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Группа авторов. Nanotechnology in Medicine
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Nanotechnology in Medicine. Toxicity and Safety
Preface
List of Contributors
List of Abbreviations
1 Nanomedicines: Applications and Toxicological Concerns
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nanomedicine's Revolution
1.3 Potential Applications of Nanomedicine
1.3.1 Diagnosis
1.3.2 Drug Delivery
1.3.3 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
1.4 Clinical Translation of Nanomedicine
1.5 Nanotoxicological Challenges
1.6 Safety Issues and Regulations
1.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
2 Microbial Biopolymers and Their Derivatives as Nanotechnological Tools for Medicine: Applications, Advantages, Toxicity, and Safety
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Natural Polymers: Conceptualization, Classifications, and Physicochemical Characteristics
2.3 Applications of Biopolymers in Nanoparticles, Nanofibers, and Drug Delivery Systems of Therapeutic Importance
2.4 Safety of Microbial Biopolymers Used in Nanoscale‐Systems for Therapeutic Applications
2.5 Conclusions
References
3 Selenium Nanoparticles: Toxicity and Safety
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Selenium Forms
3.3 Toxicity of Selenium Nanoparticles
3.4 Toxicity Mechanisms
3.5 Conclusion
References
4 Impact of Nanoparticles on Protozoa
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Antiprotozoal Drugs
4.2 Nanosystems
4.2.1 Preparation and Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Systems
4.3 Nanosystems with Effect on Human Parasitic Protozoa. 4.3.1 Malaria
4.3.2 Trypanosomiases
4.3.3 Leishmaniasis
4.3.4 Toxoplasmosis
4.3.5 Cryptosporidium
4.3.6 Acanthamoeba
4.4 Nanosystems with Effect on Veterinary Parasitic Protozoa
4.5 Nanomaterial Toxicity on Beneficial Protozoa
4.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
5 Toxicity of Metallic Nanoparticles: A Pressing Issue
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Toxicity of Metal Nanoparticles and Influence of Physicochemical Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity of Copper and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles
5.2.2 Toxicity of Gold Nanoparticles
5.2.2.1 Physicochemical Factors Influencing AuNPs’ Toxicity
5.2.3 Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles
5.2.4 Toxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
5.2.5 Toxicity of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
5.2.6 Physicochemical Properties Affecting Toxicity
5.3 Accumulation and Toxicity of Metal‐Based Nanoparticles in Various Organs
5.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
6 Toxicity, Safety, and Biodistribution of Multifunctional Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Bioapplicability of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
6.3 Biodistribution, Toxicity, and Safety of MSN
6.3.1 Factors Affecting Biodistribution of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. 6.3.1.1 Particle Size
6.3.1.2 Particle Shape
6.3.1.3 Functionalization
6.3.1.4 Dose
6.3.1.5 Route of Administration
6.4 Safety Evaluation of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
6.4.1 Cytotoxicity
6.4.2 Tissue Compatibility
6.4.3 Genotoxicity
6.4.4 Immunotoxicity
6.4.5 Autophagy
6.4.6 Endothelial Dysfunction and Toxic Effects on Blood Cells
6.4.7 Blood Compatibility
6.4.8 Neurotoxicity
6.5 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
7 Safety and Toxicity Issues of Polymeric Nanoparticles: A Serious Concern
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Application of Nanomaterials
7.3 Classification of Nanoparticles (NPs)
7.3.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles
7.3.1.1 Advantages of Polymeric Nanoparticles
7.3.1.2 Polymers Used in the Preparation of Polymeric Nanoparticles
7.3.1.3 Methods of Preparation of Polymeric Nanoparticles
7.3.1.4 Polymeric Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery
7.4 Nanotoxicology
7.4.1 Toxicity of Nanoparticles
7.4.2 Tissue Toxicity of Nanomedicine
7.4.3 Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Toxicity
7.4.4 Toxicity of Polymeric Nanoparticles
