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Группа авторов. A Companion to the Hellenistic and Roman Near East
BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT WORLD
A COMPANION TO THE HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN NEAR EAST
Contents
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Preface
List of Figures
List of Maps
Contributor Biographies
Abbreviations
Maps
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
The Hellenistic and Roman Near East
Indigenous vs Classical Culture
Variety
The Future of the Hellenistic and Roman Near East
CHAPTER 2 Historical Narrative
The Wars of Alexander’s Successors (Diadochi) and the Syrian Wars
The Seleucid Realm and the Parthians
Rise of Independent Kingdoms and Decline of Seleucid Authority
The Coming of Rome and the Early Provincia Syria
The Near East during the Civil War
Provinces and Principalities under the Early Principate
Roman Expansion across the Euphrates
The Sasanian Threat and the Near Eastern Lands in the Third Century
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 3 Geographical Sources and Documents
Practical Geographies. Greek Sources
Units of Measurement
Sea-Faring
The Roman Period
Philosophical Geographies
Differing Methodologies
Cartographical Disputes
The Place of Ethnography
Concluding Remarks
FURTHER READING
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
NOTES
CHAPTER 4 Berossos between Greek and Babylonian Culture
A Babylonian Writes Greek
A Greek and Babylonian History
Greeks and Babylonians: A Blueprint for the Seleucid Empire
Conclusion
FURTHER READING
NOTES
CHAPTER 5 Lucian, Philo of Byblos, and Ps.-Meliton
Lucian: On the Syrian Goddess
Philo of Byblos
Ps.-Meliton
FURTHER READING
NOTES
CHAPTER 6 Jewish Sources
Jewish Hellenistic Writings in the Gentile World
Jewish Hellenistic Writings in the Land of Israel
Hellenistic Writings Related to the Strife between “Traditional” Jews and Others
“Re-written Bible”
Qumran Writings Produced by the “Community”
The End of the Hasmoneans, the Rise of the Herodians, and the Two Jewish Revolts
“Rabbinic Literature”
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 7 Josephus
Josephus’s Four Works
Relevance for the History of the Jews
Geographic Information
Friendly Kings of the Romans
Diaspora Jews and Other Nations in the Near East
Appendix: List of Groups of non-Jews in the Near East
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 8 Syriac Sources
Inscriptions and Mosaics
Coins
Parchments and Papyri
Historiography
Other Literature
FURTHER READING
NOTE
CHAPTER 9 Greek and Latin Inscriptions
Epigraphy
History of Research
Languages and Writings
The Hellenistic Period: the Scarcity and Wealth of Greek Epigraphy
The Roman Period: Greek and Latin Texts from the Everyday to the Exceptional
Names of People, Names of Places
FURTHER READING
IGLS (INC. I. JORDANIE)
CIIP
CHAPTER 10 Ancient North Arabian
Language
Corpora and Text Genres. Taymanitic
Dadanitic
Safaitic
Hismaic
Thamudic B
Thamudic C
Thamudic D
Dumaitic
Himaitic = Thamudic F
Dispersed Oasis North Arabian
Hasaitic
Sigla
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 11 Parchments and Papyri
The Avroman Documents
The Judaean Desert Documents
Documents from Dura-Europos
The Middle Euphrates Archive
Relevant Documents from outside the near East
The Impact of the Parchments and Papyri on Language and Literacy
The Impact of the Parchments and Papyri for understanding Legal Practice
“Hellenization” and “Romanization”
Concluding Remarks
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 12 Statues, Reliefs, and Paintings: Hellenism versus Local Culture
The Influence of Classical Culture and Local Traditions
Classical Art along the Coast and Beyond
Provincial Roman Art from Inland Syria
Figurative Representations in Local Styles from Frontier Regions
Toward a More Muddled Picture
FURTHER READING
NOTE
CHAPTER 13 Archaeology and Architecture
The Scarcity of Archaeological Remains and Architecture from the Hellenistic Period
An Era of Transition and Consolidation – The Example of Herodian Architecture
A World of Cities and Villages in the Roman Period
Urban Plans and Architectural Development
Monuments of the Roman Near East – A Plethora of Variation
Sanctuaries – A World of Cults and Religious Life
Conclusion
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 14 Numismatics
Coinage and Empire
Coinage and Local Autonomy
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 15 Air-Photography
Background
Part A: Origins, Development, and the Present State of Knowledge
Intervention of the Military
Aerial Archaeology in the Near East, 1919 to 1945
Aerial Archaeology in the Near East Since 1945
Part B: Objectives and Comparisons
Discovery
Recording
Mapping
Monitoring
Part C: Applications
Settlement: Cities, Towns, Villages, and Farmsteads
Cities
Towns
Villages
Farmsteads
Military. The Limes
Communications: Roads, Tracks, and Route
“The Wide-Ranging Aerial View”
Rural Infrastructure and Resources
Fields
Water
Part D: Limitations and the Future
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 16 Mosaics
Geographical and Chronological Limits
Main Features of the Near Eastern Roman Mosaics
Problems of Dating
From the Herodian Period to the Reign of Philip the Arab
From Post-Severan Times to the “Constantinian Renascence”
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 17 The Tetrapolis and Other City Foundations
Conquest and City Foundations
Antioch
Seleucia Pieria
Pella-Apamea on the Orontes
Laodicea Ad Mare
Other Cities in Northern Syria
Civic Life
Religions, Cultural Life, and Education
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 18 The Decapolis
Name and Origin
Geography
History
Population
Economy
Urbanity
Religious Life
Epilogue
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 19 Commagene
The Territory and its Products
Historical Outline
Commagene Under the Achaemenids and the Seleucids
The Beginnings of the Kingdom
Commagene Between Rome and Parthia
After Actium
Epilogue to the Orontid Dynasty
Commagene in the Province of Syria
Cities and Cult Places
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 20 Hellenistic and Roman Phoenicia
The Siege of Tyre
Between the Seleucids and the Ptolemies
Hellenizing Phoenicia?
