.4 Bio‐Hydrogen Production
2.5 Challenges. 2.5.1 Efficiency
2.5.2 Large‐Scale Production
2.5.3 Cost‐Effective Production
2.6 Future: Alternative Sources of Energy
2.7 Conclusions
References
3 Recent Advances in Alternative Sources of Energy
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Different Innovations Employed in Major Types of Alternative Sources of Energy
3.2.1 Solar Energy (Semiconductor Technology to Harness Solar Power)
3.2.2 Hydropower
3.2.3 Wind Energy
3.2.4 Geothermal Energy
3.2.5 Biomass Energy
3.2.6 Hydrogen as a Fuel
3.3 Environmental Impacts
3.4 Future Prospects
3.5 Conclusions
References
4 Energy and Development in the Twenty‐First Century – A Road Towards a Sustainable Future: An Indian Perspective
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Energy Consumption and Economic Development
4.3 Environmental Issues – A Corollary of Economic Development
4.4 Air Quality – Deterioration Leading to Development of another Mars
4.5 Carbon Footprints – Gift of Mankind to Mother Earth
4.6 Sustainable Development
4.6.1 Problems Faced by the Country in Implementing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
4.6.1.1 Financial Resources
4.6.1.2 Social Issues Not Covered
4.6.1.3 Natural Calamities and Pandemics
4.6.1.4 Illegal Activities Barring the Achievement of the SDGs
4.6.2 Paris Accord
4.6.3 Steps Taken by India to Reduce the Carbon Emission
4.6.3.1 Sustainability Index
4.6.3.2 Mandatory CSR
4.6.3.3 Innovative Schooling Ideas
4.6.3.4 Solar Powered Transportation System
4.7 Coronavirus Pandemic and its Impact on the Carbon Emission
4.8 Conclusion
References
5 Energy Development as a Driver of Economic Growth: Evidence from Developing Nations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Energy and Economic Development
5.2.1 The Impact of Economic Development on Energy
5.2.2 Economic Development and Fluctuations in Energy Consumption
5.2.3 Energy Consumption in Developing Nations
5.2.4 The Price of Energy and Management of Demand
5.3 Energy Services in Developing Nations
5.4 Energy Supplies in the Developing Nations
5.5 Energy and the Environment in Developing Nations
5.6 Conclusion
References
6 Pathways of Energy Transition and Its Impact on Economic Growth: A Case Study of Brazil
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Rationale for Public Investment in Research and Development in Energy Sector
6.3 Overview of the Electricity Sector in Brazil
6.3.1 Energy Policies in Brazil
6.3.1.1 Energy Sources and Associated Policies
6.3.1.2 The First Phase of Reforms in the Electricity Sector: 1990s
6.3.1.3 Second Reform of the Electricity Market: 2004
6.3.2 Climate Change: National Policy 2009
6.3.3 Prioritization of Policies in Choice of Energy Mix (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2006)
6.4 Market Structure
6.4.1 Government Players
6.4.2 Private and Public Players
6.5 Programmes and Laws Under the Government of Brazil
6.6 An Overview of the Sources of Finance in the Energy Sector: Brazil
6.6.1 The Regime for Funding Agency (World Energy Outlook 2013)
6.6.1.1 Regime Structure and Legal Regulatory: Key Takeaways
6.6.2 Source of Funding and Trends in Research and Development
6.6.2.1 Finance and Innovation in Renewable Energy: Key Takeaways
6.7 Climate‐Resilient Growth: Environmental Consequences
6.7.1 Environmental Consequences: Key Takeaways
6.8 Social Consequences: Availability, Affordability and Accessibility
6.8.1 Social Consequences: Key Takeaways
6.9 The Political Economy of Energy Transition: A Brazilian Experience
6.10 Interlinking Economic Growth and Energy Use: A Theoretical Construct
6.10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption, per Capita GDP Growth, CO2 Emissions, Research and Development Expenditure: A Comparison of BRICS
6.11 Conclusion
References
Websites
Appendix A
7 Renewable Energy: Sources, Importance and Prospects for Sustainable Future
