Оглавление
Группа авторов. Electromagnetic Vortices
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Electromagnetic Vortices: Wave Phenomena and Engineering Applications
About the Editors
List of Contributors
Preface
1 Fundamentals of Orbital Angular Momentum Beams: Concepts, Antenna Analogies, and Applications
1.1 Electromagnetic Fields Carry Orbital Angular Momentum
1.2 OAM Beams; Properties and Analogies with Conventional Beams
1.2.1 Laguerre–Gaussian Modes
1.3 Communicating Using OAM: Potentials and Challenges
1.3.1 OAM Communication Link Scenarios and Technical Barriers
1.3.2 OAM Emerging Applications and Perspectives. 1.3.2.1 Free‐space Communications
1.3.2.2 Optical Fiber Communications
1.4 OAM Generation Methods
1.5 Summary and Perspectives
Appendix 1.A OAM Far-field Calculation
References
2 OAM Radio – Physical Foundations and Applications of Electromagnetic Orbital Angular Momentum in Radio Science and Technology
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Physics
2.2.1 The Classical Electromagnetic Field
2.2.2 Electrodynamic Observables
2.2.2.1 Behavior at Very Long Distances
2.3 Implementation
2.3.1 Wireless Information Transfer with Linear Momentum
2.3.2 Wireless Information Transfer with Angular Momentum
2.3.2.1 Spin Angular Momentum vs. Orbital Angular Momentum
2.3.2.2 Angular Momentum Transducers
2.3.2.3 Electric Hertzian Dipoles
2.3.3 Astronomy Applications
Appendix A. 2.A.1 Theory
2.A.1.1 Classical Majorana‐Oppenheimer Formalism and Its Affinity to First Quantization Formalism
2.A.1.1.1 Riemann–Silberstein Electromagnetic Potentials and Fields
A.1.1.1 Purely Electric Sources
A.1.1.2 Useful Approximations
A.1.2.1 The Paraxial Approximation
A.1.2.2 The Far‐Zone Approximation
2.A.2 Poincaré Invariants and Conserved Quantities of the EM Field
A.2.1 Energy
A.2.2 Linear Momentum
A.2.2.1 Gauge Invariance
A.2.2.2 First Quantization Formalism
A.2.3 Angular Momentum
A.2.3.1 Gauge Invariance
A.2.3.2 First Quantization Formalism
References
Notes
3 Generation of Microwave Vortex Beams Using Metasurfaces
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Metasurfaces for Vortex‐beam Generation
3.2.1 Reflective Metasurfaces for Vortex‐beam Generation
3.2.2 Transmission Metasurfaces for Vortex‐beam Generation
3.2.3 Planar Metasurfaces for Vortex‐beam Generation
3.2.4 Metasurfaces for Modified Vortex‐beam Generation
3.2.5 One‐dimensional Metasurface for Vortex‐beam Generation
3.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
4 Application of Transformation Optics and 3D Printing Technology in Vortex Wave Generation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Theoretical Basis of Transformation Optics and 3D Printing. 4.2.1 The Concept and Development of Transformation Optics
4.2.2 An Overview of 3D Printing Techniques
4.3 Several Applications of Transformation Optics in Vortex Waves. 4.3.1 All‐Dielectric Transformed Material for the Generation of OAM Beams
4.3.2 All‐dielectric Metamaterial Medium for Collimating OAM Vortex Waves
4.3.3 A Transformation Optics‐Based Lens for Horizontal Radiation of OAM Vortex Waves
4.4 Conclusions
References
5 Millimeter‐Wave Transmit‐Arrays for High‐Capacity and Wideband Generation of Scalar and Vector Vortex Beams
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Vector Vortex Beams and Hybrid‐Order PSs
