Оглавление
Группа авторов. Atlas of Endoscopic Ultrasonography
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Atlas of Endoscopic Ultrasonography
Contributors
Preface
About the Companion Website
1 Normal Human Anatomy
Introduction
Normal EUS anatomy from the esophagus. Radial array orientation (Video 1.1)
Linear array orientation (Video 1.2)
Normal EUS anatomy from the stomach. Radial array orientation (Video 1.3)
Linear array orientation (Video 1.4)
Normal EUS anatomy from the duodenum. Radial array orientation (Video 1.5)
Linear array orientation (Video 1.6)
Normal EUS anatomy from the rectum. Radial array orientation, male (Video 1.7)
Radial array orientation, female (Video 1.8)
Linear array orientation, male (Video 1.9)
Linear array orientation, female (Video 1.10)
Vascular videos. Arterial (Video 1.11)
Venous (Video 1.12)
Endobronchial ultrasound anatomy (Video 1.13)
Chapter video clips
2 Esophagus: Radial and Linear
Layers of the esophageal wall
Normal radial extraesophageal anatomy (Video 2.1)
Normal linear thoracic anatomy
Chapter video clips
3 Normal Mediastinal Anatomy by EUS and EBUS
Introduction
Anatomical definitions
Equipment
Endoscopic ultrasound technique
Linear scanning
Inferior posterior mediastinum
Subcarinal area
Aortic arch area
Cervical area
Thyroid gland
Radial scanning
Endobronchial ultrasound
EBUS anatomical landmarks
Complications and safety
Conclusions
Chapter video clips
4 Stomach: Radial and Linear
Chapter video clip
5 Bile Duct: Radial and Linear
Normal bile duct anatomy
Normal anatomy of the bile duct and gallbladder with radial echoendoscope
Normal anatomy of the bile duct and gallbladder with linear echoendoscope
Chapter video clip
6 EUS of the Normal Pancreas
Radial examination of the pancreas
Linear examination of the pancreas
Endosonographic appearance of the normal pancreatic parenchyma
Chapter video clips
7 Liver, Spleen, and Kidneys: Radial and Linear
Introduction
Liver. Radial endosonography
Linear endosonography
Spleen
Kidney
Radial endosonography
Linear endosonography
Adrenal glands. Radial endosonography
Linear endosonography
Chapter video clips
8 Anatomy of the Anorectum: Radial and Linear
Introduction
Examination technique
Orientation
Normal anatomy. Anatomical remarks
Rectal wall
Level of the prostate or cervix uteri
External anal sphincter level
Internal anal sphincter level
Cutis and subcutis
Chapter video clip
9 Esophageal Cancer
Introduction
Updated American Joint Committee on Cancer staging guidelines for esophageal cancer 2017 and implications for endosonographers
Role of EUS in staging of esophageal cancer
Limitations
Impact of EUS staging on management
Technique
Chapter video clip
References
10 EUS for Achalasia
Introduction
Clinical presentation and diagnosis
Role of EUS in achalasia
11 Malignant Mediastinal Lesions
Chapter video clips
12 Benign Mediastinal Lesions
13 Gastric Cancer
14 Gastric and Esophageal Subepithelial Masses
Introduction
Lipoma
Carcinoid tumors
Granular cell tumor
Duplication cyst
Pancreatic rest
Varices
Gastrointestinal stromal cell tumors and leiomyomas
Glomus tumor
Gastritis cystica profunda
Extrinsic compression lesions
Chapter video clip
15 Anorectal Neoplasia
Colorectal cancer staging by EUS. Tumor (T) stage
N stage
Endoscopic ultrasound for local recurrence of colorectal carcinoma
Restaging after chemotherapy and radiation
Submucosal tumors of the colorectal wall
Chapter video clip
16 Anal Sphincter Disease: Fecal Incontinence and Fistulas
Introduction
Fecal incontinence. Prevalence
Etiology of fecal incontinence
Assessment of fecal incontinence
Diagnostic tests
Endoanal ultrasound
Transperineal ultrasound
Treatment
Perianal fistula
Chapter video clips
17 Endometriosis
Introduction
Definition and location
Epidemiology and risk factors
Clinical picture
Diagnosis
Classification
Imaging methods
EUS
EUS plus fine needle aspiration for the evaluation of endometriosis
Video‐laparoscopy
18 Vascular Anomalies and Abnormalities
Introduction
Aortic arch anomalies
Vascular calcification and plaques
Aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms
