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Группа авторов. Physiology of Salt Stress in Plants
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Physiology of Salt Stress in Plants. Perception, Signalling, Omics and Tolerance Mechanism
List of Contributors
Preface
1 An Introduction to Salt Stress Perception and Toxicity Level: Worldwide Report at a Glance
1.1 Soil Salinity: An Introduction
1.2 Salt Stress Perception and Current Scenario
1.3 Types of Salt Stress
1.4 Origin of Problems
1.5 Salt Toxicity Level: A Worldwide Report
1.6 Effect of Salt Stress on Flora and Fauna of the Ecosystem
1.7 Role in Sustainable Agriculture
1.8 Unintended Effects of Salt‐Containing Substance Application in Agricultural Land
1.9 Role of Salt Toxicity in the Operation of Green Revolution
1.10 Reaching the Current Status and Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
2 Effects of Salt Stress on Physiology of Crop Plants: At Cellular Level
2.1 Soil Salinity and Plants
2.2 Crop Loss Due to Salt Toxicity – An Estimation Worldwide
2.3 Effect of Salt Stress on Target and Nontarget Plants and Microorganisms
2.4 Effect of Salt Stress on Physiology of Crop Plants
2.4.1 Effect of Salt Stress on Chlorophyll Biosynthesis, Chloroplast Functioning, and Photophosphorylation
2.4.1.1 Chlorophyll Biosynthesis in Salt Stress
2.4.1.2 Salt Stress Affects Chloroplast Function
2.4.1.3 Photophosphorylation in Salt Stress
2.4.2 Glycolysis, Kreb'sCycle Enzymes, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and Other Mitochondrial Functioning
2.4.2.1 Glycolytic Pathway in Salt Stress
2.4.2.2 TCA Cycle in Salt Stress
2.4.2.3 Salt Stress and Oxidative Phosphorylation
2.4.3 Peroxisome Functioning
2.5 Halophytes and Their Physiology
2.5.1 Ion Homeostasis in a Halophyte
2.5.2 Osmotic Adjustment
2.5.3 Physiological and Metabolic Adaptation of Halophytes
2.6 Halophytes in Agriculture and Land Management
2.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
3 Effects of Salt Stress on Biochemistry of Crop Plants
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Effects of Salt Stress on Lipid Metabolism
3.3 Effects of Salt Stress on the Amino Acids Synthesis and Nitrogen Metabolism
3.4 Effects of Salt Stress on Protein Biosynthesis
3.5 Effect of Salt Stress on the Oxidation of Membrane Proteins
3.6 Effect of ROS on the Nucleic Acid Formation
3.7 DNA–Protein Cross‐links
3.7.1 Type 1 DPC
3.7.2 Type 2 DPC
3.7.3 Type 3 & 4 DPC
3.8 Effect of Salt Stress on Dephosphorylation of RNA and DNA
3.9 Future Advances and Conclusion
References
4 Salt Ion Transporters in Crop Plants at Cellular Level
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Absorption of Na+ from Soil and Its Compartmentalization in Plant Cell
4.3 Salt Ions Regulation in Plant Cells and Tissues
4.4 Role of Ion Channels and Salt Ion Transporter in Crop Plants at Cellular Level
4.5 Transport of Na+ Through SOS Signal Transduction Pathway: At Cellular Level
4.6 Role of Salt Tolerance Responsive Genes in Transport of Na+ and Cl− Ions
4.7 Role of Ions in Salt Stress Tolerance
4.8 Reaching the Current Status and Conclusion
References
5 Salt Ion and Nutrient Interactions in Crop Plants: Prospective Signaling
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Effects of Salt Stress on Nutrient Absorption
5.3 Effects of Salt Stress on Nutrient Cycling in Crop Plants
5.4 Salt Ion and Nutrient Interactions in Crop Plants