5.3 Millimeter‐Wave Transmit‐Array Unit Cell Designs
5.3.1 Ka‐Band CP Unit Cell Design
5.3.2 Q‐Band CP Unit Cell Design
5.3.3 K‐Band Dual‐CP Unit Cell Design
5.4 Millimeter‐Wave Transmit‐Arrays for Vortex Beam Multiplexing
5.4.1 Far‐Field Pattern Calculation for Transmit‐Arrays
5.4.2 Multiplexing of Scalar Vortex Beams
5.4.3 Multiplexing of Vector Vortex Beams with Symmetry Constraints
5.4.4 Multiplexing of Vector Vortex Beams with Broken Symmetry
5.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
6 Twisting Light with Metamaterials
6.1 Introduction
6.2 OAM Beams on the Nanoscale
6.3 Active OAM Sources
6.4 OAM Light in Engineered Nonlinear Colloidal Systems
6.5 Conclusion
References
7 Generation of Optical Vortex Beams
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Basic Theory of Optical Vortex
7.3 Generation of Optical Vortex. 7.3.1 Generation of Vortex Beams using Optical Elements
7.3.1.1 Spiral Phase Plate
7.3.1.2 Fork‐grating Hologram
7.3.1.3 Spiral Zone Plate Holograms
7.3.2 Generation of Vortex Beams Using Digital Devices
7.3.3 Generation of Vortex Beams Based on Mode Conversion
7.3.4 Generation of Vortex Beams Based on the Superposition of Waves
7.3.5 Generation of Vortex Beams Based on Metasurfaces
7.4 Generation of Novel Vortex Beams
7.4.1 Perfect Vortex Beam
7.4.2 Fractional Vortex Beams
7.4.3 Anomalous Vortex Beam
7.4.4 Vortex Beams with Varying OAM
7.5 Conclusion
References
8 Orbital Angular Momentum Generation, Detection, and Angular Momentum Conservation with Second Harmonic Generation
8.1 Orbital Angular Momentum Generation and Detection
8.1.1 OAM Generation
8.1.1.1 Complementary Metasurfaces
8.1.1.2 Quasi‐Continuous Metasurfaces
8.1.1.3 Photonic Crystals
8.1.2 OAM Detection
8.1.2.1 Modified Dynamic Mode Decomposition
8.1.2.2 Holographic Metasurfaces
8.2 AM Conservation: Nonlinear Optics
8.2.1 BEM for Nonlinear Optics
8.2.2 Verification of the Algorithm
8.2.3 Mixing of Spin and OAM
8.2.4 General Angular Momenta Conservation Law
8.3 Conclusion
References
9 Orbital Angular Momentum Based Structured Radio Beams and its Applications1
9.1 Introduction
9.2 PS–OAM Based Structured Beams. 9.2.1 Plane Spiral OAM
9.2.2 Structured Radio Beam
9.3 Antennas for Structured Beams. 9.3.1 Antennas for PS–OAM Waves
9.3.2 SIW‐based Compact Antenna
9.3.3 Partial Arc Transmitting Scheme
9.4 Potential Applications. 9.4.1 Radar Detection
9.4.2 MIMO System
9.4.3 Spatial Field Digital Modulation
9.5 Conclusion
References
Note
10 OAM Multiplexing Using Uniform Circular Array and Microwave Circuit for Short‐range Communication
10.1 Introduction
10.2 OAM Multiplexing System and its Mechanism
10.2.1 Coaxial UCA Configuration
10.2.2 Circulant Channel Matrix
10.2.3 DFT/IDFT Beamformers
10.3 OAM Multiplexing for Short‐range Communications
10.3.1 Achievable Rate
10.3.2 Array Topology
10.3.3 Optimal Array Radius
10.3.4 Butler Matrix
10.3.5 Performance Evaluation
10.4 Conclusion and Key Challenges
References
11 OAM Communications in Multipath Environments
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Fading in Wireless Propagation
11.1.1.1 Pass Loss
11.1.1.2 Large‐Scale Fading
11.1.1.3 Small‐Scale Fading
11.1.2 Diversity and Multiplexing
11.1.3 MIMO Systems
11.2 OAM Communication in Line‐of‐sight Environment
11.2.1 Conventional OAM Multiplexing
11.2.2 OAM Multiplexing with Spatial Equalization
