Оглавление
Группа авторов. Environmental Ethics
Environmental Ethics
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Guide
Pages
Notes on Contributors
Preface to the Third Edition
Notes
Details on the Third Edition
Source Credits
Companion Website
1 Ethical Reasoning
A Prudential Model of Decision-Making
Possible Ethical Additions to the Prudential Model
How to Construct Your Own Model
Theories of Ethics
Realist Theories
Swing Theories (May be Realist or Anti-Realist) Ethical Intuitionism
Anti-Realist Theories
How Do Ethics Make a Difference in Decision-Making?
Case 1: Social/Political Ethics
Case 2: Environmental Ethics
Case 3: Student-Originated Case
Conclusion
Notes
2 What is ‘Nature,’ and Why Should We Care?
Part I: What is Nature?
Part II: Why Should We Care?
Argument One: The Recognition, Valuing, and Protection of Nature
Argument Two: The Moral Perspective of Human Nature Within the Environmental Perspective
Argument Three: The Priority of the Maker Over the Maker’s Output
Notes
3 The Tragedy of the Commons
What Shall We Maximize?
Tragedy of Freedom in a Commons
Pollution
How to Legislate Temperance?
Freedom to Breed is Intolerable
Conscience is Self-Eliminating
Pathogenic Effects of Conscience
Mutual Coercion Mutually Agreed Upon
Recognition of Necessity
References
4 Worldview Arguments for Environmentalism
A. The Land Ethic and Deep Ecology
B. Eco-Feminism and Social Justice
C. Aesthetics
Notes
The Ethical Sequence
The Community Concept
The Land Pyramid
The Outlook
The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement
1. The Shallow Ecology Movement
2. The Deep Ecology Movement
Selected Literature
What Social Ecology?
Notes
Carolyn Merchant
Notes
The Power and the Promise of Ecological Feminism
Introduction
Ecofeminism as a Feminist and Environmental Ethic
Notes
Patently Wrong. The Commercialization of Life Forms
Setting the Stage: Patenting Micro-Organisms
Seeds as Intellectual Property
The Ethical Perspective
References
C. AestheticsAesthetics and the Value of Nature
I
II
III
IV
V
Notes
Worldview and the Value-Duty Link to Environmental Ethics
I. Key Terms and Distinctions
II. Application through Personal and Shared Community Worldview
A. Application through personal worldview
The realm of ethical values
The realm of aesthetic values
The realm of religious values
B. Application through shared community worldview
Core community values
Questions of justice
Strategies and tactics for environmental preservation
Notes
5 Anthropocentric versus Biocentric Justifications
A. Anthropocentric Justifications
B. Biocentric Justifications
C. Searching the Middle
Notes
A. Anthropocentric Justifications. Human Rights and Future Generations
Environmental Values, Anthropocentrism and Speciesism
1. Anthropocentrism, Speciesism and Results: Utilitarianism
2. Anthropocentrism and Action: Rights and Obligations
3. Environmental Obligations: Rejecting Injury
4. What about the Animals?
Notes
References
B. Biocentric Justifications
Higher Animals
Organisms
Species
Ecosystems
Value Theory
Notes
Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics
Having and Expressing the Attitude of Respect for Nature
The Biocentric Outlook and the Attitude of Respect for Nature
The Basic Rules of Conduct
C. Searching the Middle
Nonanthropocentric Environmental Ethics
Anthropocentric Environmental Ethics
Notes
References
On the Reconciliation of Anthropocentric and Nonanthropocentric Environmental Ethics
References
Notes
Reconciliation Reaffirmed: A Reply to Steverson
Notes
References
6 Pollution and Climate Change
A. Air and Water Pollution
B. Climate Change
A. Air and Water Pollution. Blue Water
Water and Human Rights
Water and Public Health
A Description of the Action Arena
Key Obstacles to Progress
A Few Modest Proposals
Conceptual
Concrete
Conclusion
Notes
References
Polluting and Unpolluting
I. Harm, Vice, and Trespass
II. Bootstrapping: Or, Why This Matters
III. Polluter Pays Principle: Or, Undoing the Damage
IV. A Mad Tea Party: Or, the Hatter’s Riddle
V. The Caterpillar: Or, the Real Problem with Second-Hand Smoke
VI. The Cheshire Cat: Non-Human Animals and Non-Rational Nature
Conclusion
Notes
References
Moral Valuation of Environmental Goods
Moral Identity and Moral Intensity
Protected Values and Sacred Values
Moral Heuristics
Conclusion
References
B. Climate Change. Does a Failure in Global Leadership Mean It’s All Over? Climate, Population, and Progress
Leadership
Technological Tempo
Technological Gestell
Adaptation and Population
Enoughness
Notes
References
Further Reading
Collective Responsibility and Climate Change
1. Joint Action
2. Joint Epistemic Action
3. Collective Moral Responsibility
4. Climate Change
Notes
References
Further Reading
7 Animal Rights
Note
All Animals are Equal
The Radical Egalitarian Case for Animal Rights
Note
A Critique of Regan’s Animal Rights Theory
Regan’s Case
The Mystery of Inherent Value
Is There a Sharp Line?