7.4.5 Nanoformulations Showing Toxicity
7.5 Safety Assessment of Nanomedicines by Methodological Considerations
7.5.1 Nanoparticles Safety Study
7.5.2 Methodological Considerations for Safety Assessment of Nanomedicines
7.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
8 Green Synthesis of Copper and Copper‐Based Nanoparticles for Their Use in Medicine: Toxicity and Safety
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Green Synthesis Methods of Copper and Copper‐Based Nanoparticles
8.2.1 Fungi‐Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles
8.2.2 Actinomycetes‐Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles
8.2.3 Bacteria‐Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles
8.2.4 Algae‐Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles
8.2.5 Phytochemical‐Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles
8.2.6 Biomolecule and Biopolymer‐Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles
8.3 Purification of Copper and Copper‐Based Nanoparticles
8.4 Characterization of Green Synthesized Copper and Copper‐Based Nanoparticles
8.5 Copper and Copper‐Based Nanoparticles as Nanomedicines
8.5.1 Application as Antibacterial Agents
8.5.2 Application as Antifungal Agents
8.5.3 Application as Antiviral Agents
8.5.4 Application as a Targeted Drug Delivery System
8.5.5 Application as Anticancer Agents
8.5.6 Applications in Molecular Imaging
8.6 Copper and Copper‐Based Nanoparticles and Their Toxicity
8.6.1 Nanotoxicology
8.6.2 Different Types of Toxicity
8.6.3 Toxicity Effect of Copper and Copper‐Based Nanoparticles
8.7 Safety Implications of Copper and Copper‐Based Nanoparticles
8.8 Future Perspectives
8.9 Conclusion
References
9 Gene Delivery Using Nanocarriers: Toxicity and Safety Aspects
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Nanocarrier Types
9.2.1 Lipid‐Based Nanocarriers
9.2.2 Polymeric Nanocarriers
9.3 Target Diseases and Routes of Administration
9.4 Learnings from Clinical Trials
9.4.1 Toxicity with Systemic Delivery – Intravenous Administration
9.4.2 Toxicity with Local Delivery
9.4.2.1 Pulmonary Delivery
9.4.2.2 Intratumoral and Other Local Delivery in Cancer
9.4.2.3 Subcutaneous, Intradermal, and Intramuscular Delivery
9.5 Mechanisms of Toxicity of Gene Delivery Nanocarriers
9.5.1 Cellular Damage and Inflammatory Mediators
9.5.2 ROS Induction
9.5.2.1 Off‐target Effects of the Genetic Cargo
9.6 Overcoming Toxicity Issues with Nanocarrier‐Mediated Gene Therapy. 9.6.1 Modification of Genetic Cargoes
9.6.2 Modification of Nanocarrier System
9.6.2.1 Optimizing Excipient Chemistry – Lipid and Polymer Chemistry
9.6.2.2 Modification of Nanocarrier Morphology
9.6.3 Preclinical Testing for Expected Toxicities
9.7 Future Perspectives and Conclusion
References
10 Toxicity and Safety Evaluation of Lipid‐Based Nanoparticles for Brain Delivery
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Barriers Across Brain Delivery
10.2.1 The Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB)
10.2.2 The Blood Cerebrospinal Fluid (BCSF) Barrier
10.3 Role of Lipid Nanoparticles in Brain Delivery
10.3.1 Liposomes
10.3.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
10.3.3 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs)
10.3.4 Lipid–Drug Conjugates (LDCs)
10.3.5 Lipid Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles (LPHNPs)
10.4 Transport Mechanisms Involved for Brain Delivery
10.4.1 Paracellular Transport
10.4.2 Transcellular Transport
10.4.3 Carrier‐mediated Transport
10.4.4 Receptor‐mediated Endocytosis
10.4.5 Adsorptive‐mediated Endocytosis
10.5 Toxicity of Lipid Nanoparticles
10.6 Safety of Lipid Nanoparticles
10.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
11 Risk Assessment of Injectable Nanoparticles Used as Nanomedicine
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles, and Nanoformulation
11.3 Injectable Nanoparticles Toxicity
11.4 Safety of Nanoparticles in Acute and Chronic Studies
11.5 Future Perspectives and Conclusion
References
12 Dermatological Delivery of Nanodrugs: Applications, Toxicity, and Safety
12.1 Introduction
12.2 An Overview of Dermatology and Nanodrugs
12.3 Nanomaterials for Dermatologically Active Nanodrugs
