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Группа авторов. Natural History Collections in the Science of the 21st Century
Table of Contents
List of Table
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Natural History Collections in the Science of the 21st Century. A Sustainable Resource for Open Science
Foreword
Acknowledgments
1. Natural History Collections: An Essential Resource for Science in the 21st Century
1.1. Collections in early 21st century science
1.2. New explorations because of the magnitude and diversity of the collections’ data
1.3. Research using and driving the constitution of natural history collections
1.3.1. Being able to return to the object: one of the major contributions of natural history collections
1.3.2. Collections at the heart of highly innovative research thanks to new technologies
1.3.3. A resource for global change research
1.3.4. Designing the science of the future based on collections
1.4. References
2. Natural History Collections: An Ancient Concept in a Present and Future Perspective
2.1. Introduction
2.2. A tribute to curiosity and coupling with classifications
2.3. The structuring of our thoughts and actions by an ancient concept
2.4. Collections: more than species catalogues
2.5. Big Data collections in space and time
2.6. What future is there for the use of collections?
2.7. Conclusion
2.8. References
3. Louis XIV’s Blue Gems: Exceptional Rediscoveries at the French National Museum of Natural History
3.1. Introduction
3.2. A scientific investigation of color
3.3. The digital decoding of the creative genius of the royal gem cutter
3.4. Epilogue: toward a renaissance..
3.5. References
4. Rediscovering Human Mummies: Unpublished data on the Chachapoya Mummy Exhibited at the Musée de l’Homme
4.1. Introduction
4.1.1. The Muséum’s collection of human mummies
4.1.2. Origin, discovery, donation and exhibition: a brief history of the mummy
4.2. Materials and methods. 4.2.1. The MNHN-HA-30187 mummy: position of the body, measurements and external appearance
4.2.2. Medical imaging protocol and technique
4.2.3. Protocol for experimental reproduction of trepanation
4.3. Results
4.3.1. Basic biological identity
4.3.2. Osteo-dental status
4.3.3. Internal organs
4.3.4. Archeoentomology
4.3.5. Cranial trepanation: location, size and mode of operation
4.4. Discussion. 4.4.1. Identity of the deceased and health status
4.4.2. Treatment of the corpse and embalming
4.4.3. Chronology of mortuary gestures
4.5. Conclusion
4.6. References
5. Reconstructing the History of Human Populations: A Challenge for Biological Anthropology
5.1. Introduction. 5.1.1. How human remains have also become scientific objects
5.1.2. The MNHN biological anthropology collection
5.1.3. Cranial morphology as an indication of biocultural processes
5.2. Cranial morphology and settlement history
5.2.1. A new look at the diversity of Native Americans
5.3. Cranial morphology and adaptation to the environment
5.3.1. Cranial diversity beyond randomness
5.4. The importance of cranial collection for the advancement of research in biological anthropology
5.5. References
6. The Discovery of New Metal-Hyperaccumulating Plant Species in Herbaria
6.1. Metal-hyperaccumulating plants
6.2. The screening of herbarium collections: from atomic absorption to X-ray fluorescence
6.3. The discovery of new metal-hyperaccumulating plants at the MNHN herbarium
6.3.1. The interest of the MNHN herbarium for the research of metal-hyperaccumulating plants
6.3.2. From the herbarium to the field: new nickel hyperaccumulators in the genus Orthion
6.3.3. Rinorea multivenosa, the first zinc hyperaccumulating species discovered in the Amazon basin
6.3.4. A large number of manganese hyperaccumulating species to be discovered
6.4. Conclusion
6.5. Acknowledgments
6.6. References
7. Fossil Crustaceans in the Light of New Technologies
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Fossil crustaceans
7.3. The radiation of fossil crustaceans. 7.3.1. Revealing characters with UV light (yellow fluorescence)
7.3.2. Revealing characters with green light (green–orange fluorescence)
7.3.3. X-ray radiography
7.4. Exceptional preservation of fossil crustaceans
7.5. Ostracods and paleogeography at the end of the Paleozoic
7.6. References
8. The “Cyanobacteria and Microalgae” Collection in the Time of “-omics”
8.1. Introduction
8.2. A living collection supported by research
8.3. New uses of the collection in basic research
8.3.1. Polyphasic identification and taxonomy of cyanobacteria and microalgae