From Seleucid to Roman Rule
Phoenicia in the Roman Empire
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 21 Lebanon
The Making of a Lebanese Arabia
Mountain-dwellers and Clients Kings
Rome in Lebanon
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 22 Judaea, the Palestinian Coast, the Galilee, Idumaea, and Samaria
Names, Geography, and Ethnicity
The Hellenistic Age (332–175 bce )
The Hasmonaean (Maccabaean) Period (175–63 bce )
The Early Roman/Herodian Era (63 bce –70 ce )
The High and Late Empire (70–284 CE)
Acknowledgments
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 23 The Nabataeans
Lost Arabian Histories
The Nabataean Dynasty
Between Judaea and Rome
Religious Aspects
The Nabataeans after the Annexation
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 24 Palmyra
Sources and Historiography, Language and Archaeology
Nature and its Requirement, Palmyra and its Surroundings
A Short History, from Antony to Zenobia
Trade and Palmyra’s Neighbors
Religious Life, Cultural Life
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 25 Dura-Europos
The Excavations at Dura-Europos
The Hellenistic Settlement
Dura-Europos under the Arsacids
Roman Dura-Europos
Concluding Remarks
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 26 The Middle Euphrates
Hydrology and Geomorphology
Urban and Defensive Centers on the Middle Euphrates in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods
The Middle Euphrates as an Imperial Boundary/Frontier
Role in Trade and Culture
Conclusion
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 27 The Parthian and Sasanian Near East (including Hatra, Edessa, and the Characene)
The Parthians
The Parthians in Mesopotamia
The Characene
Osrhoene
Hatra
The Decline of the Parthians and the Sasanian Rise to Power
FURTHER READING
NOTES
CHAPTER 28 The Desert and its Peoples
Desert-dwellers in the Classical Sources
Graffiti Written by the Nomads Themselves
Nomadic Way of Life
Social Groupings
Religion
Activities and Interactions
Horses
Aggressive Nomads?
FURTHER READING
NOTES
CHAPTER 29 The Roman Armies in the Near East
Introduction: Roman Armies in the Near East
Recruits and Soldiers: Army Life and Military Routine – Limites, Garrisoning, and Administration
What’s Love Got to Do With It? Soldiers and Civilians
The Armies in Politics – Creating Emperors, Fighting, Dying, and Getting Enslaved for the Glory of the Empire
Veterans: Multiplicating the Effects of Army Life into Provincial Societies
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 30 Roads and Harbors
Syria and Arabia
Antioch as Road Center
Bostra
Philadelphia
Damascus
Palmyra
Heliopolis (Baalbek)
Beroea
Judaea/Palaestina
North–South Arteries
Roads in the Negev
Northwest to Southeast
Northeast to Southwest
Cappadocia and Upper Mesopotamia
The Development of the Road System
Roman Roads – General Characteristics
Sources of Information on the Roads
Harbors
FURTHER READING
NOTES
CHAPTER 31 Kingdoms and Principalities
Kings in Rome’s Orbit
Herod the Great, an Exceptional Rex Amicus
Kings and Cults
The Qaṣr al-Bint at Petra
Antiochus I of Commagene
How a King Views the Emperor
Conclusion
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 32 Trade
The Sources
Modern Debates on the Ancient Economy
Commodities
Land and Sea Routes
The Caravan Trade of Palmyra
Small-scale Trade in Syria
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 33 Local and Regional Economies
Geography, Hydrology, and Natural/Mineral Resources as Location Factors
Agriculture
Manufacture
Three Case Studies: Tyre, Palmyra, Dura-Europos
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 34 The Arabs
“Arab” and “Arabia”
A Variety of “Arabs”
Nomenclature
Multiple Arabias
The Trade in Aromatics and Spices
FURTHER READING
NOTES
CHAPTER 35 Indigenous Law
The Contexts of Imperial Rule
The Surviving Evidence
The Aramaic Papyri from Egypt
The Samaria Papyri
Jewish Aramaic Papyri from the Judaean Desert
Nabataean Aramaic Papyri from the Judaean Desert
The Early Syriac Parchments
Legal Inscriptions on Stone: Nabataea, Palmyra, and Hatra
The Historical Roots of Law Surviving in Aramaic
The Legal Legacy
FURTHER READING
NOTE
CHAPTER 36 Funerary Traditions
The Tomb and the Body in the First Millennium bce
Kings, Farmers, and Nomads: The Emergence of Display Tombs (Second Century bce to First Century ce )
Local Communities in a Global Roman World (First to Third Century ce )
Identities, Old and New
FURTHER READING
NOTE
CHAPTER 37 Religious Life
The Language of Worship
Imagining the Divine (1): Groups, Hierarchies, and “Pantheons”
Imagining the Divine (2): Iconography and Form
Imagining the Divine (3): Identities and Evolutions
Religious Architecture and Sacred Space
A Final Thought
FURTHER READING
Chapter 38 Early Christianity in the Near East
Imperial Expansion and Regional Cultural Identity
The Earliest Forms of Aramaic Christianity
Edessa between the Greek and Persian World
Bardaisan and Edessene Christianity
Tatian, from “The Land of the Assyrians”
Edessene Christianity in its Mesopotamian,Jewish, and Greek Contexts
Syriac Christianity in the Fourth Century
Syriac Christianity’s Memories of its Origins
Imperial Orthodoxy and its Limitations
The Syriac Language and Syriac Christian Culture
FURTHER READING
Bibliography
Bibliography [Continues...]
Index
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