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Группа авторов. A Companion to the Political Culture of the Roman Republic
BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT WORLD
A COMPANION TO THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Table
Guide
Pages
Notes on Editors
Notes on Contributors
Abbreviations
Introduction
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 1 Political Culture: Career of a Concept
1.1 Inspiration(s) and Definition(s)
1.2 Application(s) I – ‘Civic Rituals’ (Or: A Political Culture as an ‘Ensemble of Ensembles’)
1.3 Application(s) II – Another Ensemble as Example: The Contio
1.4 Concluding Remarks
NOTES
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
PART I Modern Reading. Introduction
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2 Machiavelli’s Roman Republic
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Virtue and Origins
2.3 The Virtuous Republic
2.4 Virtù and Fortuna
2.5 Rome’s End and the Return to Livy
NOTES
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3 The Roman Republic and the English Republic
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Republican Authors
3.3 Republican Arguments
3.4 The Constitutional Discussion
3.5 Discussion about the Senate
3.6 Monarchism
3.7 English Republicans and Machiavelli
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4 Liberty, Rights and Virtue: The Roman Republic in Eighteenth-Century France
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Roman Republican Ideas and French Education
4.3 Liberty
4.4 Virtue
4.5 The Republic of Letters
4.6 Commerce and Corruption
4.7 The Revolution
4.8 Virtus in the Service of Freedom
4.9 Conclusion
NOTES
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5 A Roman Revolution: Classical Republicanism in the Creation of the American Republic
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Classical Conditioning
5.3 Virtuous Politics
5.4 Rome Reborn on American Shores
5.5 American Catones
5.6 American Cincinnati
5.7 Conclusion
NOTES
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 6 Theodor Mommsen’s History of Rome and Its Political and Intellectual Context
6.1 British Receptions
6.2 Historiographie engagée
6.3 The Actualisation of History
6.4 Historiography and Altertumswissenschaft
6.5 What Remains?
NOTE
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 7 The Political Culture of the Republic since Syme’s The Roman Revolution: A Story of a Debate
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Syme and the Oligarchic Model
7.3 How Orthodox Was ‘The Old Orthodoxy’?
7.4 The Watershed of the 1980s
7.5 The Ongoing Debate
NOTES
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
PART II Ancient Interpreters. Introduction
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 8 Polybius and Roman Political Culture
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Polybius and His Political and Cultural Roots: The Achaean League
8.3 Polybius’s Arrival in Rome as a Hostage: His Encounter with a New World
8.4 The Project of TheHistories: Pragmatic Historiography as a Form of Political Activism
8.5 The Description of the Roman Mixed Constitution in Book 6: Institutional Models and Social Realities
8.6 The ‘True Democracy’ of the Achaean League: An Alternative to the Mixed Constitution?
8.7 The Theory of Anakyklosis and the Pragmatic Pessimism of Polybius’s Thought
8.8 Polybius’s Theory: Greek Models and Roman Political Culture
8.9 Conclusions
NOTE
FURTHER READING
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
CHAPTER 9 Cicero: In and Above the Republic’s Political Culture
9.1 Introduction1
9.2 Set in the Political Culture
9.3 Standing Above the Political Culture
NOTES
FURTHER READING
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 10 Sallust
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Political Culture and Individual Behaviour
10.3 A Society Riven in Two
10.4 Sallust and Italy
10.5 Political Culture Gone Wrong
10.6 How Seriously Can We Take Sallust?
NOTES
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 11 Augustan Republics: Livy, Dionysius of Halicarnassus and the Politics of the Past
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The View from Patavium and Halicarnassus
11.3 The Annalistic Tradition
11.4 History and Exemplarity
11.5 The Location of Authority
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 12 Plutarch’s Evaluation of Roman Politics and Political Figures
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Plutarch’s Conception of Roman Politics: The Macro-Level
12.3 The Boule vs. Demos Theme
12.4 Democracy vs. Oligarchy in Roman Politics
12.5 The Personal Level: Character in Politics and the Role of Ethical Education
12.6 The Psychological Components of Leadership
12.7 Modalities of Comparison: Teaching Effective Leadership
12.8 Themes, Literary Technique and the Portrayal of Leadership
12.9 The Reception of Plutarch’s Lives in Antiquity and Beyond
12.10 Conclusion
NOTES
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 13 Appian, Cassius Dio and the Roman Republic
13.1 Appian, Dio and Their Roman Histories
13.2 ‘Democracy’, Dynasteia and Monarchy
13.3 Appian and Dio on Republican Political Culture
NOTES
FURTHER READING
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PART III Institutionalised Loci. Introduction
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 14 The Census
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Introduction of the Census
14.3 The Introduction of the Censorship
14.4 The Work of the Censors
14.5 A Turning Point: The Tribes and the Army
14.6 The Plebiscitum Ovinium
14.7 The Censorship of Appius Claudius
14.8 The Mores: Building a Value System
14.9 The Regimen Morum and the Senators
14.10 The Golden Age of the Censorship
14.11 Ex Foro in Castra Transcendit: The Censorship’s Finest Hour1
14.12 The Fight against Luxury
14.13 The Crisis of the Censorship
14.14 The Censorship between Decadence and Reform
NOTE
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 15 The Senate
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Senate, Mirror of the Political Elite and Its Values
