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Группа авторов. Plastic and Microplastic in the Environment
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Plastic and Microplastic in the Environment. Management and Health Risks
List of Contributors
Preface
1 Sources, Occurrence, and Analysis of Microplastics in Freshwater Environments: A Review
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Sources of Microplastic
1.2.1 Primary Sources. 1.2.1.1 Microplastics from Personal Care Products
1.2.1.2 Microplastics from Plastic Resins
1.2.2 Secondary Sources. 1.2.2.1 Microplastics from Degradation of Plastic Debris
1.2.2.2 Microplastics from Textile and Domestic Washing
1.3 Pathways of Microplastics into Freshwater Environments
1.4 Microplastic Analytical Methods in Freshwater
1.4.1 Sampling of Microplastic. 1.4.1.1 Water Samples
1.4.1.2 Sediment Samples
1.4.2 Sample Preparation. 1.4.2.1 Extraction of Microplastics
1.4.2.2 Removal of Organic Debris
1.4.3 Identification of Microplastic. 1.4.3.1 Visual Sorting
1.4.3.2 Identification of Microplastics by Chemical Composition. Pyrolysis‐GC/MS
Infrared Spectroscopy
1.5 Occurrence of Microplastic in Freshwater Environments
1.5.1 Microplastic in Lakes
1.5.2 Microplastic in Rivers
1.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
2 Microplastics in Freshwater Environments – With Special Focus on the Indian Scenario
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Nature and Production of Microplastics
2.3 Global Ecological Impacts of Plastic Pollution
2.4 Socio‐Economic Impacts of Plastic Pollution
2.5 Freshwater Plastic Pollution
2.5.1 Sources of Freshwater Microplastics
2.5.2 Studies on Freshwater Plastic Pollution from around the World
2.5.3 The Problem of Freshwater Microplastics in Developing Countries
2.5.4 Status of India's Freshwater Plastic Problem
2.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
3 Microplastic Contamination in the Marine Food Web: Its Impact on Human Health
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Microplastic in the Marine Food Web
3.1.2 Toxic Impacts on Primary Producers
3.1.3 Toxic Impacts on Consumers
3.1.4 Associated Risk
3.2 Human Health Implication
3.3 Conclusion and Future Perspective
Acknowledgements
References
4 Microplastic in the Aquatic Ecosystem and Human Health Implications
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Sources and Food‐Chain Entry
4.3 Human Health Implications
4.3.1 Digestive System
4.3.2 Respiratory System
4.3.3 Nervous System
4.3.4 Placental Barrier
4.3.5 Other Health Impacts
4.4 Future Directions and Plausible Solutions
4.5 Conclusion
References
5 Interactions of Microplastics Toward an Ecological Risk in Soil Diversity: An Appraisal
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Microplastic‐Types and Properties
5.3 Microplastic Sources and Accumulation in Soil and Sediments
5.4 Migration of Microplastics’ Fate in Environment
5.5 Migration of Microplastics through Soil
5.6 Soil Analysis Methodology
5.7 Collection of Samples
5.8 Sample Preparation. 5.8.1 Drying
5.8.2 Sieving
5.8.3 Soil Aggregates Dismantling and Density Separation
5.8.4 Removing Soil Organic Matter (SOM)
5.8.5 Microplastics Quantification
5.8.5.1 Microscopy
5.8.5.2 Spectroscopy
5.8.5.3 Thermoanalysis
5.9 Interactions and Impacts on Soil Diversity
5.9.1 Soil Properties
5.9.2 Soil Microbial Activity
5.9.3 Microplastics Entered Via Food Chains
5.9.4 The Effect of MPs on Soil Animals
5.9.5 The Effect of MPs on Plants
5.10 Ecotoxicology of Microplastic
5.11 Mitigation Process of Microplastics
5.11.1 Biological Methods
5.12 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
6 Microplastics in the Air and Their Associated Health Impacts
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Microplastics in the Atmosphere
6.2.1 Physical Characteristics
6.2.2 Chemical Characteristics
6.2.3 Sources and Generation
6.2.4 Fate and Dispersion
6.3 Measurement of Atmospheric Microplastics. 6.3.1 Sampling and Analysis
