Research Methods in Language Teaching and Learning

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Группа авторов. Research Methods in Language Teaching and Learning

Guides to Research Methods in Language and Linguistics. Series Editor: Li Wei, Centre for Applied Linguistics, University College London

Research Methowds in Language Teaching and Learning. A Practical Guide

Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

Guide

Pages

List of Figures

List of Tables

Notes on Contributors

Introduction to Research Methods in Language Teaching and Learning

Research Methods in Language Teaching and Learning

Teaching Research Methods

Writing About One’s Own Research

Introduction of the Chapters

References

1 Learning to Use a Qualitative Case Study Approach to Research Language Teachers’ Self-Efficacy Beliefs

Overview

Making Methodological Choices. Getting Started

Moving Towards a Qualitative Case Study Approach

Research Framework. Research Questions

Gaining Ethical Approval and Sampling

Collecting and Analyzing Data, and Writing up the Research

The Findings of the Study and How These Findings Have Been Shared

Conclusions. Methodological Issues

The Need for More Qualitative Case Study Research Into LTSE Beliefs

Questions for the Reader

Suggested Reading

References

2 Researching the Language Classroom Through Ethnographic Diaries: Principles, Possibilities, and Practices

Introduction. Contextualizing the Research

Getting Started: Why Ethnography?

Developing the Study: Why Ethnographic Diaries?

Finding Participants: Access, Ethics, and Consent

Designing the Diaries: Questions and Possibilities

Structured or Unstructured Diaries?

Recording the Diary Data

Maintaining Participation

Interpreting the Diary Data: Dilemmas and Decisions

Decisions About Data Analysis

The Diarists and the Data

Concluding Comments

Questions

Note

Suggested Reading

References

3 Grounded Theory: A Means to Generate Hypotheses on the Possible Impacts of Student Negotiation in an EFL Speaking Context

Overview

Context

Critical Review of the Literature: Identifying a Space for Exploration

Making Methodological Choices

Research Framework. Research Questions

Gaining Ethical Approval, Approaching the Participants

Sampling

Data Collection Methods

Data Analysis

Moving Towards Implementing Grounded Theory

The Findings of the Study and How These Findings Have Been Shared

Study Challenges, Constraints, and Limitations

Research Issues

Conclusions

Questions for the Reader

Acknowledgments

Suggested Readings

References

4 Narrative Inquiry in Applied Linguistics: A Storied Account of Its Procedures, Potentials, and Challenges in an Empirical Project

Overview

Our Encounter With Narrative Inquiry (NI)

Designing the Narrative Study

Deciding on Methods of Data Collection

Deciding on the Data Collection Sites and Participants

Deciding on Methods of Data Analysis

The Ethical Measures

Collecting the Narrative Data

Analyzing the Narrative Data

Writing up the Narrative Research Report

Disseminating the Findings

Conclusion

Comprehension Questions

Suggested Readings

References

5 Positioning Analysis in Longitudinal Classroom-Based Research

Overview

Context and Background

Significance of the Study

Review of the Research Literature

Data

Research Framework and Process. Research Questions

Research Site

Participants and Consent

Data Collection

Data Analysis

Data Trustworthiness

Ethical Considerations

Findings and Organizing Findings

Study Limitations and Challenges

Revisiting the Review of the Research Literature

Writing up the Research, Formats, Synthesis

Disseminating Results

Conclusion

Questions

Note

Suggested Readings

References

6 Online and Hybrid Research Using Case Study and Ethnographic Approaches: A Decision-Making Dialogue Between Two Researchers

Overview

Context and Background: The Decision-Making Conversation

Significance of Practical Inquiry Research

Tools and Methods for the Initial Literature Review

Inquiry Approach. Theoretical Positioning and Framework

Research Methodology Options and Rationale

Research Questions, Data Collection, and Analysis. Research Questions

Data Collection (IRB, Contexts, Sources of Data, and Data Preparation)

Data Analysis (Sampling and Units of Analysis)

Trustworthiness and Reliability

Findings. Findings Organization and Discussion

Conclusions and Limitations

Next Steps

Dissemination

Conclusions

Guiding Questions to Revisit Ideas

Suggested Annotated Readings

References

7 Ethnography and a Heuristics of the Heart: Allied Solidarity With Indigenous Language and Literacy Activism

Introduction

Contexts and Backgrounds in My Ethnography of Safaliba Literacy Activism

Significance of an Ethnography of Safaliba Teacher-Activist Language Policy

Review of Scholarship and Documentation

The Situating and Resituating of a Fieldwork Site

Researcher Positionality, Participation, and Observation

Designing Your Own Study

Writing up Your Study

Reader Reflections

Notes

Suggested Readings

References

8 Action Research in Teacher Education: Practical and Theoretical Challenges and Opportunities From Norway

Background and Context

Methodological Issues and Processes for Doing Action Research in Teacher Education

