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Группа авторов. Diagnostics and Therapy in Veterinary Dermatology
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Diagnostics and Therapy in Veterinary Dermatology
Acknowledgments
Foreword
List of Contributors
1. The Skin as an Immune Organ
KEY POINTS
Immune System of the Skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutis
Defense from Harmful Substances
Dysfunction of the Immune System
Type I (Immediate) Hypersensitivity Reaction
Type II (Cytotoxic) Hypersensitivity Reaction
Type III (Antigen–Antibody Complex) Hypersensitivity Reaction
Type IV (Delayed or Cell‐Mediated) Hypersensitivity Reaction
Recommended Reading
2 How to Get the Most Out of Your Dermatologic History and Examination
KEY POINTS
Dermatologic History
Signalment
Chief Complaint
Initial Problems
Clinical Signs
Environment/Lifestyle
Other Household Members
Diets
Medications
Other Problems
Dermatologic Examination
General Method for a Dermatologic Examination
Primary and Secondary Lesions
Lesion Distribution
Recording Results
3 New Diagnostic Tools and Tests for Dermatology
KEY POINTS
The Importance of Diagnostic Investigations in Dermatology
Molecular Diagnostic Tests: How Do They Work and What Is Available?
Serology
Primary Binding Tests
Radioimmunoassays
Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Immunohistochemistry
Immunofluorescence
Flow Cytometry
Secondary Binding Tests
Tertiary Binding Tests
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Pulsed‐Field Gel Electrophoresis
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Whole‐Genome Sequencing
Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization‐Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry
Conclusion
References
4 When, Where, and How to Biopsy Skin
KEY POINTS
When
Where
How
Where to Send
Recommended Reading
5 Antimicrobial‐Resistant Staphylococcal Infection
KEY POINTS
Staphylococcus spp. Associated with Skin Infections
Staphylococcal Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms
Risk Factors for Acquisition of Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococci
Culture and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Treatment of Antimicrobial‐Resistant Staphylococcal Infections. Topical Treatment
Systemic Treatment
Restriction‐of‐Use Policy
Future Directions for Treatment of Antimicrobial‐Resistant Staphylococcal Infections
Conclusion
Recommended Reading
References
6 Fungal and Oomycete Infections
KEY POINTS
Dermatophytosis
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Therapy
Malassezia
Signalment and Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Therapy
Oomycetes
Diagnosis
Treatment
Subcutaneous Mycoses
References
7 Parasitic Infections
KEY POINTS
Canine Scabies
Feline Scabies
Canine Demodicosis
Feline Demodicosis
Lice
Ticks
Fleas
Recommended Reading
8 Emerging Infectious Diseases in Veterinary Dermatology
KEY POINTS
Canine and Feline Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Background
Disease Transmission
Clinical Manifestations and Epidemiology
Cutaneous Manifestations
Diagnostics
Treatment and Prognosis
Control and Prevention
Sporotrichosis. Background
Disease Transmission
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostics
Therapy and Prognosis
Public Health
Bartonellosis. Background
Disease Transmission
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostics
Treatment
Public Health
Recommended Reading
References
9 Canine Hypersensitivities
KEY POINTS
History
Physical Exam
Atopic Dermatitis
Diagnosis
Short‐Term Control
Medium‐Term Control
Long‐Term Control
Allergy Testing
Food “Allergy”
Contact Allergy
Insect Bite Allergies
Recommended Reading
References
10 Feline Hypersensitivities
KEY POINTS
What Does a Hypersensitive Cat Look Like?