15.3 The Senate, the Sole Official Venue for Political Debates
15.4 The Senate as the Key Institution of the Political System
15.5 From Dominance to Weakness?
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 16 Roman Political Assemblies
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Different Types of Assembly
16.2.1 Contiones
16.2.2 Comitia
16.3 Voting Assemblies in Practice
16.3.1 The Comitia Curiata
16.3.2 The Comitia Centuriata
16.3.3 The Comitia Tributa
16.4 General Issues and Conclusions
NOTES
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 17 Armies and Political Culture
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Courage and the Aristocratic Ethos
17.3 Aristocrats, the Army and the Cursus Honorum
17.4 Soldiers and Politics
17.5 Armies and Civil War
NOTES
FURTHER READING
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 18 Imperator and Politician: The Consul as the Highest Magistrate of the Republic
18.1 The Origin and History of the Consulship
18.2 The Powers and Functions of the Consuls from their Genesis until the First Century: The Consul-Imperator
18.3 The Consulship in the First Century: The Consul-Politician
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 19 The Tribunate of the Plebs: Between Compromise and Revolution
19.1 Introduction: Mediators and Revolutionaries
19.2 The Sources and Limits of Tribunician Power
19.3 History and Development
19.4 The Champions of the People
19.5 Acting like a Tribune
19.6 Conclusion
FURTHER READING
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 20 Priests
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Origins
20.3 Colleges
20.4 Conflicts and Borderlines
20.5 Divination in Rome
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 21 Other Magistrates, Officials and Apparitores
21.1 Introduction
21.2 The Cursus Honorum
21.3 Electioneering and Elections
21.4 The Vigintisexvirate
21.5 Urban Quaestors
21.6 Aediles (Plebeian and Curule)
21.7 Apparitores
NOTES
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
PART IV Political Actors. Introduction
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 22 The Civis
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Citizenship as Freedom
22.3 Citizenship as Elite Legal Status
22.4 Citizenship and Participation
22.5 Benefits of Being a Citizen: The Economic Issues
22.6 The Spread of Citizenship among Foreigners
22.7 Demography and Citizen Mobility
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 23 Romans, Latins and Allies
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Networks
23.3 Allies at Rome
23.4 Integration or Exclusion?
23.5 After the War: From Allies to Citizens
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 24 Peregrini/Nationes Exterae: Foreigners and the Political Culture of the Roman Republic
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Foreigners in the Forum
24.3 Foreigners in the Senate
24.4 Foreigners in the Atrium
FURTHER READING
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 25 Republican Elites: Patricians, Nobiles, Senators and Equestrians
25.1 Introduction
25.2 The Archetype Birth Elite: Patricians and the Patriciate
25.3 Another Archetype: Senators and Their Most Noble Circle
25.4 The Other Aristocrats: Equestrians
NOTES
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 26 Matronae and Politics in Republican Rome
26.1 ‘Lovely in Speech, Demure in Bearing; Ran the House, Span the Wool’: The Ideal and the Reality of Roman Matronae1
26.2 ‘Neither magistracies nor priesthoods nor triumphs nor military insignia nor prizes or spoils of war can be allocated to them’: Matronae and Politics in Early and Mid-Republican Rome
26.3 ‘Once They Were Held in Check by the Oppian and Other Laws, but Now that Those Restrictions Have Been Relaxed Women Dominate at Home, in the Forum, Even in the Army’: Matronaein Politics in the Late Republic3
NOTES
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 27 On Freedom and Citizenship: Freedmen as Agents and Metaphors of Roman Political Culture
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Freedmen, the Tribes and the Servian Classes (234–169 BCE)
27.3 Reforms Attempted by the Populares (c. 88–49 BCE)
27.4 Freedmen in Politics
27.5 Freedmen as a Metaphor
NOTES
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
PART V Values, Rituals and Political Discourse. Introduction
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 28 Roman Republican Political Culture: Values and Ideology
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Cicero’s Republicanism
28.3 The Ideology of Freedom
28.4 The Ideology of Election
28.5 Ideology of Legislation
28.6 Ideology of Voting
28.7 A Look Back: The Middle Republic
NOTES
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 29 From Patronage to Violence and Bribery: Towards a New Political Culture
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Violence and Society
29.3 A Stable Society Profiting from the Benefits of Empire
29.4 Old and New Patronage
29.5 Bribery and Politics
29.6 Political Violence in the Late Roman Republic
29.7 Cicero and Political Violence: Salus Populi Suprema Lex Esto
29.8 Senatus Consultum Ultimum and Hostis Declaration: The Failure of Politics
29.9 Towards a New Political Culture
NOTES
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 30 The Political Culture of the Plebs