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Sources of Renewable Energy
7.2.1 Solar Energy
7.2.1.1 Active Solar Energy Technology
7.2.1.2 Passive Solar Energy Technology
7.2.2 Wind Energy
7.2.3 Hydropower
7.2.4 Geothermal Energy
7.2.5 Biomass
7.2.6 Tidal Energy
7.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Renewable Energy Resources
7.4 Importance of Renewable Energy
7.5 Benefits of Renewable Energy Production to the Society
7.6 Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development Goals
7.7 Limitations in Renewable Energy
7.8 Current Status and Future Perspectives
7.9 Conclusion
References
8 Clean Energy Sources for a Better and Sustainable Environment of Future Generations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Conventional Sources of Energy
8.2.1 Hydro Energy
8.2.2 Wind Energy
8.2.3 Geothermal Energy
8.2.4 Solar Energy
8.2.5 Ocean Energy
8.3 Environmental Impacts of Renewable Resources
8.4 Mitigation Strategies and Sustainable Development of Renewable Resources
8.5 Biomass and Microorganisms‐Derived Energy
8.6 Alternative Energy Resources
8.6.1 Biodiesel from Bioengineered Fungi
8.6.2 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCS)
8.6.3 Waste‐to‐Energy Technology
8.6.4 Hydrogen as a Fuel
8.6.5 Fuel Cell
8.6.6 Radiant Energy
8.7 Challenges: Implementation to the Usage of Renewable Energy
8.7.1 Social Barriers
8.7.2 Ecological and Environmental Issues
8.7.3 Commercialization and Scalability
8.7.4 Material Requirement
8.8 Conclusion
References
Suggested Readings
9 Sustainable Energy Policies of India to Address Air Pollution and Climate Change
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Energy Sector of India. 9.2.1 Energy Reserves. 9.2.1.1 Coal and Lignite
9.2.1.2 Petroleum and Natural Gas
9.2.1.3 Renewable Energy Sources
9.2.2 Production of Energy
9.2.3 Consumption of Fossil Fuel and Electricity. 9.2.3.1 Coal and Lignite
9.2.3.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas
9.2.3.3 Petroleum Products Consumption
9.2.3.4 Consumption of Electricity
9.2.4 Energy Sector and Greenhouse Gases Emission
9.3 India's Potential and Policies to Exploit Renewable Sources
9.3.1 Solar Energy
9.3.2 Wind Energy
9.3.3 Hydropower
9.3.4 Biomass Energy
9.4 National Strategies to Promote Renewable Energy: Policy Framework with Their Objectives
9.4.1 India's Electricity Act
9.4.2 National Electricity Policy (NEP), 2005
9.4.3 NAPCC‐National Action Plan on Climate Change, 2008
9.4.4 Copenhagen Accord
9.4.5 India's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)
9.5 Financial Instruments to Promote Renewable Sources in India. 9.5.1 Coal Tax
9.5.2 Subsidy Cuts on Fossil Fuels
9.5.3 Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs)
9.5.4 Perform, Achieve and Trade Scheme
9.5.5 Other Government Policies, Their Budget and Status
9.6 Conclusion
References
10 A Regime Complex and Technological Innovation in Energy System: A Brazilian Experience
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Brazil: Its Changing Role in Global Governance
10.3 Brazilian Energy: A Regime Complex
10.3.1 Role of Brazil and Regime Complex for Climate Change
10.4 Implications of Climate Regime on Brazilian Energy Regime
10.5 A Shift in Energy Regime: Technological Innovations in Energy Sector
10.6 Conclusion
References
Websites
Appendix A
11 Opportunities in the Living Lights: Special Reference to Bioluminescent Fungi
11.1 Introduction
11.2 History of Bioluminescence
11.3 Bioluminescence in Terrestrial Organisms
11.4 Bioluminescence Molecules
11.5 Bioluminescent Fungi. 11.5.1 Diversity
11.5.2 Mechanism of Bioluminescence in Fungi
11.5.3 Significance
11.6 Opportunities in Fungal Bioluminescence. 11.6.1 Glowing Tree
11.6.2 Bioassay of Toxicity
11.6.3 In‐Vivo Imaging
11.6.4 Animal Model Study
11.6.5 Bioactive Secondary Metabolites
11.7 Conclusion
References