11.3 OAM Multiplexing in Multipath Environment
11.3.1 Specular Reflection
11.3.1.1 Intra‐channel Interference
11.3.1.2 Inter‐channel Interference
11.3.2 Indoor Environment
11.3.2.1 Inter‐Symbol Interference (ISI)
11.3.2.2 Antenna misalignment
11.3.3 Highly Reverberant Environments
11.4 Conclusion
References
12 High‐capacity Free‐space Optical Communications Using Multiplexing of Multiple OAM Beams
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Challenges for an OAM Multiplexing Free‐space Optical Communication System
12.2.1 Beam divergence
12.2.2 Misalignment
12.2.3 Atmospheric Turbulence Effects
12.2.4 Obstruction
12.2.5 Summary
12.3 Free‐space Optical OAM Links
12.3.1 High‐capacity OAM Multiplexed Communication Link Under Laboratory Conditions
12.3.2 OAM‐based FSO Link Beyond Laboratory Distances
12.3.3 Summary
12.4 Inter‐channel Crosstalk Mitigation Methods in OAM‐multiplexed FSO Communications
12.4.1 Adaptive Optics for Crosstalk Mitigation
12.4.1.1 AO Using a Wavefront Sensor (WFS) and a Gaussian Probe Beam
12.4.1.2 AO Using WFS and Gaussian Probe Beam in a Quantum Communication Link
12.4.1.3 AO Using a Camera for Beam Intensity Measurement
12.4.2 Spatial Modes Manipulation for Crosstalk Mitigation
12.4.2.1 Turbulence Precompensation by OAM Mode Combination
12.4.2.2 Simultaneous Orthogonalizing and Shaping of Multiple LG Beams
12.4.3 Digital Signal Processing for Crosstalk Mitigation
12.4.3.1 MIMO Equalization for Crosstalk Mitigation in Laboratory
12.4.3.2 Turbulence‐Resilient Beam Mixing for Crosstalk Mitigation
12.4.4 Summary
12.5 OAM Multiplexing for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Platforms
12.5.1 OAM System Design and Demonstrations for UAV Platforms
12.5.2 Multiple‐Input‐Multiple‐Output (MIMO) Mitigation for Atmospheric Turbulence in UAV Platforms
12.5.3 Summary
12.6 OAM Multiplexing in Underwater Environments
12.6.1 Underwater Effects for OAM Beam Propagation
12.6.2 OAM Multiplexing Demonstrations in Underwater Environments
12.6.3 Multiple‐Input‐Multiple‐Output (MIMO) Mitigation for Inter‐Channel Crosstalk in Underwater Environments
12.6.4 Summary
12.7 Summary of this Chapter
Acknowledgment
References
13 Theory of Vector Beams for Chirality and Magnetism Detection of Subwavelength Particles
13.1 Characterization of Azimuthally and Radially Polarized Beams
13.2 Circular Dichroism for a Particle of Subwavelength Size
13.2.1 Helicity of an Azimuthally Radially Polarized Vector Beam
13.3 Photoinduced Force Microscopy at Nanoscale
13.3.1 Magnetic Photoinduced Force Microscopy by Using an APB
13.3.2 Chirality Photoinduced Force Microscopy
13.4 Conclusion
References
14 Quantum Applications of Structured Photons
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Photonic Degrees of Freedom
14.3 Single Photon Source: SPDC
14.4 Generation and Detection of Structured Photon Quantum States
14.4.1 Generation of Structured Photon States
14.4.2 Detection of Structured Photons
14.5 Quantum Key Distribution
14.5.1 BB84 Protocol
14.5.2 Alignment‐free QKD
14.5.3 High‐dimensional QKD
14.6 Quantum Simulation with Quantum Walks
14.6.1 Quantum Walks in the OAM Space
14.6.2 Shaping the Walker Space: Cyclic Walks and Walks on 2D Lattices
14.6.3 Applications: Wavepacket Dynamics and Detection of Topological Phases
14.7 Outlook
References
Index
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