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Группа авторов. Fundamentals of Aquatic Veterinary Medicine
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Fundamentals of Aquatic Veterinary Medicine
Preface
List of Contributors
Acknowledgement
About the Companion Website
1 Aquatic Environment and Life Support Systems
Learning Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Life‐Support System in Aquaculture and Ornamental Fish Care
1.2.1 Extensive Culture System
1.2.1.1 Ponds
1.2.1.2 Tanks
1.2.2 Semi‐Intensive Culture System
1.2.3 Intensive Culture System
1.3 Physical Features of Life‐Support Systems
1.3.1 Mechanical, Chemical and Other Types of Filtration
1.3.1.1 Ultrasonic Cavitation
1.3.1.2 Ultraviolet Filtration
1.3.1.3 Ozone Filtration
1.3.1.4 Biological Filtration
1.3.2 Aquasystem Water. 1.3.2.1 Abiotic (Chemical and Physical) Properties
1.3.2.2 Temperature
1.3.2.3 pH
1.3.2.4 Dissolved Oxygen
1.3.2.5 Carbon Dioxide
1.3.2.6 Nitrogen
1.3.2.7 Hydrogen Sulfide
1.3.2.8 Chlorine
1.3.2.9 Alkalinity
1.3.2.10 Hardness
1.3.2.11 Conductivity, Salinity, Total Dissolved Solids
1.3.2.12 Light, Color, Vibration and Noise
1.3.2.13 Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change
1.3.2.14 Ammonia, Nitrite and Nitrate
1.3.2.15 The Nitrogen Cycle
1.3.2.16 Interaction of Chemical and Physical Properties of Water that Affect Aquatic Animal Health
1.3.3 Biotic Factors of Water. 1.3.3.1 Biological Oxygen Demand
1.3.3.2 Plants and Algae
1.3.3.3 Algal Bloom
1.3.3.4 Larger Aquatic Plants
1.3.3.5 Pests and Predators
1.4 Monitoring and Regulation of Life‐Support Systems
1.5 Maintaining Optimal Conditions
1.5.1 Biofilms
1.5.2 Chemical Flocculation and Bioflocculation
1.5.2.1 Effect of Therapeutants and Disinfectants on Biofilters
1.5.3 Environmental Toxins and Pollutants. 1.5.3.1 Heavy Metals
1.5.3.2 Insecticides
1.5.3.3 Herbicides
1.5.3.4 Harmful Algal Blooms
1.6 Diseases Associated with Suboptimal Water Quality
Supplementary materials available online
References
2 Taxonomy, Anatomy, and Physiology
Learning Objectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Invertebrates. 2.2.1 Crustacea
2.2.1.1 Superfamily Penaeidae
2.3 Vertebrates. 2.3.1 Fish and Elasmobranchs
2.3.1.1 Agnatha
2.3.1.2 Chondrichthyes
2.3.1.3 Osteichthyes (Teleost)
2.3.1.3.1 Morphology and Physiology of Teleost Fish
Body
Integument
Bone
Muscle
Adipose
Circulatory System
Gills/Pseudobranch
Digestive System
Swim Bladder
Osmoregulation
Kidneys
Hematopoietic, Lymphoid and Immune Systems
Endocrine System
Reproductive System
Nervous System and Special Senses
2.3.2 Amphibians. 2.3.2.1 Classification of Amphibians
2.3.3 Reptiles. 2.3.3.1 Classification of Reptiles
2.3.3.1.1 Chelonia
2.3.3.1.2 Squamata
2.3.3.1.3 Crocodilia
2.3.4 Aquatic Avian Species (Class Aves)
2.3.5 Aquatic Mammals (Class Mammalia)
2.3.5.1 Cetacea
2.3.5.2 Order Sirenia
2.3.5.3 Order Carnivora – Pinnipedia Group
References
3 Husbandry and Industries
Learning Objectives
3.1 Introduction to chapter
3.2 Husbandry and Industry. 3.2.1 Culture Environment
3.2.2 Types of Aquaculture Systems
3.2.2.1 Extensive Culture System
3.2.2.1.1 Ponds
3.2.2.1.2 Tanks
3.2.2.2 Semi‐Intensive Culture System
3.2.2.2.1 Cage Culture
3.2.2.2.2 Fish Pens
3.2.2.2.3 Rafts, Trays or Long Lines
3.2.2.2.4 Makeshift Containers
3.2.2.3 Intensive Culture System
3.2.2.3.1 Recirculating Systems
3.2.2.3.2 Ponds and Tanks
3.2.2.3.3 Raceways
3.2.3 Management of Culture Environment
3.2.3.1 Selection of Stocking Materials and Population Regulation
3.2.3.2 Proper Feeding
3.2.3.3 Reduction of Handling Stress
3.2.4 Natural History and Aquaculture
3.2.5 Environmental and Social Acclimation
3.2.6 Animal Transport
3.2.7 Ornamental Fish Culture
