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Группа авторов. Mineral Resource Economy 2
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Table
Guide
Pages
Mineral Resources Economics 2. Issues and Action Levers
Introduction
I.1. The stakes: between legal rules, interdependence of nations and interests of local populations
I.2. The leverage for action: what can be expected and what remains to be explored
I.3. References
1. Toward a New Geopolitics of Raw Materials in the Energy Transition
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Measuring the criticality of raw materials and geopolitical risk. 1.2.1. Criticality, strategic materials and risks
1.2.2. The absence of a homogeneous theoretical framework
1.2.3. Criticality matrices
1.3. Geopolitics and geo-economics of raw materials of the energy transition
1.3.1. From measuring pressures on reserves to taking geopolitics into account in measuring criticality
1.3.2. Fear of cartelization or monopoly in commodity markets
1.3.2.1. Fear of cartelization in the lithium market?
1.3.2.2. A duopoly on the cobalt market?
1.3.2.3. China and the copper market: dependence or domination?
1.3.2.4. The issue of strategic dependence: the case of rare earth metals
1.4. How can we manage strategic materials supply risk?
1.4.1. The role of public policies
1.4.2. The issue of strategic stocks
1.4.3. Foreign investment through national companies
1.4.4. The logic of the Chinese barter
1.5. Conclusion: toward a new resource nationalism?
1.6. References
2. Legal Issues Regarding the Sustainable Management of Territorial and Extraterritorial Mineral Resources
2.1. National law regarding territorial mineral resources: the decisive issue of ownership
2.1.1. Ownership over mineral resources at the core of mineral law
2.1.1.1. The clarity of Chinese law: state ownership over mineral resources
2.1.1.2. The subtlety of French law: state administered mineral resources
2.1.1.3. The difficulty of U.S. law: a multiplicity of owners of property rights over mineral resources
2.1.2. A form of mineral ownership that may limit the government’s capacity to regulate the extractive sector for environmental reasons
2.1.2.1. Chinese law: toward a criminalization of environmental pollution
2.1.2.2. European law: the exclusive competence of the Member States over the conditions of exploitation of their energy resources
2.1.2.3. U.S. law: congressional jurisdiction in environmental matters limited for private- and state-owned lands
2.2. International law regarding territorial mineral resources: the central role of state sovereignty
2.2.1. The principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources for the benefit of international trade
2.2.1.1. A theoretically absolute principle
2.2.1.2. A principle limited in practice by the protection granted to foreign investments
2.2.2. A principle challenged by indigenous peoples’ rights to lands, territories and resources
2.3. International law regarding extraterritorial mineral resources: exploitation “for the benefit of mankind as a whole”
2.3.1. The legal status of the seabed and the subsoil, determined by states’ interests in the exploitation of mineral resources
2.3.1.1. The appropriation by coastal states of the mineral resources of the territorial sea, the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone
2.3.1.2. The so-called humanistic appropriation of the mineral resources of the international seabed area for the benefit of the economic development of states
2.3.2. The legal framework for the exploitation of Antarctic mineral resources, determined by ecological considerations
2.4. For a sustainable management of mineral resources
2.5. References
3. Mining and Societies
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Mines as a factor of settlement and landscape transformation. 3.2.1. Mining and the population
3.2.2. Mines, landscapes and the environment in pre-industrial times
3.3. Mining in the Industrial Age. 3.3.1. The transformations of the industrial energy system
3.3.2. Birth and development of coalfields
3.3.3. Conquest and development of new metal deposits
3.4. Contemporary mining transformations and challenges. 3.4.1. Geographic trends in mining
3.4.2. Decline and changes in former mining regions
3.4.3. Extraction boom and risks in new mining regions
3.4.4. The limits of “responsible” mining
3.5. Conclusion
3.6. References
4. Maintaining or Even Developing the Mining of Mineral Resources in Europe: The Case of Wallonia (Belgium)
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Geological resources in Wallonia
