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Группа авторов. Magnetic Nanoparticles in Human Health and Medicine
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Magnetic Nanoparticles in Human Health and Medicine. Current Medical Applications and Alternative Therapy of Cancer
List of Contributors
1 An Introduction to Magnetic Nanoparticles: From Bulk to Nanoscale Magnetism and Their Applicative Potential in Human Health and Medicine
1.1 Magnetism of Nanoparticles: From Bulk to Nanoscale. 1.1.1 Introduction
1.1.2 The Atomic Magnetic Moment, Magnetization, and Magnetic Moment of the Nanoparticle
1.1.3 Magnetic Structures
1.1.4 Magnetic Saturation
1.1.5 Magnetic Anisotropy
1.1.6 Magnetic Behavior in External Magnetic Field
1.1.7 Magnetic Relaxation in Nanoparticles – Superparamagnetism
1.1.8 Dynamic Magnetic Behavior. 1.1.8.1 Relaxation Time, Measurement Time, and Blocking Temperature
1.1.8.2 The Heating of Magnetic Nanoparticles in an Alternating Magnetic Field
1.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles as a New Tool for Biomedical Applications. 1.2.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and Detection of Diseases
1.2.2 Magnetic NPs as a Smart Drug Delivery System
1.2.3 Magnetic NPs in Therapeutic Applications
1.2.4 Theranostic Applications of Multifunctional Magnetic NPs
1.3 Conclusion
References
2 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biomedical Applications
2.2.1 MNPs as Contrast Agents in MRI
2.2.2 Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI)
2.2.3 MPI Cell Tracking
2.2.4 MNPs in Magnetic Hyperthermia
2.3 Conclusions and Final Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
3 Clustering of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Nanomedicine
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Clustering Theory
3.2.1 Molecular Interaction
3.2.2 Van der Waals Forces
3.2.3 Magnetic Interaction
3.2.4 Electrostatic Interaction
3.3 Clustering Methods
3.3.1 Synthetic Approach
3.3.2 Inorganic Coatings
3.3.3 Polymer‐Assisted Clustering
3.3.4 Polysaccharides Coatings
3.3.5 Lipidic Coatings
3.3.6 Other Molecules
3.4 Theranostic Relevant Examples
3.5 Conclusion and General Remarks
References
4 Multifunctional Bioactive Magnetic Scaffolds with Tailored Features for Bone Tissue Engineering
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: An Overview
4.3 Surface Presentation
4.4 Bioactive Magnetic Scaffolds
4.5 Conclusions and Final Remarks
References
5 Magnetic Nanoparticles in the Development of Polymer Scaffolds for Medical Applications
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Production Methods for Scaffolds and Hydrogels Based on Polymer Nanocomposites Filled
5.2.1 Freeze‐drying
5.2.2 Freeze‐thawing
5.2.3 Electrospinning
5.2.4 3D Printing
5.3 Applications of Scaffolds Filled with MNPs
5.3.1 Oncological Therapies
5.3.1.1 Hyperthermia Therapy
5.3.1.2 Drug Delivery Therapy
5.3.2 Tissue Regeneration
5.4 Conclusion
References
6 Magnetic Polymer Colloids for Ultrasensitive Molecular Imaging
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Molecular Imaging
6.2.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
6.2.2 Basic Components of an MRI Machine
6.2.3 Development of Contrast Agents for MRI
6.3 Development of MRI as a Tool for Ultrasensitive Molecular Imaging
6.3.1 Development of Iron Oxide‐Based Contrast Agents for Ultrasensitive Imaging
6.3.2 Development of an Imaging Platform for MRI
6.3.3 Electrostatic Layer‐by‐Layer Self Assembly for Magnetic Thin Films
6.4 Conclusion and Final Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
7 Iron oxide Nanoparticles in Anticancer Drug Delivery and Imaging Diagnostics
7.1 Introduction
7.2 SPIONs – Anticancer Drug Delivery
7.3 SPIONs in Imaging Techniques for Biomedical Applications
7.4 Conclusion
References
8 Functional Addressable Magnetic Domains and Their Potential Applications in Theranostics
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Magnetite: The Addressable Compass
8.3 Magnetite Magnetic Moments
8.4 Magnetic Domains and Superparamagnetism in Magnetite Nanoparticles (MNPs)
8.5 SPIONs Synthesis
8.6 MNPs Functionalization
8.7 Theranostics: Concepts and Possibilities
8.7.1 Hyperthermia
8.7.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