3.3 Nutrition. 3.3.1 Feeds and Feeding
3.3.2 Feed Storage
3.3.3 Nutrient Analysis
3.3.4 Nutrient Requirements
3.3.5 Nutritional Deficiencies and Toxicities
3.3.6 Water
3.3.7 Therapeutic Diets. 3.3.7.1 Principles and Techniques of Therapeutic Diet AdministrationDuring Treatment and Recovery
3.3.7.2 Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Other Feed Additives
Supplementary materials available online
References
4 Pathology of Aquatic Animal Diseases
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Infectious Diseases. 4.2.1 Mycobacteriosis
4.2.2 Columnaris Disease (Flavobacterium columnare)
4.2.3 Motile Aeromonad Septicemia
4.2.4 Furunculosis
4.2.5 Bacterial Kidney Disease
4.2.6 Vibrionaceae Diseases
4.2.7 Edwardsiellosis
4.2.8 Streptococcosis
4.2.9 Nocardiosis
4.2.10 Pseudomoniasis (P. fluorescens)
4.2.11 Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia
4.2.12 Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis
4.2.13 Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis
4.2.14 Salmonid Alphavirus
4.2.15 Infectious Salmon Anemia
4.2.16 Viral Erythrocytic Necrosis Virus
4.2.17 Channel Catfish Virus Disease
4.2.18 Spinning Tilapia Syndrome
4.2.19 Tilapia Lake Virus
4.2.20 Spring Viremia of Carp
4.2.21 Cyprinid Herpesvirus 1
4.2.22 Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2
4.2.23 Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3
4.3 Parasitic Diseases. 4.3.1 Amoebic Gill Disease
4.3.2 Dinoflagellate Infestation (Amyloodinium spp., Piscinoodinium spp.)
4.3.3 Diplomonad Infection (Hexamita/Spironucleus)
4.3.4 Diplomonad Infection (Ichthyobodo)
4.3.5 Diplomonad Infection (Cryptobia spp., Trypanosoma spp.)
4.3.6 Ciliate Infestation 1: Ich and Marine Ich (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Cryptocaryon irritans)
4.3.7 Other Ciliate Infestations (Genus: Trichodina, Chilodonella, Brooklynella, Epistylis, Apiosoma, Ambiphrya, Tetrahymena, and Others)
4.3.8 Oomycetes/Water Molds
4.3.9 Myxozoan Infection (Myxobolus)
4.4 Diseases with Multiple Causes. 4.4.1 Gas bubble disease
4.4.2 Nephrocalcinosis
4.4.3 Neoplasia
4.4.4 Cataracts
4.5 Differential Diagnostics of Diseases in Fish. 4.5.1 Salmonids/Coldwater Food Fish
4.5.2 Warmwater Food Fish
4.5.3 Tropical/Koi/Goldfish
Supplementary materials available online
References
5 Epidemiology of Aquatic Animal Diseases
Learning Objectives
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Basic Principles of Aquatic Epidemiology
5.3 Disease Reporting
5.4 Control and Eradication of Disease
5.5 Vaccination
5.5.1 Vaccine Delivery
5.6 The Immune Response to Infectious Diseases in Fish
Supplementary materials
References
6 Diagnostics and Treatment of Aquatic Animal Diseases
Learning Objectives
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Diagnostics. 6.2.1 Basic Sampling
6.3 Diagnostic Techniques
6.3.1 Phlebotomy
6.3.2 Biopsy
6.4 Diagnostic Imaging
6.4.1 Imaging Methods Used in the Examination of Fish. 6.4.1.1 Radiography
6.4.2 Ultrasound
6.4.3 Necropsy
6.5 Exploratory Surgery
6.5.1 Endoscopy
6.6 Treatment. 6.6.1 Management Strategies
6.6.2 Drug Therapy: Selection and Use of Drugs
6.7 Anesthetics and Analgesics. 6.7.1 Terminology
6.7.2 Methods of Delivering Anesthesia in Fish
6.7.3 Anesthetic Agents Used in Fish
6.7.4 Induction of Anesthesia
6.7.5 Recovery from Anesthesia
6.7.6 Decontamination
6.8 Vector Controls
6.8.1 Rehabilitation Plan
6.8.2 End of Life Care (Euthanasia protocols and Agents)
6.8.2.1 Commonly Used Euthanasia Drug Dosages
Supplementary materials available online
References
7 Clinical Veterinary Experience and Client Communication
Learning Objectives
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Clinical Veterinary Experience