4.2.1. Extraction of mineral materials other than metals
4.2.2. Metal extraction: a problem on several spatiotemporal scales
4.3. Extension of sites/quantity of mining?
4.3.1. Exploit existing and well-characterized metal resources/reserves
4.3.2. Promoting a short circuit
4.3.3. Promoting alternatives to the sometimes deplorable extraction conditions in some regions of the world
4.3.4. Stimulating the local economy/employment
4.3.5. (Re)discovering a degree of supply independence for the industry
4.3.6. Creating the “substitution threat”: knowing that local potential exists
4.4. Decrease in sites/quantity of operations
4.4.1. Lack of local skills (being addressed)
4.4.2. NIMBY syndrome
4.4.2.1. Polluting, noisy and smelly extraction
4.4.2.2. The destruction of flora and fauna
4.4.2.3. The creation of an additional mode of transportation of goods
4.4.2.4. Alteration of the landscape during operation
4.4.2.5. Limiting the development of other assignments
4.4.2.6. The creation of landfills after operation
4.4.2.7. The enrichment of mining companies
4.4.2.8. Unacceptable social/societal conditions
4.4.2.9. Economic and geopolitical stress
4.4.2.10. Complex scientific jargon in a little-taught field
4.5. Some levers for action
4.5.1. Responsible extraction
4.5.2. Popularizing
4.5.3. Strengthening the administration and defining a clear public strategy
4.5.4. Consulting
4.5.5. Collaborating (private–public)
4.6. Conclusion
4.7. References
5. Substitution: Promises, Principles and Main Constraints
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Main economic foundations of substitution
5.2.1. The demand curve
5.2.2. The horizons of substitution: short, medium and long term
5.2.3. The shortcomings of the classical demand curve
5.3. Elements, components, systems: what are we really substituting?
5.3.1. Altenpohl hierarchy and principal forms of technical substitution
5.3.2. Normative substitution: what to substitute for?
5.4. The main obstacles to substitution
5.4.1. Technical obstacles
5.4.2. Economic obstacles
5.4.3. Barriers related to the physical availability of the resource
5.4.4. Cultural and historical barriers
5.4.5. Regulatory barriers
5.5. Other aspects to be taken into account
5.5.1. Impact of competition and industrial strategies
5.5.2. Is economic substitution also an ecological substitution?
5.6. References
6. Resource Consumption and Decoupling
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Global use of resources
6.3. Material consumption indicators
6.4. Decoupling the economy from resource consumption. 6.4.1. Evidence of decoupling
6.4.2. Saturation of resource use
6.5. Responsibility for resource consumption
6.6. Conclusion
6.7. References
7. The Economics of Recycling: Ambitions, Myths and Constraints
7.1. The recycling economy, an ancient history
7.2. Geological and urban mines, similarities and differences in logic
7.3. Understand the definitions and indicators of recycling in order to express its performance
7.4. A limited deposit because we can only recycle what we have consumed
7.5. Multiple factors influencing recycling and its effectiveness
7.6. The technical constraints of metal recycling
7.6.1. Preparation of materials
7.6.2. Recycling of base metals
7.6.3. Recycling of specialty metals
7.7. Environmental benefits of recycling
7.8. Conclusion
7.9. References
8. Low-tech: A Path Toward the Necessary Metallic Sobriety?
8.1. Cornucopians versus doomsdayers
8.2. The circular economy, mission impossible?
8.2.1. Invisible dematerialization
8.2.2. The systemic issue between energy and resources
8.2.3. The constraints of recycling
8.3. Toward a metallic frugality
8.3.1. Sobriety above all
8.3.2. “Advanced” eco-design
8.3.3. Moderate mechanization
8.4. A possible and desirable transition. 8.4.1. The role of the public authority, at all scales
8.4.2. Finding the right scale
8.4.3. Humans, the key to “repairability” and optimal recycling
8.4.4. Positive impacts
8.4.5. A “happy” transition or nothing
8.5. References
Conclusion
C.1. The challenge of access to primary resources
C.2. The challenge of circularity and recycling
C.3. The challenge of reducing our material footprint: decoupling or degrowth?
C.4. References
List of Authors
Index
A, B
C
D
E
F
G
H, I
J, K, L
M
N, O, P
R
S
T
V, W, Z
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