8.7.3 Drug Delivery
8.7.4 Preliminary Theranostics for Medicine
8.8 Conclusion
References
9 Nuclear/MR Magnetic Nanoparticle‐based Probes for Multimodal Biomedical Imaging
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Overview of Imaging Techniques
9.3 SPECT/PET/MRI Tracers
9.3.1 Surface Labeling Strategies
9.3.2 Direct Labeling (Chelator‐free)
9.3.3 Chelated‐based Labeling
9.3.4 Preclinical Imaging Applications
9.4 Conclusion and Final Remarks
References
10 Magnetic Nanoparticles Hyperthermia: The Past, The Present, and The Future
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Historical Background
10.1.2 Types of Hyperthermia
10.1.3 MNPs for Local Hyperthermia
10.1.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles
10.1.4.1 Magnetic Properties of MNPs for Hyperthermia
10.1.5 Heating Mechanism
10.1.5.1 Hysteresis Loss
10.1.5.2 Néel Relaxation
10.1.6 Brownian Relaxation
10.2 Synthesis Methods
10.2.1 Physical Methods
10.2.2 Biological Methods
10.2.3 Chemical Methods
10.2.4 Functionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles
10.3 In Vitro/In Vivo and Preclinical MNH Research
10.4 State‐of‐the‐Art of MNH
10.5 Conclusion
References
11 Drug Delivery and Magnetic Hyperthermia Based on Surface Engineering of Magnetic Nanoparticles
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Magnetic Properties of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
11.3 Surface Engineering of MNP
11.3.1 Surface Modification of MNP
11.3.2 Surface Coating with Multifunctional Organic Molecules
11.3.3 Surface Coating with Multifunctional Polymers
11.3.4 Surface Coating with Multifunctional Inorganic Materials
11.4 Surface Engineering of MNP in Magnetic Properties and Colloidal Stability
11.5 Surface Engineering of MNP in Drug Delivery and Magnetic Hyperthermia
11.6 MNP Surface Engineering for Drug Delivery: Hydrophobic Medicines
11.7 Conclusion and Outlook
References
12 Improving Magneto‐thermal Energy Conversion Efficiency of Magnetic Fluids Through External DC Magnetic Field Induced Orientational Ordering
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Linear Response Model for RFAMF‐Induced Heating of Magnetic Nanofluids
12.3 Effect of Medium Viscosity on RFAMF Induced Heating Efficiency
12.4 External DC Magnetic Field‐Induced Orientational Ordering
12.5 Experimental Determination of RFAMF‐Induced Heating Efficiency
12.6 Enhancement of Heating Efficiency upon Orientational Ordering. 12.6.1 In situ Orientational Ordering in Water‐based Magnetic Nanofluids
12.6.2 SAR Enhancement in Oriented Magnetic Nanoemulsions in Agar Medium
12.7 Conclusion and Final Remarks
References
13 Classical Magnetoliposomes vs. Current Magnetocyclodextrins with Ferrimagnetic Nanoparticles for High Efficiency and Low Toxicity in Noninvasive Alternative Therapy of Cancer by Magnetic/Superparamagnetic Hyperthermia
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Basic Physical Aspects That Lead to the Heating of MNPs
13.2.1 Heat of Nanoparticles by Eddy Currents
13.2.2 Heat of MNPs by Hysteresis Effect
13.2.3 Heat of MNPs by Relaxation Processes
13.3 MNPs – Liposomes/ CDs as High Potential in Cancer Therapy by Magnetic/Superparamagnetic Hyperthermia
13.3.1 Classical Magnetoliposomes (MLPs) in Cancer Therapy by Magnetic/Superparamagnetic Hyperthermia
13.3.1.1 Liposomes
13.3.1.2 MNPs Bioencapsulated in Liposomes (Magnetoliposomes) for Cancer Therapy by Magnetic/Superparamagnetic Hyperthermia (MHT/SPMHT)
13.3.1.3 Results (in vitro, in vivo)
13.3.2 MNPs Bioconjugated with CDs as High Potential in Noninvasive Alternative Cancer Therapy
13.3.2.1 α, β, γ ‐ CDs: Structure and Biological Properties. Current Pharmaceutical Purposes
13.3.2.2 Core‐Shell MNPs – CDs (Magneto–CDs) in Cancer Therapy: Synthesis and Bioconjugation
13.3.2.3 MHT/SPMHT in vitro and in vivo Using MCDs for Possible Noninvasive Alternative Therapy of Cancer
13.4 Specific Absorption Rate in SPMHT Using MLPs and MCDs
13.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
14 Efficiency of Energy Dissipation in Nanomagnets: A Theoretical Study of AC Susceptibility
14.1 Introduction
14.2 General Formalism: The SAR in Terms of the Dynamic Susceptibility
14.3 Linear and Nonlinear Susceptibility: Study of Two System Examples
