Оглавление
Группа авторов. The Behavior of Animals
the behavior of animals
Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Guide
Pages
contributors
foreword
preface
1 the study of animal behavior
INTRODUCTION
A Brief History of Behavioral Biology. Early days
Lorenz and Tinbergen
Ethology and comparative psychology
Behaviorism
Cognitive psychology
Four Questions in the Study of Animal Behavior
Trends in the Study of Animal Behavior. Behavioral ecology: from mechanism to function
Neuroethology and cognitive neuroscience
Cognitive ecology and neuroecology
Animal welfare and human nature
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
2 stimulus perception
INTRODUCTION
Stimulus Reception
Receptor cells provide organisms with information on their own sensory worlds
Sign Stimuli. Stimulus perception in male sticklebacks
Principle of configurational sign-stimuli: picking out visual key features. Static and dynamic configurations
Are there comparable signs with threatening stimuli across species?
Configurational Stimuli in Human Perception
The Relational/Combinatorial Principle of Sign-stimuli from Other Sensory Modalities
From Stimulus Summation to Supernormal Stimuli. Heterogeneous summation
Supernormal stimulus
Behavioral Ways of Stimulus Selection. Stimulus-specific habituation implies stimulus discrimination
Search images facilitate stimulus recognition
The behavioral meaning of stimuli can depend on motivation
Analyzing Neural Processes that Underlie Perception of Sign-stimuli
The classical concept of innate releasing mechanism
Toward neuronal correlates of releasing systems
Scent-coding by specialized receptor cells in insects
Visual feature detection in amphibians: a multimethodological analysis
Toward a features-relating-algorithm as a principle in configurational perception
What does the eye tell its brain?
In search of brain structures involved in feature detection
Configurational object perception involves parallel processing streams and their interaction
The size constancy phenomenon
Visuomotor access
Modification of species-specific feature detection by learning
Sensorimotor codes
Modeling toad’s visual pattern recognition
Visual Perception in Primate Cortex: Dedicated, Modifiable, Crossmodal, and Multifunctional Properties in Concert
Ventral processing stream answering “what”
Dorsal processing stream answering “where”
Selective attention: what an individual does not like to see, it may not see
Does imagination reactivate processes involved in visual perception?
Sensory maps shrink or expand depending on supply and demand
Universal potential of neural networks allows sensory substitution
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
FURTHER READING. Textbooks
Movies
REFERENCES
3 motivation and emotion
INTRODUCTION
Behavior Systems
Some Motivational Issues
The concept of motivational energy
External versus internal causal factors
Specific versus general effects of causal factors
Central versus peripheral locus of action
Causal Factors
Stimuli
Hormones and other substances
Intrinsic neural factors
Interactions among Behavior Systems
Inhibition and Intention Movements
Ambivalence
Redirection
Displacement
Mechanisms of Behavioral Change
Human Emotion
Nonhuman Emotion
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
4 biological rhythms and behavior
INTRODUCTION. A clockwork chipmunk
The Spectrum and Discovery of Biological Rhythms
Circadian rhythms persist in temporal isolation
Circadian rhythms are temperature compensated
Rhythm Parameters and Terminology
Evolution and Adaptive Uses of Circadian Clocks. Circadian clocks are phylogenetically ancient
Circadian clocks coordinate behavior with the external world
The circadian clock is also a compass and a calendar
Environmental Synchronization of Circadian Rhythms. Entrainment by light–dark cycles
LD entrainment in nocturnal rodents: The nonparametric model
LD entrainment in diurnal species
Nonphotic stimuli and plasticity of circadian phenotypes
Neural Mechanisms of Circadian Rhythms
Mammals. Localization of a circadian pacemaker in mammals
The cellular and molecular clockworks
Nonmammalian vertebrates
Seasonal Rhythmicity
Circannual clocks
Photoperiodism and interval timers
Ultradian Rhythmicity
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
5 brain and behavior
INTRODUCTION
Sensing and Perceiving the Environment. The auditory world of the barn owl (Tyto alba)
The barn owl’s auditory map of space
Two auditory processing streams
The auditory map
Perception and sexual selection
Cognition
Honeybee learning
Mushroom bodies
Converging input
Control of Behavior
