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Alternative Liquid Dielectrics for High Voltage Transformer Insulation Systems
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Страница 1
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
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Editorial
1 Liquid Insulation for Power Transformers
1.1 Background of Liquid‐Filled Transformers
1.2 Insulation System in Liquid‐Filled Transformers
1.3 Insulation Aging Phenomena in Transformers
1.4 Transformer Insulating Liquids 1.4.1 Conventional Liquid Dielectrics
1.4.1.1 Mineral Insulating Oils
1.4.1.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyl
1.4.1.3 High‐Temperature Hydrocarbons
1.4.2 Alternative Liquid Dielectrics
1.4.2.1 Natural Ester Liquids
1.4.2.2 Vegetable Oils
1.4.2.3 Synthetic Ester Liquids
References
2 Processing and Evaluation of Natural Esters
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Significant Natural Ester Liquids
2.2.1 Soybean Oil
2.2.2 Pongamia Pinnata Oil
2.2.3 Jatropha Curcas Oil
2.2.4 Palm Oil
2.2.5 Rapeseed Oil (Canola Oil)
2.3 Processing and Pretreatment
2.3.1 Extraction of Oil
2.3.1.1 Mechanical Extraction
2.3.1.2 Chemical Extraction
2.3.2 Transesterification
2.4 Properties and Evaluation of Natural Esters
2.4.1 Electrical Properties 2.4.1.1 AC Breakdown Voltage (ACBDV)
2.4.1.2 Dielectric Dissipation Factor (DDF)
2.4.1.2.1 Parallel Representation
2.4.1.2.2 Series Representation
2.4.1.3 Dielectric Constant
2.4.2 Chemical Properties 2.4.2.1 Water Content
2.4.2.2 Sulphur Content
2.4.2.3 Total Acid Number (TAN)
2.4.2.4 Oxidation Stability
2.4.3 Physical Properties 2.4.3.1 Pour Point
2.4.3.2 Flash and Fire Point
2.4.3.3 Interfacial Tension (IFT)
2.4.3.4 Thermal Conductivity
2.4.3.5 Viscosity
2.5 Degradation of Different Vegetable Oils
2.5.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
2.5.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Study
2.6 Dissolved Gas Analysis in Natural Esters
2.6.1 Standard Gas Ratios
2.6.1.1 IEC Gas Ratios
2.6.1.2 Doernenburg Ratio Method
2.6.1.3 Rogers Ratio Method
2.6.1.4 Duval’s Triangle
2.7 Challenges in Using Natural Esters as Insulating Liquid
2.8 Conclusions and Future Scope
References
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