12 Production of Liquid Biofuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Ethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass
12.2.1 Pretreatment of LCB
12.2.2 Detoxification
12.2.3 Hydrolysis
12.2.3.1 Acid Hydrolysis
12.2.3.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis
12.2.4 Fermentation
12.2.5 Product Recovery
12.3 Bio‐gasoline from Lignocellulosic Biomass
12.3.1 Hydrolysis to Monosaccharides
12.3.2 Hydrogenation of Monosaccharides to Polyols
12.3.3 Conversion of Polyols and Carbohydrates to C5/C6 Alkanes. 12.3.3.1 Monosaccharides
12.3.3.2 Cellulose and Biomass
12.4 Jet Fuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass
12.4.1 Production of Jet Fuels from Sugars and Platform Molecules
12.4.2 Production of Oil to Jet Fuels
12.4.3 Production of Gas to Jet Fuels
12.4.4 Production of Alcohol to Jet Fuels
12.5 Conversion of Lignin to Hydrocarbons
12.6 Conclusion
References
13 Sustainable Solution for Future Energy Challenges Through Microbes
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Importance of Energy and Energy Statistics
13.3 Brief History of Biofuels
13.4 Classification of Biofuels
13.4.1 First Generation (1G)
13.4.2 Second Generation (2G)
13.4.2.1 Enzymatic Pretreatment Process
13.4.2.2 2G Biodiesel
13.4.3 Third Generation (3G)
13.4.4 Fourth Generation (4G)
13.5 Conclusions
References
14 Fungal Microbial Fuel Cells, an Opportunity for Energy Sources: Current Perspective and Future Challenges
14.1 Introduction
14.2 General Introduction of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs)
14.2.1 FCs
14.2.2 Electrode of MFCs
14.2.3 Proton Exchange Membrane
14.2.4 Microorganisms and Their Electron Transfer Mechanism
14.3 Factor Affecting the MFCs’ Performance
14.3.1 Configuration of Reactor
14.3.1.1 Single‐Chamber MFCs
14.3.1.2 Dual‐Chamber MFCs
14.3.2 Buffer
14.3.3 Substrate
14.3.4 Electrolyte Resistance
14.4 Fungal Microbial Fuel Cells
14.4.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae
14.4.2 Candida melibiosica
14.4.3 Hansenula anomala
14.5 Other Fungi Used as a Biocatalyst in Microbial Fuel Cells
14.6 Batteries Design with the Use of Fungal Electrode. 14.6.1 Batteries Design
14.6.2 Structure and Composition of Lithium‐Based Batteries
14.6.3 Lithium–Sulphur (Li‐S) Batteries
14.6.4 Lithium‐Ion Batteries
14.6.5 Lithium‐Air Batteries
14.6.6 Role of Fungi in Batteries Design
14.7 Application of MFCs
14.7.1 Bioelectricity Production
14.7.2 Biohydrogen Production
14.7.3 Biosensor
14.7.4 Wastewater Treatment
14.7.5 Bioremediation
14.7.6 Dye Decolorization
14.8 Challenges and Future Prospective
14.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
15 Current Perspective of Sustainable Utilization of Agro Waste and Biotransformation of Energy in Mushroom
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Sustainable utilization of Agro waste Through Mushroom Cultivation Technology
15.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass
15.3.1 Characteristics of Lignocellulosic Biomass
15.3.2 Cellulose
15.3.3 Hemicelluloses
15.3.4 Lignin
15.4 Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS)
15.4.1 Biotechnological Importance of Lignocellulosic Biomass
15.4.2 Applications of Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS)
15.4.2.1 Fertilizers
15.4.2.2 Wastewater Treatment
15.4.2.3 Enzyme Recovery
15.4.2.4 Energy
15.5 Biotransformation of the Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) Into Energy
15.5.1 Biohydrogen Production from SMS
15.5.2 Biogas Production from Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS)
15.5.3 Bioethanol from Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS)
15.5.4 Biobutanol from Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS)
15.5.5 Bio‐Coke
15.5.6 Electricity Generation Using Mushroom Technology
15.5.7 Solar Steam Generation Device
15.6 Challenges
15.7 Conclusion
References
Index
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