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Problems of Evidence
30.3 A Plebeian-Style Politics
30.4 How Did Popular Politics Change?
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 31 The Law and the Courts in Roman Political Culture
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Sources of Law and the Establishment of the Courts
31.3 Procedures and Behaviour
31.4 Concluding Remarks
NOTES
FURTHER READING
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 32 Rhetoric and Roman Political Culture
32.1 Public Speaking and Public Life
32.2 Oratory, Education and Careers
32.3 The Power of Rhetoric
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 33 Religion and Rituals in Republican Rome
33.1 Rituals, Communication and Memory
33.2 Ritual Locations: From the Lucus to the Compitum
33.3 Sacrifice and Civic Refounding: The Ceremony of the Census
33.4 Roman-ness and Latin-ness: The Feriae Latinae
33.5 Religion in the Identitary Recreation of the Imperial Republic
33.6 Spectacles and Communal Affirmation: Games, Triumph and Pomp
33.7 Places of Remembrance
33.8 Conclusion
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 34 Myth and Theatre
34.1 Romulus and Ranke
34.2 Myth, Theatre and Political Culture – Some Methodological Remarks
34.3 Romulus, a Test Case
34.4 Myth and Political Culture: Cato the Younger and Flora
34.5 Creating Myths, Jeering at Celebrities: Preliterary Performances
34.6 Politics in the Theatre I: Text, Content and Meaning
34.7 Politics in the Theatre II: Context, Performance and Power
34.8 Myth and Theatre: Hanging in the Balance
NOTES
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 35 Imagery and Space
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Early Republic
35.3 The Middle Republic
35.4 Manubial Temples
35.5 Architectural Innovation and Refinement
35.6 New Building Typologies: Basilicas, Arches and Porticoes
35.7 Theatres
35.8 Sculptural Images
35.9 Tombs
35.10 Conclusions
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
Part VI Politics in Action – Case Studies. Introduction
REFERENCE
CHAPTER 36 The Political Culture of Rome in 218–212 BCE
36.1 Introduction
36.2 218 to 212 BCE – A Transitional Period
36.3 The Great Victory and the Nobility: The Consequences of the First Punic War
36.4 218–217 BCE: The Surprising Dynamics of the War
36.5 217–216 BCE: The Internal Political Strife for the Great Victory
36.6 The Catastrophe at Cannae and Its Consequences
36.7 The Firm Rejection of Representative Principles
36.8 215–212 BCE: The Dominance of the ‘Old Men’
36.9 The Turning Point: The Rise of the Young Men
36.10 Conclusion
NOTES
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 37 Roman Political Culture in 169 BCE
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Interpreting the Political System
37.3 The Situation in Rome
37.4 Problems over Recruitment
37.5 The Census I: The Equites
37.6 The Census II: Liberti and Voting Rights
37.7 Women and Property – the Lex Voconia
37.8 A Year of Anxiety
37.9 The Balance between Elite and People
NOTES
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 38 133 BCE: Politics in a Time of Challenge and Crisis
38.1 Introduction
38.2 The Politics of Personality, the Politics of Competition and the Politics of Ideology
38.3 The Politics of Legislation
38.4 The Politics of Brinkmanship
38.5 The Politics of Reprisal and Riposte
38.6 Seasonal Politics and the Politics of the Atypical
38.7 The Politics of Crisis
NOTES
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 39 88 BCE
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Canvassing for the Consulship of 88
39.3 Sulpicius and the New Citizens
39.4 The March on Rome
39.5 Rome and the New Citizens – and Civil War
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 40 The Year 52 BCE
40.1 Concepts to Explain the Breakdown of the Roman Republic
40.2 Before the Year 52
40.3 The Ritual of Revenge and the End of the Senate’s Dominance
40.4 The Constitutional Consequences of 19 January
40.5 Caesar’s Most Difficult Year in Gaul
40.6 The Turn to the Civil War
40.7 Summing Up
NOTES
FURTHER READING
REFERENCES
Index
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