14.3.1 2D Monodisperse Assembly with Oriented Anisotropy
14.3.1.1 Linear Susceptibility
14.3.1.2 Cubic Susceptibility
14.3.1.3 Results and Discussion
14.3.2 3D Polydisperse Assembly with Random Anisotropy
14.3.2.1 Linear, Cubic, and Fifth‐Order AC Susceptibility
14.3.2.2 Application to Specific Samples
Effect of Temperature
Effect of Magnetic Field Intensity
14.3.2.3 Effect of Magnetic Field Frequency
14.4 Conclusion
References
Note
15 Magnetic Nanoparticle Relaxation in Biomedical Application: Focus on Simulating Nanoparticle Heating
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Theory of Magnetic Particle Heating. 15.2.1 Physics of Magnetic Particle Relaxation
15.2.2 Stoner–Wohlfarth Model‐Based Theory of Magnetic Particle Heating
15.2.3 Linear Response Theory of Magnetic Particle Heating
15.3 Predicting the Magnetic Particle Heating
15.3.1 Implementation of Magnetic Particle Heating in Monte Carlo (MC‐) Simulations
15.3.2 Comparison of Magnetic Particle Heating Results from MC‐Simulation, LRT, and SWMBT
15.3.2.1 Size‐Dependent Magnetic Particle Heating Predictions
15.3.2.2 Field‐Dependent Particle Heating Predictions
15.3.2.3 Anisotropy‐Dependent Heating Predictions
15.3.2.4 Summary of Magnetic Particle Heating Results from MC‐Simulation, LRT, and SWMBT
15.3.3 Discussion of Validation and Applicability of Magnetic Particle Heating MC‐Simulation
15.4 Conclusion
Appendix
15.A.1 Applying the Stratonovic–Heun Scheme
15.A.2 Step‐by‐Step Implementation of MC‐Simulations
Acknowledgments
References
Notes
16 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Alternative Tumors Therapy: Biocompatibility, Toxicity, and Safety Compared with Classical Methods
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Biocompatibility, Toxicity, and Safety of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Alternative Cancer Therapy
16.2.1 Biologically Generated Biocompatible Magnetic Nanoparticles
16.2.2 Biocompatible Magnetic Nanoparticles Obtained in the Laboratory
16.3 Conclusion
References
Note
17 The Size, Shape, and Composition Design of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles to Combine, MRI, Magnetic Hyperthermia, and Photothermia
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Structure, Magnetic Properties and Synthesis Methods of Iron Oxide NPs. 17.2.1 Spinel Iron Oxide
17.2.2 Effect of the Size and Doping on the Magnetic Properties of Iron Oxide NPs. 17.2.2.1 Superparamagnetism
17.2.2.2 Influence of the Size and Shape on Magnetic Properties
17.2.2.3 Effect of Doping on Magnetic Properties of Iron Oxide NPs
17.2.3 Main Chemical Synthesis Methods of Iron Oxide NPs
17.3 Iron Oxide as Contrast Agent for MRI. 17.3.1 MRI Contrast Agents
17.3.2 Cellular Magnetic Labeling
17.3.2.1 Specific Magnetic Labeling of Cells
17.3.2.2 Nonspecific Magnetic Labeling of Cells
17.3.2.3 Applications of Cellular Magnetic Labeling
MRI Monitoring of Cells Transplanted or Transfused in vivo After in vitro Magnetic Labeling
17.3.3 MRI Monitoring of Cells after Magnetic Labeling in vivo
17.3.3.1 Inflammation
17.3.3.2 Tumors
17.4 Magnetic Hyperthermia with Iron Oxide NPs. 17.4.1 Principle and Main Parameters
17.4.2 Optimization of Magnetic NPs for Magnetic Hyperthermia
17.4.2.1 Size Effect
17.4.2.2 Effect of Concentration/Dipolar Interactions
17.4.2.3 Composition of NPs: Doping of Iron Oxide or Core‐Shell NPs
17.4.2.4 Shape Effects
17.4.3 In vitro/In vivo Experiments
17.5 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Used for Photothermal Treatment. 17.5.1 Photothermia with Iron Oxide NPs
17.5.2 Photothermia Results of Iron Oxide NPs Enhanced Thanks to a NIR‐Absorbing Polymer Coating
17.5.3 Influence of the Crystallinity and Composition of Iron Oxide NPs
17.5.4 Influence of the NPs Shape
17.5.5 Dual Treatment MH/PT Treatments
17.5.6 Magneto‐Plasmonic Nano‐Objects
17.6 Conclusion and Final Remarks
References
18 Magnetic/Superparamagnetic Hyperthermia in Clinical Trials for Noninvasive Alternative Cancer Therapy
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Magnetic/Superparamagnetic Hyperthermia in Clinical Trials
18.3 Increase Efficacy of MHT/SPMHT in Cancer Treatment by Using Dual‐Therapy
18.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Index
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