Symmetric, Initially Nonlesional Pruritus with Subsequent Trauma and Hypotrichosis or Alopecia
Papular Crusting Dermatitis (Miliary Dermatitis)
Otitis
Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex
Diagnostic Workup
Diagnosis
Cat Still Has Problems: How to Further Narrow Down the Diagnosis
Environmental Triggers
Controlling Clinical Signs during the Diagnostic Workup
Disorders That May Be Confused with Feline Hypersensitivity Diseases
Recommended Reading
References
11 Common and Emerging Autoimmune Diseases
KEY POINTS
Pemphigus Foliaceus
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Testing
Clinical Management
Inducing Remission
Tapering Medications
Maintenance Therapy
Sebaceous Adenitis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Testing
Clinical Management
Sterile Nodular Panniculitis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Testing
Clinical Management
Symmetric Lupoid Onychodystrophy, Symmetric Onychomadesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Testing
Clinical Management
Proliferative Thrombovascular Necrosis of the Pinnae
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Clinical Management
Cutaneous Vasculitis
Clinical Signs
Diagnostic Testing
Clinical Management
Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus
Clinical Signs of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus
Diagnostic Testing
Focal Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
Clinical Management
Mucocutaneous Lupus Erythematosus
Clinical Management
Other Variants
Erythema Multiforme
Ischemic Dermatopathies
Clinical Management
Recommended Reading
References
12 Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases with Dermatologic Manifestations
KEY POINTS
Hypothyroidism
Feline Hyperthyroidism
Canine Hypercortisolism
Feline Hypercortisolism
Sex Hormone Dermatoses
Cutaneous Xanthomas
Hepatocutaneous Syndrome
Zinc‐Responsive Dermatosis
Alopecia X
Recommended Reading
References
13 Medical Management of Acute and Chronic Otitis
KEY POINTS
Acute Otitis
Chronic Otitis
When to Refer
Recommended Reading
References
14 What Is the Difference between Brand Name, Generic, and Compounded Drugs?
KEY POINTS
Drugs Approved by the US Food and Drug Administration
Generic Drugs
Compounded Drugs
Current Status of Veterinary Compounded Drugs
Examples of Potential Compounding Problems
Concerns about Compounded Transdermal Gels
Adherence to Current Regulations and Policies for Compounded Medications
References
15 Topical Therapies
KEY POINTS
Anti‐infectious
Antipruritics
Antiseborrheic
Barrier Repair
Immunoregulators
Application
Recommended Reading
References
16 Antimicrobial Resistance
KEY POINTS
Determinants of Antimicrobial Resistance
Determination of Susceptibility or Resistance
Mutant Prevention Concentration
Antibiotic Classes and Resistance Mechanisms
Aminoglycosides
Beta‐lactams
Fluoroquinolones
Glycopeptides (Vancomycin, Teicoplanin)
Lipopeptides
Macrolides/Azalides/Triamalides/Lincosamides
Oxazolidinones (Linezolid, Tedizolid)
Phenols
Phosphonic Acid Antibiotics
Pleuromutilins
Polymyxins
Rifamycins
Streptogramins (Quinupristin–Dalfopristin)
Tetracyclines
Trimethoprim–Sulfamethoxazole
Advances in Laboratory Diagnostics and Their Impact on Antibiotic Resistance
Conclusions
Recommended Reading
References
17 Omega‐3 Fatty Acids: What’s New?
KEY POINTS
Recommended Reading
References
18 Immunopharmacology
KEY POINTS
Drugs That Affect Innate Immunity
Glucocorticoids
Classification
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacokinetics
Major Target(s)
Indications
Side Effects
Recommended Dosing
Colchicine
Classification
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacokinetics
Major Target(s)
Indications
Side Effects
Recommended Dosing
Interferons
Classification
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacokinetics
Major Target(s)
Indications
Side Effects
Recommended Dosing
Retinoids
Classification
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacokinetics
Major Target(s)
Indications
Side Effects
Recommended Dosing
Drugs That Affect the Bridge between Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Oclacitinib
Classification
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacokinetics
Major Target(s)
Indications
Side Effects
Recommended Dosing
Lokivetmab
Classification
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacokinetics
Major Target(s)
Indications
Side Effects
Recommended Dosing
Pentoxifylline
Classification
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacokinetics
Major Target(s)
Indications
Side Effects
Recommended Dosing