Why Are Animal Rights Weaker Than Human Rights?
Why Speak of “Animal Rights” at All?
Conclusion
Notes
Mary Anne Warren and “Duties to Animals” 1
The Sharp Line Divide
How Should We Regard Animals?
Where I Differ from Warren
Notes
Against Zoos
Zoos and Their History
Animals and Liberty
Arguments for Zoos
References
8 Sustainability
A. Sustainability: What It Is and How It Works
B. Sustainability and Development
A. Sustainability: What It Is and How It Works
What Sustainability Is and Why It Matters
Environmental sustainability
Derivatives of environmental sustainability
The Focus, Scope, and Major Divisions of Sustainability Ethics
Preservation of opportunity
Scope and divisions
Principles and Virtues of Sustainability Ethics. Principles
Virtues
Notes
A Perfect Moral Storm
I. The Global Storm
II. The Intergenerational Storm
III. The Theoretical Storm
IV. Moral Corruption
References
Notes
Sustainability and Adaptation
I. Introduction
II. Adaptive Management
III. Naturalism: The Method of Experience
IV. An Empirical Hypothesis
V. Scaling and Environmental Problem Formulation
VI. Conclusion
References
Note
B. Sustainability and Development
1. ‘Sustainable Development’: Technical Condition or Moral Injunction?
2. Changing Fashions in ‘Sustainable Development’
3. Optimality and Sustainability for the Rational Individual
4. Optimality for Society and the Distribution Problem
5. Optimality versus Sustainability
6. Should ‘Sustainability’ Be a Constraint?
7. Sustainability and the Measurement of National Income
8. Conclusions
References
Notes
On Wilfred Beckerman’s Critique of Sustainable Development
References
Notes
Globalizing Responsibility for Climate Change
The Normative Grounds of Mitigation and Adaptation
Justice, Remedial Responsibility, and Liability
Globalizing Responsibility
Notes
9 Public Policy, Activism, and Technology The Cold and Tragic Logic of Climate Change Denial
Introduction
The Gap Model
Uncertainty
Conspiracy Theories
Values and Ex Post Facto Rationalization
Notes
References
The A, B, Cs of Social Activism
Early Efforts Paid Off
My Commitment Deepens as an Adult
We Love Our Mountains
The Sioux Tribe, Pipelines, and Federal Courts
Coalition-Building by Descendants of Slaves
Conclusion and Next Steps
Notes
International Public Policy on Environmental Regulation
The (Evolving) Need for Environmental Policy
Building Blocks of Environmental Policy
Status of Environmental Policy Across Countries
Determinants of Environmental Trajectories
Antagonistic First-Generation Regulation
Antagonistic Redistribution Focused
Cooperative Frontrunner
Policy Outpaced
Conclusion
References
What About the Coal Miners? Addressing the Downside of Effective Environmental Policies
The Complex Character of the Problems Faced by Affected Communities and Households
By What Principles Should Our Actions be Guided? Four Ethical Arguments
Creating Equivalent Opportunities
Summing Up
References
Note
Electricity
A Claim Right to Electricity?
Renewable Electricity: Consequentialist Considerations
State Versus Market
Environmental Concerns: Renewable Electricity
Frugality, Individual Moral Responsibility, and Carbon Taxes
Conclusion
Notes
References
Technology and the Environment
Technology? Environment?
From a Simian with a Bone to the Space Age
Bad Bones: Technology’s Dark Side
Is the Ethical Problem Deeper? Dissatisfaction, Consumerism, and Economic Growth
Homo an poenitet?
The Critique of Economic Growth
Notes
Rising Above the Rising Seas
Introduction
Water, Water Everywhere, and Not a Drop to Drink
Climate Justice
Climate Migrants
Notes
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