7.2.1 Veterinary Professionalism
7.2.2 How to Identify Diagnostic Laboratories
7.2.3 How to Develop and Maintain Appropriate Medical Records
7.2.4 How to Manage an Aquatic Veterinary Practice: Budgeting, Finance and Legal Aspects
7.2.5 Assessing Sources in the Context of Clinical Decision Making
7.2.6 What is Evidence?
7.2.7 Questions to Ask when Reading a Paper
7.2.8 Framework for Critical Appraisal
7.3 Client Communication. 7.3.1 Work Ethics and Principles of Ethical Practice
7.3.2 Effective Communication
Supplementary materials
References
8 Public Health, Zoonoses, and Seafood Safety
Learning Objectives
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Seafood Quality. 8.2.1 Sensory Quality of Fish
8.2.1.1 The EU Grading Scheme for Whole Fish
8.2.1.2 Torry Sensory Assessment Scheme
8.2.1.3 Quality Index Method
8.2.2 Biochemical and Chemical Quality of Fish
8.2.2.1 Total Volatile Basic Amines
8.2.2.2 Ammonia
8.2.2.3 Trimethylamine
8.2.2.4 Dimethylamine
8.2.2.5 Biogenic Amines
8.2.2.6 Nucleotide Catabolites
8.2.2.7 Ethanol
8.2.2.8 Measurements of Oxidative Rancidity
8.2.3 Microbiological Quality of Fish
8.2.3.1 Parasitic Infection
8.2.3.2 Viral Infection
8.2.3.3 Natural Toxins
8.2.4 Fish Spoilage
8.3 Nature and Extent of Public Health Risks from Aquatic Animals and Seafood
8.3.1 Biological Hazards
8.3.2 Physical Hazards
8.3.2.1 Chemical Hazards
8.4 Zoonoses of Aquatic Animal Origin
8.4.1 Bacterial Zoonoses
8.4.1.1 Mycobacteria
8.4.1.2 Streptococcus iniae
8.4.1.3 Vibrio Species
8.4.1.4 Septicemia
8.4.1.5 Aeromonads
8.4.1.6 Enterobacteriaceae
8.4.2 Parasitic Zoonoses
8.4.3 Viral Zoonoses
8.4.3.1 Norwalk Virus
8.4.3.2 Hepatitis A
8.5 Intoxication. 8.5.1 Botulism
8.5.2 Histamine Poisoning
8.5.3 Ciguatera Fish Poisoning
8.6 Seafood Allergies
8.7 The Veterinarian’s Role in Protecting Public Health and Seafood Safety
8.7.1 Monitoring and Control of Seafood Safety
8.7.1.1 Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point
8.7.1.2 Operational Prerequisite Programs
8.7.1.3 Weaknesses of HACCP
8.7.2 The Role of Aquatic Animals and Seafood in the Emergence, Maintenance and Transmission of Antimicrobial Resistance to Humans
8.7.2.1 Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Aquaculture
8.8 The Veterinarian’s Role in Preventing Environmental Contamination. 8.8.1 Legal Disposal of Aquatic Animal Remains and Other Biohazards
8.9 Effluent Treatment Protocols
8.9.1 Effluent Water Treatment
8.9.1.1 Sedimentation
8.9.1.2 Mechanical filtration
8.9.2 Algal Ponds
8.9.3 Constructed Wetlands
Supplementary materials
References
9 Legislation, Regulations, and Policies
Learning Objectives
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Regulations Affecting the Practice of Veterinary Medicine
9.3 Animal Health Regulations
9.4 International Animal Disease Regulations and Standards
9.5 Economic Impact of Disease Regulations
9.6 Regulated and Non‐Regulated Diseases
9.7 Role Of Diagnostic Laboratories and Use of Assays
9.8 Import/Export Regulations, Health Certificates and Movement Permits
9.8.1 General Considerations
9.8.2 Role of Producer Best Management Practices
9.9 Veterinary Drug, Biologics, and Pesticide Regulations
9.10 Other Regulations
Supplementary Materials
References
10 Principles of Aquatic Animal Welfare
Learning Objectives
10.1 Introduction
10.2 A Brief Discussion on the Whys and Wherefores of Animal Welfare
10.3 Ethical Theories of Welfare
10.3.1 What drives welfare?
10.3.2 Assessment Welfare Frameworks. 10.3.2.1 The Five Freedoms (Brambell, 1965)
10.3.2.2 The Five Needs (UK Animal Welfare Act 2006)
10.3.2.3 The Five Domains (David Mellor, New Zealand)
10.3.2.4 The Five Opportunities (United States)
10.3.3 Life Quality of Aquatic Animals Related to the Five Freedoms
10.3.3.1 Fear and Distress Connected to Predators
10.3.4 Freedom from Thirst, Hunger and Malnutrition
10.4 Production. 10.4.1 Breeding
10.4.1.1 Eggs
10.4.1.2 Fry
10.4.1.3 Fingerlings
10.4.1.4 Growing On
10.4.2 Health Effects of Poor Nutrition
10.4.3 Health Effects of Good Nutrition
10.4.4 Immunostimulants
10.4.5 Freedom from Discomfort
10.4.6 Environment
10.4.7 Freedom from pain, injury and disease
Box 10.1 Pain
10.4.8 Prevention of Disease, Prompt Diagnosis and Treatment of the Injured and Diseased
10.4.9 Pain Management in Fish
Box 10.2 Pain Management in Fish
10.4.10 Freedom to Express Normal Behavior
10.4.11 Freedom from Fear and Distress
10.5 Conclusion
Supplementary Materials
References
Index
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