8.3.2. Contribution to the evolutionary sciences
8.3.3. Contribution to the study of interactions between organisms
8.4. Enhancing the value of biological resources through the search for innovative bioactive molecules
8.5. Expertise in environmental diagnosis
8.6. The living collection of cyanobacteria and microalgae of today and tomorrow
8.7. References
9. The Collection of Cryopreserved Cells and Tissues of Vertebrates: Methods and Application
9.1. Introduction
9.2. History of the collection
9.3. Can all living beings be cryopreserved?
9.3.1. Collection, culture and freezing
9.4. Current applications
9.5. Current composition of the bank
9.6. Perspectives
9.7. References
10. Herbaria, the Last Resort for Extinct Plant Species
10.1. Context and objectives
10.2. Proposed approach and protocol
10.3. First results. 10.3.1. Selection of target species and identification of affine species
10.3.2. Assessment of the viability of available seeds. 10.3.2.1. X-ray microtomography
10.3.2.2. Germination test: tetrazolium red test
10.3.3. Cultivation experiments on affine species of the target species
10.3.3.1. Germination of whole seeds
10.3.3.2. Germination and development of the isolated embryo
10.3.3.3. Regeneration by organogenesis or embryogenesis
10.4. Discussion and conclusion
10.5. Acknowledgments
10.6. References
11. Ocean Cores, Climate Archives
11.1. Introduction
11.2. The MNHN’s oceanic collection
11.3. Development of core drilling techniques
11.4. Ocean cores: archives of past climate variability
11.5. Climate proxies
11.5.1. Temperature proxies. 11.5.1.1. Analyses of planktic foraminiferal assemblages
11.5.1.2. Stable isotopes of oxygen
11.5.1.3. Paleo-thermometer based on the Mg/Ca ratio
11.5.2. Proxies of salinity
11.5.3. Paleo-pH proxies and carbonate ion concentration
11.5.3.1. Stable boron isotopes (δ11B) and B/Ca ratio
11.6. Analytical techniques
11.7. Conclusion
11.8. References
12. Clarifying the Radiocarbon Calibration Curve for Ancient Egypt: The Wager of Herbaria
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Carbon-14 (14C) dating and Egyptian chronology. 12.2.1. The challenge of calibration
12.2.2. Chronology of ancient Egypt: contribution of 14C and historic debates
12.3. Specificities of the Egyptian landscape and the objective of the project
12.4. The flora of Egypt in the MNHN Herbarium
12.5. Analytical and statistical challenges
12.5.1. Selection of herbarium specimens. 12.5.1.1. Constraints imposed by the collections
12.5.1.2. Constraints imposed by the 14C dating method
12.5.2. Preliminary results of 14C dating
12.6. Conclusion
12.7. References
13. Herbaria, a Window into the Evolutionary History of Crop Pathogens
13.1. Epidemics, emergences and re-emergences
13.2. Development of agriculture, domestication of cultivated plants and their diseases
13.3. Molecular biology and genomics as a tool for studying phytopathogenic micro-organisms
13.4. Contributions of the herbarium samples
13.4.1. Direct evidence
13.4.2. Molecular analyses
13.5. How to explore a herbarium
13.6. Characteristics of old nucleic acids and their treatment
13.6.1. The particular case of viral nucleic acids
13.7. Xanthomonas citri pv. citri and its emergence in the Indian Ocean
13.8. Emergence and evolutionary history of plant pathogenic viruses: the geminivirus model
13.8.1. Case of a species complex responsible for an emerging disease
13.8.2. Case of a cryptic geminivirus
13.9. Discussion
13.10. Acknowledgments and funding
13.11. References
14. The Yellow-Legged Asian Hornet: Prediction of the Risk of Invasion and the Study of its Color Variations
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Vespa velutina: some elements of taxonomy and biology
14.2.1. A species: 13 colored forms
14.2.2. One nest per year
14.2.3. Insectivore, but not exclusively
14.3. Sampling of specimens
14.4. The origin of invasive lineages of V. velutina in France and Korea
14.4.1. The history of the invasion explained by genetics
14.4.2. A single queen at the origin of the invasive lineage in France
14.5. Expansion risks in Europe and worldwide
14.5.1. Data and methods for inferring range and predicting invasion risk
14.5.2. Strong expansion in Europe and the Northern Hemisphere
14.6. Origin of color and shape variations
14.6.1. The importance of collection specimens
14.6.2. Discordance between genetic lineages and colored forms
14.7. Conclusion
14.8. References
15. Exploring Temporal Changes in the Composition of Macroalgal Communities by Using Collections
15.1. On the constitution of macroalgal collections. 15.1.1. Large seaweeds