Positioning the Design – An Example of a First Methodological Literature Review

Handling Openness and the Unfinished Character of an Action Research – Exemplified by Different Participatory Trajectories

The Importance of Getting Distance Between the Actions and Research in Action Research – Exemplified by “Bridging Theory and Practice in Teacher Education”

The Analytical Process – Data, Coding, and Categorizing

Dissemination – A New Literature Review Needed for Finding “State of the Art” and Established Knowledge to Discuss and Expand

Research Ethics in Action Research

Summing up the Opportunities for Action Research in Teacher Education

Questions for Reflection

Suggested Readings

References

9 Discourse Analysis as a Research Methodology for L2 Context

Overview

Context and Background to the Study

Significance of the Study

Review of Previous Research

Data

Research Framework/Process. Research Questions

Research Site

Participants

Data Collection Process

Data Analysis Process

Trustworthiness

Ethical Considerations

Findings and Organizing Findings

Study Limitations and Challenges

Revisiting the Review of Literature

Writing up the Research

Disseminating Results

Conclusion

Questions to Check Comprehension

Suggested Readings

References

10 Conversation Analysis in TESOL

Overview

Context and Background

Significance of the Study

Review of the Research Literature

Data

Research Framework and Process. Research Questions

Research Site

Participants and Consent

Data Collection

Data Analysis

Validity and Reliability

Ethical Considerations

Findings

Limitations and Challenges

Revisiting the Review of the Research Literature

Writing up the Research

Dissemination

Conclusion

Comprehension Questions

Acknowledgments

Suggested Readings

References

11 Combining Corpus-Based Methods With Interviews in Applied Linguistics Research

An Overview

Second Language Writing in Higher Education

Significance of Research on Metadiscourse and Lexical Phrases in L2 Writing

Identifying a Gap in the Literature on Metadiscourse and Lexical Phrases in L2 Writing

The Choice of Collecting a Local Learner Corpus and Doing Interviews With L2 Writers

The Research Process. Research Questions

Site Approvals and Data Collection Processes. Collecting a Local Learner Corpus

Collecting Interview Data

Data Analysis Processes, Techniques, and Tools. The Corpus-Based Analysis of L2 Essays

The Analysis of Interviews With L2 Writers

Findings. Quantitative Findings

Qualitative Findings

Bringing the Corpus-Based Analysis of L2 Essays and Interviews With L2 Writers Together

Study Limitations and Challenges

Conclusions

What I Have Learned About Research Through This Process

What I Would Do Differently the Next Time

Questions or Topics in the Field That Can Be Explored Through This Research Type and Tips to Design One’s Own Study

Questions to Check Comprehension of the Chapter’s Content and Apply New Knowledge

Suggested Readings

References

12 Exploratory Survey Research

Overview

Context

Why a Study on “Translanguaging” and Not “L1 Use?”

Critical Review of the Literature: Identifying a Space for Exploration

Our Choice of a Mixed Methods Exploratory Survey

The Research Process. The Opportunities and Constraints of Survey Research

Target Population and Initial Sampling Concerns

From Shared Interests to Research Questions

The Questionnaire: Organization, Items, and Language Choice

Piloting and Distributing the Questionnaire

Data Analysis: Benefitting From the Trans-Paradigmatic Insights of Mixed Methods Research

Presenting the Findings and Structuring the Discussion

Disseminating Our Research Findings

Study Limitations and Challenges

Learning From Both the Weaknesses and Strengths of Our Research

Learning From Weaknesses

Learning From Strengths

Conclusions

Questions to Check Understanding of the Chapter Content and Apply New Knowledge

Notes

Suggested Readings

References

13 Using Mixed Methods Design to Investigate Vocabulary Acquisition

Introducing Mixed Methods Research

Background

Significance of the Study

Initial Review of the Research Literature

Research Methods Choices

Research Process

Research Questions

Data Collection Plan

Finding Participants

Data Collection Processes

Data Analysis Choices

Organizing Findings

Dissemination Choices

Study Limitations and Challenges

Writing up the Research

Takeaways From the Process

Summary

Questions for the Reader

Suggested Readings

References

14 Correlational Analysis in SLA: Insights From the Study Abroad Research

Overview

Context

Review of Study Abroad Literature Using CA

Choosing How to Implement Correlation Analysis

Research Process. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Correlation Analysis

Formulating Research Questions

Is There a Relationship Between Predeparture Proficiency and Oral Gains Over Time?

The Variables Under Investigation and Data Collection

Participants

Data Analysis

Box 14.1: Assumptions of Parametric Correlation (Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient = r)

Box 14.2: Tips for Newbies

Presenting the Findings and Discussion

What if You Have Insignificant Results?