Venous thrombosis
Dieulafoy lesions
Neoplasms
Miscellaneous aberrancies
Chapter video clips
19 Duodenal and Ampullary Neoplasia
Chapter video clip
20 Biliary Tract Pathology
Chapter video clips
21 Gallbladder Pathology
Introduction
Gallbladder stones
Gallbladder polyps
Gallbladder carcinoma
22 Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Introduction
Tumor identification and diagnosis via fine needle aspiration or fine needle biopsy
Evaluation of vascular invasion
Evaluation of peripancreatic lymphadenopathy
Limitations and complications of EUS in patients with pancreatic cancer
Conclusion
References
Chapter video clip
23 Pancreatic Malignancy (Non‐adenocarcinoma)
Introduction
Endocrine pancreatic tumors (Figures 23.1 and 23.2)
Primary pancreatic lymphoma (Figure 23.3)
Solid pseudopapillary tumors (Figure 23.4)
Acinar cell carcinoma (Figure 23.5)
Secondary metastatic tumors (Figure 23.6)
Summary
Chapter video clip
24 Autoimmune Pancreatitis
Introduction
Endoscopic ultrasound imaging (Video 24.1)
Image‐enhancing techniques during EUS
EUS‐FNA and EUS‐FNB
Histologic features
Summary
Chapter video clip
25 Pancreatic Cystic Lesions: The Role of EUS
Introduction
Pseudocyst
Serous lesions
Mucinous lesions
Other cystic neoplasms
Chapter video clip
26 Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms: The Role of EUS
Introduction
Clinical features
Role of imaging
Cross‐sectional imaging
Endoscopic ultrasound evaluation
Management of small IPMN (≤3 cm)
Chapter video clips
27 Chronic Pancreatitis
Introduction
Clinical overview of chronic pancreatitis
Endoscopic ultrasound imaging of the normal pancreas
EUS imaging in chronic pancreatitis: historical perspectives
EUS imaging in chronic pancreatitis: the Rosemont Criteria
Endoscopic ultrasound imaging in chronic pancreatitis: the future
Chapter video clips
28 Liver Pathology
Introduction
Cirrhosis
Fatty liver disease
Hepatic cysts
Neoplasms
Dilated intrahepatic ducts
29 How to Interpret EUS‐FNA Cytology
Introduction
Technical quality of EUS biopsy material
Personnel
Biopsy type: aspirate or core
Cell block
Needle size
Needle preparation
Suction
Slide preparation and staining
Liquid‐based preparations
Quality of the interpretation
Integration of pathologic and clinical information. Rapid cytologic evaluation
Role of the laboratory in EUS
30 How to do Mediastinal FNA
Chapter video clips
31 How to do Pancreatic Mass FNA
Introduction
The technique
Final considerations
Box 31.1 Tips for EUS‐FNA of solid pancreatic masses
Chapter video clip
32 How to do Pancreatic Cyst FNA
Introduction
Technique (Video 32.1)
Summary
Chapter video clip
33 How to do Pancreatic Pseudocyst Drainage
Introduction
Patient selection
Requisite instruments and accessories
Assessment of the pseudocyst by EUS prior to drainage
Technique for placement of plastic endoprosthesis. Pseudocyst puncture
Transmural tract dilation
Stent deployment
Technique for lumen‐apposing metal stent placement. Non‐electrocautery‐enhanced delivery system
Electrocautery‐enhanced delivery system
Post‐procedure follow‐up
Chapter video clips
34 How to do EUS‐guided Pancreatic Cyst Chemoablation
Background
Pretreatment evaluation
Patient selection
Indications
Contraindications
Relative contraindications
Technical aspects of the procedure
Postoperative care and follow‐up
Conclusions
Chapter video clip
References
35 How to do Celiac Plexus Block
Introduction
Technique (Video 35.1)
Complications
Chapter video clip
36 How to Place Fiducials for Radiation Therapy
Introduction
Equipment. Fiducials and needles
Techniques. Fiducial loading and deployment
EUS‐guided fiducial placement (Video 36.3)
Periprocedural care
Chapter video clips
37 How to Inject Chemotherapeutic Agents
Chapter video clip
38 How to do EUS‐guided Pelvic Abscess Drainage
Introduction
Patient preparation
Devices and accessories
Procedural technique
Clinical outcomes
Technical limitations
Conclusions
Chapter video clip
39 How to do Doppler Probe EUS for Bleeding
Background and equipment
Practical application of DopUS probe
Preprocedure system check
Doppler ultrasound signals
