A Social and Cultural History of Republican Rome
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Группа авторов. A Social and Cultural History of Republican Rome
Wiley Blackwell Social and Cultural Histories of the Ancient World
A Social and Cultural History of Republican Rome
Contents
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Acknowledgments
Timeline of Roman History
Introduction: We Are All Historians
A Note on the Text
1 What Is Historical Thinking?
Literary Sources
Exploring Culture: Could the Average Roman Read?
Working with Sources
Material Culture
Archaeology
Inscriptions
Coins
Political Issues: Using Coins to Tell Your Story
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Further Reading
2 How Do We Tell the Story?
Working with Sources
An Outline History of the Roman Republic. The First Hundred Years
The Growth of Rome
Key Debates: How Did the Romans Come to Rule the Mediterranean?
Political Issues: Are We Rome?
The Growth of Political Discord
Marking Time
Early, Middle, and Late Republics
Conclusion: Historical Narratives
Discussion Questions
Further Reading
3 The Building Blocks of Roman Society
Political Issues: Senatus Populusque Romanus
Rome as a City-state. Patrons and Clients
Key Debates: Did Patronage Determine Roman Elections?
Rich and Poor
Working with Sources
Men and Women
Free and Enslaved and Freed
Rome as a Mediterranean Empire
Patronage and Wealth
Women
Enslaved and Freed Persons
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Further Reading
4 The Practice of Politics
What Was the Roman Republic?
The Roman System: Formal Structures
Key Debates: Democracy in Rome?
The System: Informal Structures
Working with SourcesHow to Win an Election Campaign
Women and Roman Politics
Exploring Culture: Hortensia and the Women of Rome
Limitations on Politicians
The Late Republic
Political Issues:Who Was Tiberius Gracchus?
Julius Caesar and the End of the Republic
Discussion Questions
Further Reading
5 The Roman Family
An Overview of the Roman Family. Patria Potestas
Marriage
Children
Key Debates: Did Romans Love Their Children?
Changes in the Roman Family
Changes in Women’s Position
Conclusion: Family Values
Discussion Questions
Further Reading
6 Gender and Sexuality
Sex and Gender
Sexuality
Working with Sources: The Explicit Paintings of Pompeii
Gender Roles
Women
Men
Political Issues: A Woman Behaving Badly
Conclusions
Discussion Questions
Further Reading
7 Outsiders
Rome and Italy: The Early Republic. Cultural Acceptance
Exploring Culture: Cato the Elder
Political Acceptance
Political Issues: Roman Colonization, the Bulwark of Empire?
A Test of the System: Hannibal and the Second Punic War
The Impact of Expansion
Working with Sources The Color of Ancient Art
Outsiders Across the Seas
Key Debates: Race in Ancient Rome?
Outsiders at Home: The Italians
The Augustan Aftermath
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Further Reading
8 Religion
What Is Roman Religion? Defining Religio
Key Debate: What Personal Religious Beliefs Did People Hold in Ancient Rome?
Public Religion
Political Issues: Telling Time in Ancient Rome
Domestic Religion
Changes in Roman Religion. The Tradition of Absorbing Foreign Cults
Exploring Culture: “Calling out” the Gods
Bacchus and the Magna Mater
Working with Sources The SC de Bacchanalibus
Continuity and Change
The Late Republic
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Further Reading
9 Law
The Twelve Tables
Exploring Culture: Getting Away with Murder?
Procedure
Status
Property
The Twelve Tables in Context
Political Issues: Character Matters
The Early Development of Roman Law
Key Debates: Who Lay Down the Law in Rome?
The Effects of Expansion on Roman Law
Regulating Wealth
The Rise of Specialists
The Late Republic
The Introduction of Permanent Courts
Working with Sources: The lex Cornelia on Counterfeiting
The Breakdown of Public Law
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Further Reading
10 The Military
The Army in Early Rome. Warfare in the Early Republic
Organization of the Roman Army
Army and Society: The Elite
Political Issues: The Roman Triumph
Army and Society: Ordinary Citizens
Working with Sources
Explanations for Success
Exploring Culture: All Roads Lead to Rome
The Beginnings of an Imperial Army
Professionalization of the Roman Army
Key Debates: Roman Manpower in the Second Century
The Army and Politics in the Late Republic
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Further Reading
11 The Economy
The Agricultural Basis of the Early Roman Economy. The Position of Farmers
Subsistence Farming in Ancient Italy
Coinage and the Beginning of a Market Economy
Slavery in the Roman Republic
Key Debates: What Is a Slave Society?
Exploring Culture: The Reality of Slavery
Changes in the Roman Economy
Agricultural Changes?
Working with Sources
The Rise of Business Partnerships
Political Issues: A Rare Roman Case of Fighting Corruption
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Further Reading
12 The City of Rome
The Beginnings of the City
Archaic Rome
Key Debates: The Spatial Turn
Censorial Building and the Growth of Rome
Temples and Other Military Monuments
Working with Sources
Publica Magnificentia Political Issues:
New Directions in the Middle Republic
Exploring Culture: Home Is Where the Public Is
The Late Republican Transformation
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Further Reading
13 Roman Arts and Letters
The Early and Middle Republic. Early Roman Art
The Beginnings of Roman Literature
On the World Stage
Late Republican Art
Key Debates: What’s Roman about a Greek Statue?
Exploring Culture: An Odd Coupling: The “Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus”
Late Republican Literature
Working with Sources
Political Issues: A Voice Crying in the Desert?
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Further Reading
Ancient Authors
Notable Figures from Roman History
Glossary
Index
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This series offers a fresh approach to the study of ancient history,seeking to illuminate the social and cultural history often obscuredby political narratives. The books in the series will emphasize themes in socialand cultural history, such as slavery, religion, gender, age, medicine, technology,and entertainment. Books in the series will be engaging, thought provokingaccounts of the classical world, designed specifically for studentsand teachers in the classroom.
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Polybius’ greatest value to the social and cultural historian may actually lie in the fact that he often appears as what we might call a cultural anthropologist. As a Greek living in Rome, Polybius found himself confronted with customs and behaviors that seemed strange to him. In his concern to explain the Romans to his countrymen, he took the time to describe things that Roman authors took for granted. For instance, our best description of a Roman funeral comes from Polybius, and he also left us a detailed discussion of the Roman government. We still need to ask questions of Polybius; as a Greek, he often used his Greek experience to understand Roman customs, and on occasion seems to have misunderstood Roman behavior because of that perspective. However, he often provides us with crucial data missing from Roman sources, and the fact that he was present in Rome during a crucial period in Rome’s expansion makes him an invaluable resource.
Another Greek deserves mention in this regard: the biographer and moralist Plutarch (45–127 CE). Although he wrote substantially later than the people he described, Plutarch was able to draw upon many sources contemporary with those individuals that no longer survive for us. Among his numerous writings, Plutarch wrote a series of Parallel Lives, matching a figure from Roman history with one from Greece. Perhaps the greatest value for our study lies in the fact that he included many details about the private or personal lives of the people involved, allowing us to learn something of the practices of the Roman upper class. At the same time, we need again to ask about Plutarch’s purpose in writing: in most cases he aimed to provide a moral lesson from these lives and he explicitly matched his pairs in order to draw moral comparisons between the Greek and the Roman.
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