The Night of Broken Glass

The Night of Broken Glass
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November 9th 1938 is widely seen as a violent turning point in Nazi Germany’s assault on the Jews. An estimated 400 Jews lost their lives in the anti-Semitic pogrom and more than 30,000 were imprisoned or sent to concentration camps, where many were brutally mistreated. Thousands more fled their homelands in Germany and Austria, shocked by what they had seen, heard and experienced. What they took with them was not only the pain of saying farewell but also the memory of terrible scenes: attacks by mobs of drunken Nazis, public humiliations, burning synagogues, inhuman conditions in overcrowded prison cells and concentration camp barracks. The reactions of neighbours and passersby to these barbarities ranged from sympathy and aid to scorn, mockery, and abuse. In 1939 the Harvard sociologist Edward Hartshorne gathered eyewitness accounts of the Kristallnacht from hundreds of Jews who had fled, but Hartshorne joined the Secret Service shortly afterwards and the accounts he gathered were forgotten – until now. These eyewitness testimonies – published here for the first time with a Foreword by Saul Friedländer, the Pulitzer Prize historian and Holocaust survivor – paint a harrowing picture of everyday violence in one of Europe’s darkest moments. This unique and disturbing document will be of great interest to anyone interested in modern history, Nazi Germany and the historical experience of the Jews.

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Группа авторов. The Night of Broken Glass

CONTENTS

Guide

List of Illustrations

Pages

THE NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS. Eyewitness Accounts of Kristallnacht

EDITORIAL NOTE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

FOREWORD

INTRODUCTION: ‘THUS ENDED MY LIFE IN GERMANY’1

9 November 1938

Notes

HUGO MOSES Manuscript 39 (159)

New York, October 1939

Notes

SIEGFRIED MERECKI Manuscript 166 (156)

Notes

RUDOLF BING Manuscript 252a (28)

Notes

TONI LESSLER Manuscript 81 (133)

Notes

SOFONI HERZ Manuscript 24 (96)

10 November!!!

The following days of protective custody

We move again!

Notes

‘ARALK’ Manuscript 107 (8)

MARIE KAHLE Manuscript 185 (101)

Notes

KARL E. SCHWABE Manuscript 202 (207)

Notes

GERTRUD WICKERHAUSER LEDERER Manuscript 74a (130)

Notes

KARL ROSENTHAL Manuscript 235 (192)

Notes

GEORG ABRAHAM Manuscript 90 (1)

Notes

HERTHA NATHORFF Manuscript 114 (162)

10 November 1938

11 November 1938

12 November 1938

13 November 1938

14 November 1938

16 November 1938

Monday, 14 November 1938

17 November 1938

20 November 1938

24 November 1938

30 November 1938

2 December 1938

3 December 1938

4 December 1938

5 December 1938

8 December 1938

12 December 1938

15 December 1938

16 December 1938

17 December 1938

20 December 1938

24 December 1938

New Year’s Eve 1938

Notes

CARL HECHT Manuscript 83 (91)

Notes

ERNST BELLAK Manuscript 175 (16)

Notes

MARTIN FREUDENHEIM Manuscript 243 (68)

ALICE BÄRWALD Manuscript 137 (15)

SIEGFRIED WOLFF Manuscript 232 (245)

9 November 1938

Notes

MARGARETE NEFF1 Manuscript 93 (205)

Notes

FRITZ RODECK Manuscript 76a (188)

Vienna, 10 November 1938

Mass arrests

Burning synagogues

Innsbruck, 10 November

… and the Aryans?

‘Atonement measures’

The Jewish situation at the beginning of 1939

Notes

FRITZ GOLDBERG1 Manuscript 245 (89)

Notes

HARRY KAUFMAN Manuscript 105 (108)

Notes

AFTERWORD: NAZI MADNESS

The sociologist Edward Y. Hartshorne and the Harvard Project

The context of the prize competition

‘Nazi Madness’ – The book project

Re-education

Notes

BIBLIOGRAPHY. INDIVIDUAL PUBLICATIONS FROM THE HARVARD COLLECTION BMSGER 91

SECONDARY LITERATURE (INCLUDING TITLES WITH EXTRACTS FROM THE HARVARD COLLECTION)

POLITY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

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Praise for The Night of Broken Glass

‘This riveting book prints a collection of 21 eyewitness accounts by German Jews of the terrible night of 9 November 1938, when, on the orders of Adolf Hitler and his propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, bands of stormtroopers all over Germany and Austria burned down more than 1,000 synagogues and smashed up some 7,500 Jewishowned shops. The value of these testimonies lies above all in their detail and immediacy. Mostly they confirm the picture we already have from other sources, though few are as vivid as these.’

.....

The chief motive of most of the participants was, as the Berlin publicist Wolf Citron put it, ‘to say farewell to Germany by working through and recapitulating what was experienced’. No one did so as radically as Moritz Berger, 21, who gave his account the title ‘Revenge’ and ‘dreamed of being a bomber pilot and reducing his home city to ruins’.38 However, all the accounts agreed that the unrestrained brutality of National Socialism on the night of 9 November 1938 represented the greatest breach of civilization in western history, and that it was, for a German Jew, simply unthinkable ever to live in that country again. ‘Nie mehr zurück in dieses Land’ (‘Never back to that country’), wrote the Berlin doctor Hertha Nathorff one week after the pogrom, ‘once we have left it alive.’ Several authors concluded their memoirs by adopting the prize competition’s title, summarizing the irreversibility of the events in the sentence: ‘So endete mein Leben in Deutschland’ (‘So ended my life in Germany’).

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