Biosorption for Wastewater Contaminants

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Группа авторов. Biosorption for Wastewater Contaminants

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

Biosorption for Wastewater Contaminants

List of Contributors

Preface

Foreword

1 Industrial Wastewater Contaminants and Their Hazardous Impacts

List of Abbreviations

Introduction

Toxic Heavy Metals

Dyes

Oil and Grease

Biocides

Organic Compounds

Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs)

Conclusion

References

2 Biosorption and Different Native Sources for Preparation of Biosorbents

Introduction

Biosorption and Its Mechanism

Biosorbents

Types of Biosorbents

Microbial Biomass as Biosorbents

Bacterial Biomass

Algae as Biosorbents

Fungi as Biosorbents

Yeasts as Biosorbents

Biosorbents Derived from Plant and Animal Waste

Biocomposites

Alteration of Biosorbents

Desorption and Regeneration

Cost Evaluation

Conclusion

References

3 Biosorption for Eliminating Inorganic Contaminants(IOCs) from Wastewater

Introduction: Water Pollution by Inorganic Contaminants (IOCs)

Permissible Limits and Sources of IOCs in Water Systems. Standard Permissible Limits of Some IOCs in Water

Sources of IOCs in Water Systems. Natural Sources

Anthropogenic Sources

IOCs in Water: Environmental and Health Hazards

Elimination of IOCs from Wastewater: Recent Strategies and Remediation Techniques

Oxidation/Precipitation

Ion Exchange

Electrokinetics (EK)

Membrane Filtration / Reverse Osmosis

Sorption Methods

Biosorption Methods for Eliminating IOCs from Wastewater

Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives

References

4 Biosorption for Eliminating Organic Contaminants from Wastewater

Introduction

Types of Organic Pollutants and Their Effects on Human Health. Organic Dyes

Pharmaceutical Waste

Agricultural Waste

Remediation Methods for Eliminating Organic Contaminants from Wastewater. Biosorption as a Remediation Method for Organic Pollutants

Mechanism of Biosorption for Adsorption of Organic Pollutants

Conclusion and Future Prospects

References

5 Recent Approaches in the Preparation of Various Biosorbents

Introduction

Biosorbents

Physical Treatment of Biosorbents. Sterilization

Comminution

Cryodessication

Microwave Drying

Chemical Treatment of Biosorbents. Acid Treatment

Alkali Treatment

Pyrolysis

Solid‐Liquid Extraction

Immobilization

Chemical and Genetic Modifications

Challenges in the Utilization of Biosorbents

Conclusion

References

6 Characterization of the Biosorption Process

Introduction

Biosorption

Characterization Methods

Titration Technique

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Scanning Electron Microscopy with an Energy Dispersive X‐ray Analytical System

X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Analysis

X‐Ray Diffraction Analysis

Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller Analyzer

Thermal Stability Analyzer

Conclusion

References

7 Isotherm and Kinetic Modeling Analysis of Water Decontamination through Biosorption

Adsorption Equilibrium Analysis. Basics of Adsorption Equilibrium

Models of Adsorption Equilibrium

Two‐Parameter Model. Langmuir Isotherm Model (Langmuir, 1918)

Freundlich Isotherm Model

Modified Langmuir – 1

Modified Langmuir – 2

Dubinin–Radushkevich Isotherm

Temkin Model

Three‐Parameter Models. Langmuir‐Freundlich Isotherm (Kobe and Corrigan, 1952)