15.1.2. Algal herbaria
15.1.3. Data associated with the herbaria
15.1.4. Specimens and scientific evidence
15.1.5. The herbarium of the Dinard maritime laboratory
15.2. Exploring temporal changes in species distribution
15.2.1. Perspectives for exploring temporal changes in species distribution
15.3. Exploring temporal changes in community composition. 15.3.1. Example of the study of the Dinard Herbarium
15.3.2. Perspectives for exploring temporal changes in community composition
15.4. Conclusion: sampling and analysis strategies for the future
15.5. References
16. Herbaria, Witnesses of the Stakes of Biodiversity Conservation and the Impacts of Global Changes
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Evaluation of the floristic richness and conservation issues of territories
16.3. Studies of introduction pathways and colonization of invasive exotic plants and pathogens
16.4. Analysis of the impact of pollution and changes in air quality
16.5. Study of phenological changes in flora as a result of climate change
16.6. Conclusion
16.7. References
17. Digital Photography In Natura in Zoology: More Biology in Natural History Collections?
17.1. Images and collections... for comparative biology
17.2. Accelerating the process of the incomplete inventory of life
17.3. Why more biology in natural history collections?
17.4. Images in the natural sciences: a collection like any other?
17.5. The Hemiptera of France: an exemplary iconography
17.6. Trait databases, query automation and bio-inspiration
17.7. Conclusion: a new challenge for natural history
17.8. References
18. The Use of Large Natural History Datasets to Respond to Current Scientific and Societal Issues
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Making data available: a revolution
18.3. Challenges for data providers. 18.3.1. Reading labels or directories
18.3.2. Structure of the information related to the specimens
18.3.3. The taxonomic framework: moving information
18.3.4. The importance of tracing the source of data
18.4. The role of access portals
18.4.1. The provision standards
18.5. The importance of scientific analysis design in appropriating the specificities of data from collections
18.5.1. Detecting the biases in collection data: advantages and opportunities for scientific analyses
18.5.2. Toward a good balance between the question and the available data
18.5.3. Playing the advantage of multiple spatial scales
18.6. Moving from raw data to sorted data that can be used for scientific analyses
18.6.1. From open data to open science, a responsibility for the traceability of data and operations
18.6.2. Toward a necessary reorganization of collaborative work
18.7. Conclusion
18.8. References
19. Is There a Need for Biocultural Collections? State of the Art and Perspectives1
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Origin of these collections. 19.2.1. Ethnobotany
19.2.2. Ethnology
19.3. Collection principles and the function of collections. 19.3.1. The role of objects in “Maussian” ethnology
19.3.2. Ethnobotanical collections
19.3.3. Biocultural collections. 19.3.3.1. Ethnobiological specimens
19.3.3.2. Material culture in ethnobiology
19.4. Principles for the articulation of sets
19.5. Description of the collections
19.5.1. Ethnobiological specimens
19.5.2. Objects and artifacts
19.6. What changes?
19.7. References
20. Why Preserve?
20.1. The museum’s collections: between study and heritage
20.2. Disrupting the equilibrium
20.3. Preparation and storage
20.4. The main principles of conservation
20.5. The main principles of conservation being undermined
20.6. Multiple values
20.7. The scientific value of the collections
20.8. Conclusion
20.9. References
21. Collections for Scientific Research in the 21st Century and Beyond
21.1. Collections in the quest for knowledge
21.2. Three main kinds of new uses for collections
21.2.1. Enriching the life sciences, human sciences and the sciences of the universe with new technologies
21.2.2. A pool of information on the environment
21.2.3. The era of digital data
21.3. Lessons from these new uses
21.3.1. The importance of richness and diversity
21.3.2. Information at the heart of new research
21.3.3. Good conservation and good practices
21.3.4. The importance of sets
21.4. Collections in 21st century science and beyond
21.5. Conclusion
21.6. References
List of Authors
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K, L
M
N
O
P
Q, R
S
T
U, V
W, X, Y, Z
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