Оглавление
Группа авторов. Wetlands Conservation
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Wetlands Conservation. Current Challenges and Future Strategies
Preface
List of Contributors
1 Global Wetlands : Categorization, Distribution and Global Scenario
1.1 Wetlands Definition, Categorization and Classification Criteria
1.1.1 Wetlands‐ Categorization and Classification
1.1.2 Human‐ Made Wetlands
1.2 Importance of Wetland Ecosystem
1.3 Spatial Distribution and Potential of Global Wetlands
1.4 Status and Impacts on the Wetlands Ecosystem
1.4.1 Conservation Measures and Future Strategies
1.4.2 Conclusion and Recommendation
Acknowledgements
References
2 Ramsar Convention : History, Structure, Operations, and Relevance
2.1 Background
2.2 The Ramsar Convention
2.3 The Convention Text
2.4 Wetland Definition and Classification
2.5 Mission of the Convention
2.6 Structural Framework of the Convention
2.7 Operational Framework of the Convention
2.7.1 Convention Membership
2.7.2 Ramsar Regions
2.7.3 National Ramsar Committees
2.7.4 The Montreux Record
2.7.5 Ramsar Strategic Plan
2.7.6 Three Pillars of Ramsar Convention
2.7.7 The Convention Budget
2.8 External Partnerships and Synergies
2.9 Education and Outreach. 2.9.1 Communication, Education, Participation, and Awareness (CEPA)
2.9.2 World Wetlands Day
2.10 Legal Status
2.11 Effectiveness of the Convention
References
3 Ecological Importance of Wetland Systems
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Importance of Wetlands in Flood Control
3.3 Role of Wetlands in Groundwater Replenishment
3.4 Role of Wetlands in Stabilization and Storm Protection of Shorelines
3.5 Role of Wetlands in Sediment and Nutrient Retention
3.6 Role of Wetlands in Water Purification
3.7 Biodiversity of Wetlands
3.8 Wetland Products
3.9 Sociocultural Values of Wetlands
3.10 Wetlands in Relation to Recreation and Tourism
3.11 Wetland and Climate Change
3.12 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
4 Ecological and Societal Importance of Wetlands : A Case Study of North Bihar (India)
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Geographical and District‐Wise Distribution of Wetlands in North Bihar
4.2.1 Kabartal
4.2.2 Baraila Jheel
4.2.3 Kusheshwar Asthan
4.2.4 Jagatpur Wetland
4.2.5 Moti Jheel
4.2.6 Gogabeel Pakshi Vihar
4.3 Wetlands: Promoters of Sustainable Livelihood and Services
4.4 North Bihar Wetland Biodiversity: Status and Role
4.5 Urbanization, Pollution, and Climate Change Impacts
Box 4.1 Ramsar Site (Kabartal): The Lost Glory
4.6 Legal Framework, Policies, and Challenges
4.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
5 Recognizing Economic Values of Wetland Ecosystem Services : A Study of Emerging Role of Monetary Evaluation of Chandubi Ecosystem and Biodiversity
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Methodology of Ecosystem Valuation
5.2.1 Market Prices – Revealed Willingness to Pay
5.2.1.1 Market Price Method
5.2.1.2 Productivity Method
5.2.1.3 Hedonic Pricing Method
5.2.1.4 Travel Cost Method
5.2.2 Circumstantial Evidence – Imputed Willingness to Pay
5.2.2.1 Damage Cost Avoided, Replacement Cost, and Substitute Cost Methods
5.2.3 Surveys – Expressed Willingness to Pay
5.2.3.1 Contingent Valuation Method
5.2.3.2 Contingent Choice Method
5.3 Ecosystem Services of Wetland
5.4 Chandubi Wetland: Introduction, Impact, and Introspection
5.5 Scaling up Wetland Conservation, Wise Use, and Restoration for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
5.6 Wetlands’ Role in Achieving SDGs
5.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
6 Ecosystem Services of Lagoon Wetlands System in India