Fritz‐Schlunder Equation

Radke‐Prausnitz Model

Toth Model

Jossens Model

Redlich‐Peterson Model

Sips Model

Four‐Parameter Models. Fritz‐Schlunder Model

Baudu Model

Five‐Parameter Model. Fritz‐Schlunder Model

Adsorption Kinetics

Pseudo‐First‐Order Kinetics

Pseudo‐Second‐Order Kinetics

The Elovich Equation

Avrami Kinetic Equation

Sorption Diffusion Models

Calculating the External Mass Transfer Coefficient

Intra‐Particle Diffusion Control

Natarajan and Khalaf Equation

Bhattacharya and Venkobachar Equation

Power Function Equation

Bangham’s Equation

Boyd Model

References

8 Dynamic Biosorption for Removal of Wastewater Contaminants

Introduction

Fundamentals of Biosorption. Biosorbates

Metals

Organic Compounds

Biosorbents

Factors Affecting Biosorption

Operational Modes of Biosorption

Batch Biosorption

Dynamic Biosorption

Models of Dynamic Biosorption

Challenges in Dynamic Biosorption

Conclusion

References

9 Applications of Electrospun Membranes Immobilized with Biosorbents for the Removal of Contaminants

Introduction

Biosorption and Nanofibers

Electrospinning

Factors Influencing Electrospun Fibers

Advantage of Electrospinning

Electrospun Biosorbent Membranes

Immobilized Membranes for Heavy Metal Removal

Immobilized Membranes for Dye Removal

Immobilized Membranes for Removal of Organic Contaminants

Conclusion

References

10 Biosorption of Precious Metals from Wastewater

Introduction

Outline of Treatment Methods

Biosorbents. Biosorbents of Gold

Biosorbents of Silver

Biosorbents of PGMs (Palladium and Platinum)

Factors Affecting Biosorption

pH of the mixture

Operational Temperatures

Dosage of Biomass

Ionic Potency

Initial Concentration of the Solute

Rate and Period of Agitation

Biosorption Equilibrium Models

Desorption and Recovery

Continuous Biosorption

Utilization of Industrial Discharge/Wastes for Biosorption

Conclusions

References

11 Biosorption as a Strategy for the Recovery of RareEarth Elements

Rare Earth Elements (REEs)

Methods to Recover Rare Earth Elements

Solvent Extraction

Ion Exchange

Adsorption

Chemical Precipitation

Biosorption

Biosorption Approach for Recovering Rare Earth Elements

Final Considerations

References

12 Deployment of Used Biosorbents in Environmental Remediation: Prospects and Challenges

Introduction

Mechanism Studies

Adsorption

Ion‐Exchange Resin

Complexation

Microprecipitation

Pyrometallurgical Processes

Hydrometallurgical Processes

Biosorption

Bioaccumulation and Principles

Biotransformation

Bioleaching

Recovery of Metals through Used Biosorbents. Recovery of a Single Metal with Used Biosorbents

Vanadium (V)

Chromium (Cr)

Nickel (Ni)

Copper (Cu)

Zinc (Zn)

Zirconium (Zr)

Ruthenium (Ru)

Palladium (Pd)

Cadmium (Cd)

Lanthanum (La)

Neodymium (Nd)

Rhenium (Re)

Platinum (Pt)

Gold (Au)

Lead (Pb)

Advances in Multi‐Metal Recovery with Used Biosorbents

Adsorption Kinetics

Current Challenges

Conclusion

Summary

References

13 Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Aqueous Media Using Eco‐Friendly and Cost‐Effective Biological Methods

Introduction

Sources of Hexavalent Chromium

Toxicity of Hexavalent Chromium

Removal of Hexavalent Chromium Ions

Biosorption

Bioaccumulation

Biological Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium

Adsorption Kinetic Studies

Pseudo‐First‐Order Kinetics

Pseudo‐Second‐Order Kinetics

Adsorption Isotherm Studies

Langmuir Isotherm

Freundlich Isotherm

Temkin Isotherm

D‐R Isotherm

Thermodynamics Studies

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

14 Biosorption of Arsenic from Wastewater

Introduction

Sources of Arsenic in Groundwater Pollution

Effect of Arsenic on the Environment and Human Health

Methods for Removing Arsenic from Wastewater

Oxidation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Adsorption

Membrane Filtration

Biosorption

Principles of Biosorption

Biosorption Sites

Biosorption Mechanisms

Complexation

Chelation

Ion Exchange

Precipitation

Biosorption Isotherms

Biosorption Kinetics Model Analysis

Biosorption of Arsenic from Wastewater

Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Index

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Biocides can be used in different applications such as in‐can preservatives, film preservatives, and building materials, such as coatings and wood protection products. In addition, most of these compounds have a broad spectrum of uses and application, as shown in Table 1.1 (Bollmann et al., 2014).

The European Parliament and Council directive 2013/39/EU incorporated four biocidal compounds as priority substances: cybutryne and terbutryn, diuron, and isoproturon (mentioned in Table 1.1). Diuron and isoproturon belong to the phenylureas group. Isoproturon is a component used mainly for the protection of cereals. Diuron is a herbicide present in preparations used to prevent algae growth and is also used as an additive and antifouling agent (Durak et al., 2020).

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