5.5 Effect of Salt Stress on Nutrient Transporters
5.5.1 K Transporters
5.5.2 N Transporters
5.5.3 P Transporters
5.5.4 S Transporters
5.6 Role of Nutrient Interactions: Prospective Signaling
5.7 Future Prospective and Conclusion
References
6 Effects of Salt Stress on the Morphology, Anatomy, and Gene Expression of Crop Plants
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Salt Stress and Effects on Morphology of Plants
6.3 Photosynthetic Pigments and Osmolytes Accumulation
6.4 Effect of Saline Stress on Floral Organs
6.5 Anatomical Features and Salt Stress
6.5.1 Relationship of Structure–Function Operation in Roots
6.5.2 Transport Through Xylem
6.5.3 Transport into the Phloem
6.6 Yield and Related Traits
6.7 Salt Stress and its Effect on Gene Expression
6.8 Conclusion
References
7 Effect of Salt Stress on Soil Chemistry and Plant‐Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC)
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Soil Salinization – Types and Causes
7.2 Effect of Salt Stress on Soil Component
7.2.1 Effect of Salt Stress on Abiotic Component of Soil and Soil Health
7.2.2 Effect of Salt Stress on Biotic Component of Soil and Soil Health
7.3 Soil Chemistry Affecting Factors in Agricultural Land
7.4 Soil Salinity Effect on Crop Plants
7.4.1 Germination
7.4.2 Growth
7.4.3 Photosynthesis and Photosynthetic Pigments
7.4.4 Mineral Uptake and Assimilation
7.4.5 Oxidative Stress
7.4.6 Yield
7.5 An Introduction to Soil, Plant‐Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC)
7.6 Salt Absorption by Root Tissues and Their Effect on Plant‐Atmosphere Continuum
7.7 Translocation of Salt Ions in the Vascular System of Crop Plants
7.7.1 Mechanism of Sodium Influx Into Cytosol
7.7.2 Mechanism of Na+ Compartmentalization in Vacuoles
7.7.3 The SOS Pathway
7.7.4 Effect of Salt Stress on Xylem Transport
7.7.5 Effect of Salt Stress on Phloem Loading
7.8 Current Status and Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
8 Effects of Salt Stress on Nutrient Cycle and Uptakeof Crop Plants
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Limitation of Nutrient Cycle and Uptake of Nutrients
8.2.1 Phosphorus Limitation
8.2.2 Nitrogen Limitation
8.3 Nutrient Cycle or Biogeochemical Cycle
8.3.1 Water Cycle or Hydrological Cycle
8.3.2 Carbon Cycle
8.3.3 Nitrogen Cycle
8.3.4 Oxygen Cycle
8.3.5 Phosphorus Cycle
8.3.6 Sulfur Cycle
8.3.7 Calcium Cycle
8.4 Effect of Salt Stress on Carbon Cycle
8.5 Effect of Salt Stress on Oxygen and Water Cycle
8.5.1 Effect of Salt Stress on Oxygen Cycle
8.5.2 Effect of Salt Stress on Water Cycle
8.6 Effect of Salt Stress on Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria and Biogeochemical Cycle of Nitrogen
8.7 Effect of Salt Stress on Phosphorous Bacteria and Biogeochemical Cycle of Phosphorus
8.8 Effect of Salt Stress on Sulfur Bacteria and Biogeochemical Cycle of Sulfur
8.9 Future Prospective and Conclusion
References
9 Salt‐Induced Effects on Crop Plants and Counteract Mitigating Strategy by Antioxidants System
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Formation of Salt‐Induced Indirect Products (Oxidative Biomarkers) in Crops
9.3 Effect of Salt Stress on Crop Plants
9.4 Consequences Effect of Oxidative Biomarkers in Crop Plants
9.4.1 Lipid Peroxidation
9.4.2 Effect on Proteins
9.4.3 Effects on Carbohydrates
9.4.4 Effect on Polynucleic Acids
9.5 Generation of Self‐defense Mitigating Strategy in Crop Plants