Vocal motor control
Gene expression and song production
Vocal motor memory
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
FURTHER READING
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
6 hormones and behavior
INTRODUCTION
A Primer on Hormone Action in the Brain
Cellular mechanisms of hormone action on behavior
Basic Physiological Mechanisms Mediating Hormone Effects on Behavior. Central versus peripheral actions
Steroids regulate social behaviors at multiple sites in a non-redundant fashion
Sex differences in steroid action
Sexual differentiation of behavior: the concept of organizational effect of steroid hormones. Mammals
Birds
Other vertebrates
Brain correlates of sex differences in behavior
Genetic effects on sex differences in brain and behavior that do not occur via hormonal action
Epigenetic mechanisms mediating sex differences in the brain
Hormone Secretion Modulated by Behavioral Interactions
Examples of Species in Which the Hormonal Regulation of Behavior Has Been Studied
Lordosis in rats
Male sexual behavior: the case of Japanese quail. Appetitive vs. consummatory sexual behavior
Endocrine controls
Neural circuits
Role of dopamine
Rapid effects of estrogens
Singing in songbirds: multiple brain sites of steroid action
Alternative Strategies of Reproduction
Associated vs. dissociated reproductive cycles
Sex change and successive hermaphroditism
Parthenogenesis
Alternative reproductive phenotypes
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
FURTHER READING
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
7 development of behavior
INTRODUCTION
Basic Developmental Issues. Learning and development
Embryology and behavioral development
Genes and behavior
The “nature/nurture” debate
Beyond nature/nurture
Developmental discontinuities and ontogenetic adaptations
Imprinting
Filial imprinting
Conditions for imprinting
Imprinting and learning
Sexual imprinting
Is imprinting really irreversible?
Development of attachments in humans and other primates
Birdsong Learning
Birdsong and the development of speech and language in human infants
Predispositions and Sensitive Periods
Predispositions in chicks and human infants
Sensitive periods
Development of Brain and Behavior
Development of Motivational Systems
Hunger
Dustbathing
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
FURTHER READING
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
8 learning and memory
INTRODUCTION
Procedures for the Study of Learning and their Results. Exposure to a single event
Pairing of events. Classical conditioning
Instrumental (operant) conditioning
Complex conditioning procedures
Conditional control
Discrimination learning
Mechanisms of Learning. Associative analysis of conditioning. Classical conditioning
Instrumental conditioning
Principles of association formation
Box 8.1 Rescorla-Wagner Model
General applicability of associative theory
Procedures for the Study of Memory and their Results
Working or short-term memory
Forgetting of items in working memory
Reference or long-term memory
Forgetting of items in reference memory
Working versus reference memory
General and Special Processes
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
9 animal cognition
INTRODUCTION
A Wasp’s Story
Basic Mechanisms: Knowledge
Motor and Perceptual Mechanisms
Central Mechanisms
Memory
Concepts
Using Mental Structures: Using Knowledge. Orientation
Taxes
Navigation
Spatial Memory
Path Integration
Cognitive Maps
Migration
Social Learning
Observational Learning
Perceptual Learning
“Higher” Mental Processes
Mental Structure and Mental Processes
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
10 applied animal behavior and animal welfare
INTRODUCTION
An Old or New Field?
Box 10.1 The development of applied animal behavior and animal welfare science
Practical Problems, Practical Solutions. Using the Abilities of Animals
Preventing Undesirable Behavior
Improving Animal Handling
Mitigating Harm to Animals
Designing Better Environments for Animals
Accommodating Animals’ Natural Behavior
Testing Environmental Preferences
Testing Motivation Strength
Behavioral Genetics and Animal Welfare
Animal Welfare and Affective States
Abnormal Behaviors
Assessing Affective States
Probing the Limits of Science. Science and the mental experience of animals
Animal Welfare, Science, and Ethics
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
11 the function of behavior
INTRODUCTION
Introducing Optimality
Backward Engineering
Optimal Flight Speeds: An Example of the Logicof Backward Engineering
What does it mean when a hypothesis about adaptation is rejected?