Drugs That Affect Adaptive Immunity
Cyclosporine
Classification
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacokinetics
Major Target(s)
Indications
Side Effects
Recommended Dosing
Azathioprine
Classification
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacokinetics
Major Target(s)
Indications
Side Effects
Recommended Dosing
Chlorambucil
Classification
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacokinetics
Major Target(s)
Indications
Side Effects
Recommended Dosing
Mycophenolate Mofetil
Classification
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacokinetics
Major Target(s)
Indications
Side Effects
Recommended Dosing
Leflunomide
Classification
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacokinetics
Major Target(s)
Indications
Side Effects
Recommended Dosing
Undefined Mechanisms (Anti‐inflammatory, Regulatory, Other) Tetracyclines
Classification
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacokinetics
Major Target(s)
Indications
Side Effects
Recommended Dosage
Staphylococcal Phage Lysate
Classification
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacokinetics
Major Target(s)
Indications
Side Effects
Recommended Dosage
Recommended Reading
19 Allergen Immunotherapy
KEY POINTS
Mode of Action
Indications for Allergen Immunotherapy
Testing and Selection of Allergens for the Extract
Adverse Effects of Allergen Immunotherapy
Route of Administration. Subcutaneous Allergen Immunotherapy
Oromucosal Allergen Immunotherapy
Intralymphatic Allergen Immunotherapy
Current Challenges
Alternatives
Conclusions
Recommended Reading
References
20 Biologic Therapies for Dermatologic Use
KEY POINTS
Monoclonal Antibodies in Veterinary Dermatology
DNA Vaccination
Intravenous Immunoglobulin
Interferons
Staphylococcal Bacterins
Conclusions
References
21 Use of Lasers in Dermatology
KEY POINTS
Diode Lasers
CO2 Lasers
Laser Safety
Considerations for Laser Usage
Neoplastic Conditions. Sebaceous Hyperplasia and Sebaceous Tumors
Follicular Tumors
Meibomian Gland Adenomas
Round Cell Tumors
Actinic Keratoses and Squamous Cell Carcinomas
Ears
Ceruminous Gland Cystomatosis
Ceruminous Gland Hyperplasia/Adenoma/Adenocarcinoma
Infectious Diseases. Papillomas
Inflammatory Conditions. Interdigital Cysts
Acral Lick Granulomas
Recommended Reading
22 Unconventional and Plant‐Based Therapies
KEY POINTS
Homeopathy
Photobiomodulation
Platelet‐Rich Plasma
Probiotics
Plant‐Based Therapies. Systemic Therapies
Chinese Herbal Extracts
Hardy Kiwi (Actinidia arguta)
Cannabidiol Oil
Topical Therapies. Essential Oils
Oatmeal and Aloe vera
References
23 Sedation, Anesthesia, and Pain Management in Small Animal Dermatology
KEY POINTS
Sedation
Skin Testing
General Anesthesia
Monitoring
Local Anesthesia
Topical Local Anesthesia
Local Infiltration
Ring Block
Pain Management
Conclusions
References
24 How Your Nursing Staff Can Improve Efficiency and Compliance in the Management of Dermatologic Cases
KEY POINTS
History Taking
Intake Interview
Validation/Empathy Statements
Reflective/Empathetic Listening
Open‐Ended Questions
Positive Nonverbal Communication
Pausing
Pruritus Scale
Diagnostic Testing
Ear Swab for Mites
Ear Cytology
Skin Scraping
Fungal Culturing for Dermatophytes Using Dermatophyte Test Medium
Skin Cytology
Patient Discharge
Patient Follow‐Up Telephone Calls
Conclusions
References
25 Communication Between the Client, Primary Care Practitioner, and Dermatologist
KEY POINTS
Communication with the Pet Family
Initiating the Session
Gathering Information
Physical Examination
Explanation and Planning
Closing the Session
Collaboration Between Primary Care and Specialist Veterinarians
Attitudes and Perceptions of Primary Care Veterinarians Regarding Referral to a Specialist
Building a Collaborative Relationship: For Primary Care Veterinarians
Building a Collaborative Relationship: For Specialists
Inter‐Practice Communication and Skills
The Pet Family’s Role in Communication
Conclusions
Recommended Reading
References
26 The Future of Technology and Computers in Veterinary Medicine
KEY POINTS
Electronic Medical Records
Behavioral and Physiologic Monitoring
Current Research and Future Opportunities
Off‐Body Technologies for Tracking Activity, Behavior, and Physiologic Changes
Video and Depth‐Based Tracking
Smart Devices for Measuring Behavior
On‐Body, Wearable Activity, Behavior, and Physiologic Trackers
In‐Body Activity, Behavior, and Physiologic Tracking
Benefits of Behavioral and Physiologic Tracking
Challenges in Behavioral and Physiologic Tracking
Conclusions
References
Index. a
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