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Chilika Lagoon
6.3 Ecosystem Services Provided by Chilika Lagoon
6.3.1 Provisioning Services. 6.3.1.1 Commercial Fisheries
6.3.1.2 Other Flora and Fauna of Chilika Lagoon
6.3.1.3 Navigation
6.3.2 Regulating Services
6.3.3 Cultural Services
6.3.4 Supporting Services
6.4 Threats and Management of Chilika Lagoon
6.5 Pulicat Lagoon
6.6 Ecosystem Services Provided by Pulicat Lagoon
6.6.1 Provisioning Services
6.6.1.1 Fisheries in Pulicat
6.6.2 Aquatic Flora and Fauna of Pulicat
6.6.3 Regulatory Services Provided by Pulicat Lagoon
6.6.4 Historical and Cultural Importance of Pulicat Lagoon
6.6.5 Supporting Services Provided by Pulicat Lagoon
6.6.6 Threats and Management of Pulicat Lagoon
6.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
7 Sustainable Practices for Conservation of Wetland Ecosystem
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Role of Wetlands in the Ecosystem
7.3 Challenges to Conserve Wetlands
7.4 Wetland Management and Sustainable Development
7.5 Future Strategies for Wetland Conservation
7.6 Development of the Legal Framework
7.7 Technology Intervention with Baseline Data for Wetland Conservation
7.8 Development of National Action Plans
7.9 Promotion of Research for Conservation Setup
7.10 Conclusion
References
8 Assessing the Benefits, Threats and Conservation of Reservoir‐Based Wetlands in the Eastern Himalayan River Basin
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 RBWs’ Significance and Ignorance
8.1.2 RBWs in India
8.1.3 The RBWs in the Eastern Himalayas
8.2 The RBWs in the Tista Basin
8.3 Benefits of Reservoirs as Wetland. 8.3.1 Ecosystem Services Provided by the RBWs
8.4 Assessment of Ecosystem Services in the Tista Basin Provided by the RBWs
8.5 Adverse Impact of RBWs. 8.5.1 Construction and Function of RBWs Across the World
8.5.2 Adverse Impact of RBWs in the Eastern Himalayas
8.6 Assessment of Impact on the Tista Basin
8.7 Potential Challenges and Threats to RBW
8.7.1 Anthropogenic Activities
8.7.2 Variations in Water Level
8.8 Climate Change
8.9 Management and Conservation of RBWs
8.10 Conclusion
References
9 Spatiotemporal Evaluation of Causes and Consequences of Wetland Degradation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Classification of Wetlands
9.3 Causes of and Consequence of Wetland Degradation
9.3.1 Natural Causes
9.3.1.1 Storms Surge
9.3.1.2 Disintegration of Barrier Islands
9.3.1.3 Flooding and Salinization
9.3.1.4 Herbivory
9.3.1.5 Climate Change
9.3.1.6 Major Shifts in a River’s Course
9.3.2 Anthropogenic Causes of Wetland Loss
9.3.2.1 Infrastructure Development
9.3.2.2 Land Conversion
9.3.2.3 Water Withdrawal
9.3.2.4 Eutrophication and Pollution
9.3.2.5 Overharvesting and Overexploitation
9.3.2.6 Introduction of Invasive Species
9.3.2.7 Others
Mining
9.4 Consequences of Wetland Loss
9.4.1 Loss of Biodiversity
9.4.2 Decrease in Water Level
9.4.3 Loss of Habitat
9.4.4 Climate Change
9.4.5 Emission of Greenhouse Gases
9.4.6 Erosion of River Delta
References
10 The Status of Current Knowledge, Distribution, and Conservation Challenges of Wetland Ecosystems in Kashmir Himalaya, India
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Wetlands Over North‐Western Kashmir Himalaya. 10.2.1 Current Status
10.2.2 Wetland Classification
10.2.2.1 High Altitude Wetlands (HAWs)
10.2.2.2 Mid‐Altitude Wetlands (MAWs)
10.2.3 Wetland Distribution and Extent in Kashmir Himalaya
10.3 Wetland Functions and Values
10.3.1 Regulatory functions. 10.3.1.1 Regulation of Global Climate
10.3.1.2 Groundwater Recharge and Discharge
10.3.1.3 Water Purification