12.4 Nanoformulations for Topical and Transdermal Delivery
12.5 Applications of Dermatological Nanodrugs and Its Delivery Mechanisms
12.5.1 Prevention. 12.5.1.1 Antisepsis
12.5.1.2 Cosmetics and Photoprotection
12.5.2 Diagnosis
12.5.3 Therapeutic Applications. 12.5.3.1 Phototherapy
12.5.3.2 Sebaceous Gland Disorders
12.5.3.3 Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Diseases
12.5.3.4 Other Therapeutic Applications
12.6 Toxicity Evaluation of Dermatologically Active Nanodrugs
12.6.1 Nanodrugs and Toxicity Due to Penetration
12.6.2 Genotoxicity
12.7 Safety Considerations
12.8 Limitations and Risk
12.9 Conclusion
References
13 Nanonutraceuticals: Considerations for Toxicity and Safety Assessment
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Novel Carrier‐Based Drug Delivery Systems
13.2.1 Lipidic Nanosystems
13.2.1.1 Non‐Vesicular Systems
13.2.1.2 Vesicular Systems
13.2.2 Polymeric Nanosystems
13.2.3 Lipid Polymer Nanosystems
13.3 Safety and Toxicity Assessment of Nanoparticles
13.4 Approaches for Biodegradable Nanoparticles
13.5 Modified Nanocarriers (Nanosponges)
13.5.1 Cyclodextrin‐Based Nanosponges
13.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
14 Current Challenges and Future Needs for Nanotoxicity and Nanosafety Assessment
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Nanomaterials: Risk Assessment
14.3 The Hurdles in Toxicity Evaluation of Nanomaterials
14.3.1 Physicochemical Properties of Nanomaterials’ Characterization
14.3.1.1 Size of Nanomaterials
14.3.1.2 Composition Effects
14.3.1.3 Surface‐Related Effects
14.3.1.4 Agglomeration
14.3.1.5 Solubility
14.3.1.6 Surface Charge and Dispersity
14.3.1.7 Dose Metric
14.3.2 In vitro, In vivo, and In silico Approaches for the Assessment of Toxicity for the Nanomaterials
14.4 Nanosafety Assessment Tools
14.5 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
15 Safety Regulations for the Use of Nanotechnological Products for Biomedical Applications: A Systematic Literature Review
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The State‐of‐the‐art of Biomedical Applications of Nano‐Products
15.3 The Scientific Perspective on Nano‐products for Biomedical Applications, Risks, and Regulations
15.4 Using RRI as a Methodological Pathway Toward Communication Between the Science System and the Law System
15.5 Final Considerations and New Propositions
References
Notes
16 Nanoethics and Nanotechnology
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Types of Nanotechnology
16.1.2 Applications of Nanotechnology
16.2 Nanoethics
16.2.1 Regulatory Agencies
16.2.1.1 Nanotechnology and State Regulation (India)
16.2.2 Distributive Justice
16.2.2.1 Bridging the Gap
16.2.3 Nanoweapons
16.2.4 Ethics in Nanomedicine
16.2.4.1 Ethics in Research and Development
16.2.4.2 Health and Safety Issues
16.2.4.3 Toxicity Associated with Nanoparticulate System
16.2.5 Privacy and Confidentiality
16.2.6 Human Enhancement
16.2.7 Nanopollution
16.2.7.1 Health Issues
16.2.7.2 Measuring Nanomaterials’ Concentration in the Environment
16.2.7.3 Environmental Issues
16.2.7.4 Social Issues
16.2.7.5 Speculative Issues
16.2.8 Educational Issues
16.2.9 Biological Issues
16.3 Conclusion
References
17 Current Regulatory Framework in Nanotechnology and Medicine
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Classification of Nanomaterials
17.1.2 Nanoparticles
17.2 Quality Attributes and Regulatory Concerns of Nanomaterials
17.2.1 Physicochemical Characterization
17.2.2 Nonclinical Studies for Nanomaterials
17.2.3 Clinical Studies for Nanomaterials
17.2.4 Identification of Hazardous Material
17.2.5 Exposure Risk to Humans and Environment During Nanomaterial Manufacturing, Storage, or Disposal
17.3 Quality Assessment of Nanomedicines
17.4 Current Regulatory Framework over Nanomaterials
17.4.1 USA
17.4.1.1 ANSI
17.4.1.2 ASTM
17.4.2 European Union
17.4.2.1 CEN
17.4.3 Taiwan
17.4.4 Iran
17.4.5 Canada
17.4.6 Australia
17.4.7 Japan
17.4.8 India
17.4.9 People’s Republic of China
17.4.10 Republic of Korea
17.4.11 Russia
17.4.12 WHO
17.4.13 OECD
17.4.14 ISO
17.4.15 VAMAS
17.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
Index
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