Disseminating the Findings

Limitations

Learning From Weaknesses

Learning From Strengths

Insights Gained

Conclusion

Questions for the Reader

Notes

Suggested Readings

References

15 Conducting a Non-Experimental Design Quantitative Study and the Application of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling

Overview

Context and Significance of the Study

Writing Research Questions

Literature Review

Ethics in Human Subjects Research

Research Process. Data Collection Issues and Sample Size

Setting up the New Model and Issues to Consider

Data Analysis

Assessment of the Measurement Model

Assessment of the Structural Model

Results and Discussion

Limitations and Issues to Ponder for Future Non-Experimental Studies

Implications

Conclusion

Questions for the Reader

Suggested Reading

References

16 Behind the Scenes of a Longitudinal Large-Scale Randomized Controlled Trial Study With Native Spanish Speakers: Lessons Learned

Overview

Background of the Research

Research Design and Participants

Developing Research Questions

Designing a Leveled and Tiered Intervention

Budget Considerations

Randomization

Description of Conditions

Recruitment Process

IRB Informed Consent

Selection and Recruitment of District

Start at the Top

Levels of Participant Recruitment

Measures

Data Gathering and Processing Considerations

Results

WWC Standards and the Research Analysis

Conclusions

Questions for Reflection

Suggested Readings

References

17 Quantitative Systematic Reviews: A Lived Experience

Overview

What Is a Systematic Review?

My Path to a Systematic Review

My Approach to Conducting Systematic Reviews: Key Steps

Building a Team

Defining Review Scope and Boundaries

Conceptualizing the Phenomena

Formulating a Research Question and Deciding the Review Approach

Review Protocol

Searching for Existing Reviews and Meta-Analyses

Literature Search Strategy

Reducing Bias

Determining Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Managing the Search Results

Software

Data Management

Writing and Disseminating the Review

Final Thoughts and Recommendations

Comprehension Questions

Suggested Readings

References

18 Exploring the (Un‐)explored in Applied Linguistics: Conducting a Systematic Review in Intercultural Communicative Competence

Overview

Context/Background

Review of the Research Literature

What Is a Systematic Review?

Why Adopt a Systematic Review Approach

Characteristics of Systematic Reviews

Benefits and Pitfalls of Systematic Reviews

Epistemology

Tools

Stages of the Systematic Review

The Need for a Review

Forming the Review Questions

Scope of the Review

Search

Screening

Coding and Mapping

Appraising the Quality and Relevance of Studies

Synthesis

Reporting of a Review

Limitations of Our Study

Conclusion

Questions

Suggested Readings

References

Index

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The science of language encompasses a truly interdisciplinary field of research, with a wide range of focuses, approaches, and objectives. While linguistics has its own traditional approaches, a variety of other intellectual disciplines have contributed methodological perspectives that enrich the field as a whole. As a result, linguistics now draws on state‐of‐the‐art work from such fields as psychology, computer science, biology, neuroscience and cognitive science, sociology, music, philosophy, and anthropology.

The interdisciplinary nature of the field presents both challenges and opportunities to students who must understand a variety of evolving research skills and methods. The Guides to Research Methods in Language and Linguistics addresses these skills in a systematic way for advanced students and beginning researchers in language science. The books in this series focus especially on the relationships between theory, methods, and data—the understanding of which is fundamental to the successful completion of research projects and the advancement of knowledge.

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Relatedly, in Chapter 13, “Using Mixed Methods Design to Investigate Vocabulary Acquisition,” Andrea B. Hellman introduces her narrative portraying how she explored vocabulary acquisition using methods that belong to both quantitative and qualitative paradigms, revealing key justifications and procedures she followed closely to ensure rigor in methodological practices. It is evident that there are controversial attitudes towards investigating a research phenomenon adopting two paradigms. However, sharing her own contextualized experiences, Hellman also provides profound details that could set a methodological model for researchers interested in using mixed methods in applied linguistics to consider.

We recognize that research studies involving only quantitative research are less common in the field. We invited three key contributions to our book that follow only quantitative research methods, including data collection tools and data analysis. For example, in Chapter 14, “Correlational Analysis in SLA: Insights From the Study Abroad Research,” Zeynep Köylü introduces correlation analysis as a quantitative method that is adopted to investigate the phenomenon of study abroad as a specific topic in second language acquisition. Throughout her chapter, Köylü provides step-by-step implementation of correlation analysis by highlighting the key methodological considerations that emerged from her research experiences. The chapter incorporates unique researcher reflections on fundamental decisions that could help others implementing this analysis in their research studies in applied linguistics and encourage more researchers to undertake this research approach.

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