9.5.1 Counteract Mitigating Strategy by Enzymatic Antioxidants System
9.5.1.1 Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)
9.5.1.2 Catalase (CAT)
9.5.1.3 Ascorbate–Glutathione (AsA–GSH) Cycle Enzymes
9.5.1.4 Ascorbate Peroxidases (APX)
9.5.1.5 Monodehydroascorbate Reductase (MDHAR) and Dehydroascorbate Reductase (DHAR)
9.5.1.6 Glutathione Reductase (GR)
9.5.1.7 Guaiacol Peroxidase (GPX)
9.5.2 Counteract Mitigating Strategy by Nonenzymatic Antioxidants System
9.6 Conclusion and Future Prospective
References
10 Effects of Salt Stress on Osmolyte Metabolism of Crop Plants and Mitigating Strategy by Osmolyte
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Groups and Biosynthetic Pathways of Osmolytes in Crop Plant
10.2.1 Polyamines and Their Biosynthetic Pathways in the Cell Organelles of Crop Plant
10.2.2 Betaine and Their Biosynthetic Pathways in the Cell Organelles of Crop Plant
10.2.3 The Biosynthetic Pathway of Carbohydrate Sugar, Sugar Alcohol, and Amino Acids in the Cell Organelles of Crop Plant
10.3 Effect of Salt Stress on Osmolyte Production and Work Action
10.4 The Osmotic and Ionic Adjustment Under Salt Stress Tolerance Mechanism
10.5 Conclusion
References
11 Salt Stress Toxicity Amelioration by Phytohormones, Synthetic Product, and Nutrient Amendment Practices
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Structure and Mechanism of Action of Phytohormones Under Salt Stress
11.3 Structural, Physiological, and Biochemical Nature of Phytohormones Under Salt Stress
11.3.1 Abscisic Acid (ABA)
11.3.2 Cytokinins (CKs)
11.3.3 Gibberellins (GAs)
11.3.4 Auxins (AUXs)
11.3.5 Brassinosteroids (BRs)
11.3.6 Salicylic Acid (SA)
11.3.7 Jasmonic Acid (JA)
11.4 Salt Stress Toxicity Amelioration by Exogenous/Endogenous Phytohormones
11.4.1 Auxin
11.4.2 Gibberellins
11.4.3 Cytokinin
11.4.4 Brassinosteroids
11.4.5 Salicylic Acid
11.5 Salt Toxicity Amelioration by Exogenous Synthetic Products
11.6 Salt Toxicity Amelioration by Exogenous Nutrient Amendment Practices
11.7 Future Prospective and Conclusion
References
12. Crop Plants Develop Extracellular Signaling Products Against Salt Stress
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Site of Synthesis of Extracellular Signaling Products
12.3 Release of Extracellular Products by Cells of Cyanobacteria, Algae, and Crop Plants Under Salt Stress: Antioxidants, Enzymes, and Proteins
12.3.1 Antioxidants
12.3.2 Enzymes
12.3.3 Proteins
12.4 Release of Extracellular Products by Cells of Cyanobacteria Algae and Crop Plants Under Salt Stress: Amino Acids, Osmolytes, Nitrogen Nitric Oxide Ammonia
12.4.1 Amino Acids
12.4.2 Osmolytes
12.4.3 Nitrogen and Its Derivatives
12.5 Release of Extracellular Products by Cells of Cyanobacteria and Crop Plants Under Salt Stress: Phenols, Terpenoid, Phytols, Sterols, Fatty Acids. 12.5.1 Phenols
12.5.2 Terpenoid
12.5.3 Phytols
12.5.4 Sterols
12.5.5 Fatty Acids
12.6 Release of Extracellular Products by Cells of Cyanobacteria and Crop Plants Under Salt Stress: Photoprotective Compounds, Polysaccharides, Halogenated Compounds, and Phytohormone. 12.6.1 Photoprotective Compounds
12.6.2 Polysaccharides and Halogenated Compounds
12.6.3 Phytohormone
12.7 Uncovering Potential and Applications of Extracellular Signaling Products in Biology, Agriculture, and Medicine Current Status and Future Prospects
12.8 Current Status and Future Prospective
References
Index
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