Peptic ulcer (Figures 39.3–39.7)
Published studies
Clinical scenarios
Gastric varices versus thickened gastric folds versus gastrointestinal stromal tumor (Figures 39.8 and 39.9)
Miscellaneous disorders
Conclusions
Conflicts of interest disclosure
Chapter video clips
40 How to do Endoscopic Ultrasound‐guided Portal Pressure Gradient Measurement
Introduction
Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided PPGM technique
References
41 How to do Endoscopic Ultrasound‐guided Liver Biopsy
Indications and contraindications
EUS‐LB technique. Identification of liver lobes
Needle selection
Needle preparation
Needle technique
Specimen handling
Postprocedure recovery after EUS‐LB
Adverse effects
Conclusions
Chapter video clip
References
42 How to do EUS‐guided Treatment of Gastric Varices
Introduction
Technique (Video 42.1)
Complicatons
Chapter video clip
43 How to do EUS‐guided Arterial Embolization
Background
Technique
Technical illustration in two cases
Postprocedural management and complications
Chapter video clips
References
44 How to do EUS‐guided Radiofrequency Ablation of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Introduction
Methods for EUS‐guided RFA. Technique
Prophylaxis for complications
Indications
Results for EUS‐guided RFA studies. Overall results
Results of long‐term follow‐up
Conclusion
Conflicts of interest disclosure
Chapter video clips
References
45 How to do EUS Pancreatic Duct Access and Drainage
Introduction
Indications
Contraindications
Before the procedure
Techniques for drainage
Needle puncture
Guidewire insertion and manipulation
Exchange of the echoendoscope for a duodenoscope while leaving the guidewire in place (Rendezvous technique)
Creation and dilation of a pancreatic–enteric fistulous tract (Anterograde or retrograde technique)
Placement of a transpapillary or transmural stent (not needed for rendezvous cases)
Outcomes
Algorithm
Controversies and future directions
46 How to do EUS Gallbladder Drainage
Introduction
Background concept
Choice of stents: metal stents versus plastic stents
EUS‐GBD with LAMS
Postprocedural management
Long‐term management
Conclusion
References
47 How to do an EUS‐guided Gastrojejunostomy
Introduction
Technique (Video 47.1)
Complications
Chapter video clip
References
48 How to do EUS Elastography
Introduction
Technique
Qualitative elastography
Quantitative elastography
Strain ratio
Strain histogram
Indications
Complications
Further reading
49 How to do Contrast‐enhanced EUS
Introduction
Principle of CH‐EUS
Critical points for performing CH‐EUS
Advantages of CH‐EUS compared to other contrast‐enhanced modalities
Advantages of CH‐EUS compared to conventional EUS
Evaluation of CH‐EUS image for lesions in different organs. Solid pancreatic lesions
Pancreatic cyst
Subepithelial lesions
Lymph node
50 How to do EUS‐guided Ablation of Pancreatic Neurendocrine Tumors
Introduction and indications
Techniques
EUS‐guided radiofrequency ablation
Technical aspects of EUS‐guided RFA
EUS RFA System (STARmed, Goyang, South Korea) (Figure 50.1)
Habib™ EUS RFA (EMcision Ltd, London, UK)
EUS‐guided ethanol injection
Technical aspects of EUS‐guided EI
Conclusion and future perspectives
Chapter video clips
51 How to do EUS‐guided Needle Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy of Pancreatic Cysts
Confocal laser endomicroscopy technique
52 How to use ex vivo Models in Teaching Therapeutic Endoscopic Ultrasound
Introduction
Ex vivo models
Conclusion
53 How to do Endoscopic Necrosectomy
Introduction
Preprocedure assessment
EUS evaluation of walled‐off pancreatic necrosis
Access creation: cystgastrostomy or cystenterostomy
Necrosectomy tools and technique
Complication management. Bleeding
Perforation
Infection
Conclusion
References
54 How to Perform Pancreatic Mass Fine Needle Biopsy
Introduction
Technique (Video 54.1)
Summary
Chapter video clip
55 How to Perform Endoscopic Ultrasound‐directed Transgastric Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (EDGE)
Introduction
Technique
Post‐EDGE fistula management
Summary
Index
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