Optimality Models In Foraging
To Choose or Not to Choose: Optimal Diet Models
Three steps to building the optimal prey model. Step one
Step two
Step three
Two steps to testing the optimal prey model. Step one: Formulating the predictions
Step two: Experimental testing
Foraging Theory: Patch Models
Three steps to building an optimal patch residence model. Step one: The decision
Step two: The currency offitness
Step three: The constraints
Two steps to testing the optimal patch residence model. Step one: Drawing the predictions
Step two: Experimental test of the prediction
Box 11.1 Graphical representation of the optimal solution to the patch model
Expanding Foraging Models
Game Theory and Evolutionarily Stable Strategies
The Function of Fighting Displays
Three Steps to Analyzing the Fighting Game. Step one: Specifying the alternative strategies
Step two: Specifying the payoffs to each alternative
Step three: Finding the expected evolutionary solution
Lessons from the Hawk–Dove Game
Alternative Resource Harvesting Strategies
The producer-scrounger game
Lessons from the producer–scrounger game
Predictions for games with behavioral adjustment
Choosing Where to Live or Forage: The Ideal Free Game
The ideal free distribution game
Testing the Ideal Free Distribution
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
12 mate choice, mating systems, and sexual selection
INTRODUCTION
Sexual Selection
Mating Systems
Intrasexual Selection
Intersexual Selection: Female Preferences
Benefits of Mate Choice
Sexual Conflict
Costs of Sexual Ornamentation
Multiple Ornaments
Sex Ratios
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
13 Animal Personality, the Study of Individual Behavioral Differences
INTRODUCTION
Definition(s) of Personality
A Brief History of the Study of Personality
What Is Personality Made Of?
How to Study Personality
Consequences of Individual Personality Differences for Ecology and Evolution
Box 13.1
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
14 animal communication
INTRODUCTION
Communication and Information
Signal Reliability
Signaling When Interests are Not Opposed
Constrained Signals
Handicaps
Differential Benefits
Conventional Signals
Deception
Eavesdropping
Animal Communication and Human Language
Animal Signals as Symbols
Vocal Learning
Syntax
Pragmatics
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
15 evolution of behavior
INTRODUCTION
What Is the Evolution of Behavior?
Patterns of behavioral evolution deduced from strong inference
Behavior, taxonomy, and phylogenetics
Phylogenetics and the Evolution of Behavior
Box 15.1 Phylogenetic Techniques
Describing patterns of evolution
Uncovering ancestral states
Testing functionality of ancestral traits
Revealing behavioral genetic innovation
Assessing divergence time in behavioral evolution
Testing Process with Pattern
Correlations of variables with independent contrasts
Coevolution
Sexual selection and sensory exploitation
Brain, Behavior, and Evolution
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
FURTHER READING
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
16 the evolution of hominin behavior
INTRODUCTION
Primate Phylogeny
Our Closest Living Relatives
The Earliest Hominins
Australopithecus afarensis
The First Stone Tool Makers
The Striding Biped
Out of Africa
The First Cosmopolitan Hominid
The Neanderthals
The Evolution of Homo Sapiens
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
17 evolutionary approaches to human behavior
INTRODUCTION
Applying Evolutionary Theory to Human Behavior
From Darwin to behaviorism
Box 17.1 Darwinism and sex differences in human behavior
Human ethology and sociobiology
Recent evolutionary perspectives on human behavior
Box 17.2 The rise and fall of memetics
Are Human Beings Different from Other Animals?
Human reliance on culture and its expression in niche construction
Cognitive processes underlying information transmission
Box 17.3 4Animal traditions
Implications for the Study of Behavior
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
name index
subject index
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