10.3.1.4 Natural Hazard and Flood Control
10.3.1.5 Sediment Retention
10.3.2 Provisioning Functions. 10.3.2.1 Food Resources
10.3.2.2 Raw Materials
10.3.2.3 Medicinal Resources
10.3.3 Cultural Functions. 10.3.3.1 Tourism, Aesthetics, and Recreation
10.3.3.2 Scientific and Educational Information
10.3.4 Supporting Functions. 10.3.4.1 Biodiversity Habitats
10.3.4.2 Nutrient Cycling
10.3.5 Economic Values
10.4 Drivers of Wetland Degradation
10.4.1 Land System Changes
10.4.2 Pollution
10.4.3 Floating Agriculture
10.4.4 Siltation
10.4.5 Roads and Railways
10.4.6 Plantations
10.4.7 Overexploitation
10.4.8 Weed Infestation
10.4.9 Hunting and Poaching
10.4.10 Land Reclamation
10.5 Wetland Conservation in Kashmir Himalaya
10.5.1 Legal Framework
10.5.2 Conservation Challenges
10.5.3 Conservation Strategies
10.5.4 Knowledge Gaps
10.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
11 Heavy Metal Pollution in Coastal Environment and Its Remediation Using Mangroves : An Eco‐sustainable Approach
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Pollution in Mangrove Habitats: A Global Concern
11.3 Heavy Metal Cycling in the Mangrove Ecosystem
11.4 Heavy Metal Transport, Uptake, and Release
11.5 Bioavailability and Concentration of Heavy Metals in the Sediments
11.6 Factors Affecting Heavy Metals in the Sediment
11.7 Heavy Metal Accumulation in Mangrove Plants
11.8 Heavy Metal Remediation Potential of Mangroves
11.9 Distribution of Heavy Metals in Different Plant Tissues of Mangrove Species
11.10 Application of Phytoremediation to Coastal Pollution Remediation
11.10.1 Phytoremediation Using Constructed Wetlands (CWs) Technology
11.10.2 Phytoremediation Using Constructed Floating Bed
11.11 Eco‐remediation Technologies as Sustainable Natural Treatment Systems for Waste Water Treatment
11.12 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
12 Mangrove Forests: Distribution, Species Diversity, Roles, Threats and Conservation Strategies
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Mangrove Species Diversity
12.3 Geographical Distribution of Mangroves Across the Globe and India
12.4 Important Roles of Mangroves
12.4.1 Mangrove Forests are the Richest and Most Biodiverse Ecosystems on Earth
12.4.2 Aquaculture: Shrimp and Fish Cultivation
12.4.3 Protection from Natural Disasters: Mangroves Act as Natural Bioshields Against Natural Disasters
12.4.4 Medicinal Value of Mangroves
12.5 Threats to Mangroves
12.5.1 Human Settlements and Other Developmental Activities
12.5.2 Excessive Extraction of Wood
12.5.3 Conversion of Mangrove Forests for Farming and Related Activities
12.5.4 Conversion of Mangrove Forests for Aquaculture
12.5.5 Global Warming, Climate Change, and Sea Level Rise
12.5.6 Limits to Landward Movement
12.5.7 El Niño and La Niña Events
12.6 Strategies for the Conservation of Mangroves. 12.6.1 Increased and Focused Research on Understanding Mangroves
12.6.2 Implementation of Mangrove Conservation‐Related Laws, Guidelines, and Other Initiatives
12.6.3 Strengthening Conservation Mechanisms
12.6.4 Targeting Land Ownership‐Related Issues
12.6.5 Involvement of Local Communities
12.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
13 Wetland Conservation and Restoration
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Wetlands: Role and Importance
13.3 Wetland Loss Leading to Ecological Imbalance
13.4 Wetland Management Strategies: Current Status
13.5 Wetland Restoration and Sustainability
13.5.1 4th Ramsar Strategic Plan 2016–2024 (Source: Ramsar Secretariat 2016)
13.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
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