6.3.2 Atmospheric Abundance of Microplastics
6.4 Health Impacts of Microplastics. 6.4.1 Routes of Exposure and Interaction with Body Tissues
6.4.2 Health Impacts
6.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
7 Plastic Marine Litter in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Sea: Current Research Trends and Management Strategies
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Analysis of Marine Litter Research Trends in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Sea Countries
7.3 Microplastics Abundance in the Marine Environment of the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries
7.4 Microplastics Characterization and Identification Techniques
7.5 Microplastics in Coastal Areas Affected by Rivers
7.6 Socioeconomic Impact of Plastic Marine Litter and Reduction Approaches
7.7 Knowledge Gaps and Recommendation for Future Research
References
8 Advanced Detection Techniques for Microplastics in Different Environmental Media
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Methodology
8.2.1 Selection of Criteria and Search for Articles
8.2.2 Item Selection
8.3 Results
8.3.1 Sampling Techniques in Different Marine Environments. 8.3.1.1 Seawater
Number of Sites and Samples
Types of Samplers
Sample Management
8.3.1.2 Sea Sediments
Sampling Seasonality, Time, and Site Selection
Types of Samplers
Depth of Sampling
Sample Management
8.3.1.3 Beaches
Number and Selection of Beaches
Periodicity of Sampling
Number and Selection of Sampling Points
Samplers and Tools
8.3.1.4 Mangroves
Selection of Areas and Sites
Sampling Depth
Sampler Types and Sample Management
8.3.1.5 Marine Fauna
Selection of Species
Number of Organisms
Sample Management
Selection of Tissues, Organs, and Systems
8.3.1.6 Marine Vegetation
8.3.2 Sample Processing in Laboratory
8.3.2.1 Water
Sieving
Density Separation
Filtration
Remotion of Organic Matter
Polymer Identification
8.3.2.2 Sediments
Sieving
Drying
Density Separation
Digestion
Filtration
Identification of Polymers
8.3.2.3 Marine Fauna
Digestion
Management after Digestion
Polymer Identification
8.3.2.4 Marine Vegetation
8.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
9 Bio‐Based and Biodegradable Plastics as Alternatives to Conventional Plastics
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Definition and Classification of Plastics
9.3 Current Status of Conventional Plastics and Effect on Environment
9.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional Plastics
9.4.1 Advantages
9.4.2 Disadvantages
9.5 Current Status of Biodegradable Plastics and Effect on Environment
9.6 How Plastic Degrades
9.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bio‐Based Plastics
9.8 National and International Agreements and Conventions to Control Use of Plastics
9.9 The Future of Plastics
9.10 Conclusions
References
10 Biodegradable Plastics: New Challenges and Possibilities toward Green Sustainable Development
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 The Environmental Impact of Conventional Plastics
10.1.2 Classification and Types of Biopolymers
10.2 Biopolymers of Microbial Systems. 10.2.1 Microbial Polyesters: Polyhydroxyalkanoates
10.2.2 Recombinant Protein Polymers
10.2.3 The Microbial Polysaccharides. 10.2.3.1 Bacterial Cellulose
10.2.3.2 Xanthan
10.2.3.3 Dextrans: Phullan and Glucans
10.3 Biopolymers of Plants and Higher Organisms. 10.3.1 Starch
10.3.2 Cellulose
10.3.3 Lignin
10.3.4 Chitin and Chitosan
10.3.5 Polylactic Acid
10.3.5.1 Properties of PLA
10.3.5.2 Improvements in PLA
10.3.5.3 Application
10.4 Factors Affecting the Rate of Degradation of Bio‐plastics and Biodegradable Plastics
10.5 Future Aspects and Challenges for Development of Bio‐based and Biodegradable Plastics
10.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
11 Current Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities for Plastic Recycling
11.1 Introduction: The Pollution Problem Involving Plastic
11.2 Sources, Types, and Transportation of Plastics in the Environment. 11.2.1 Plastics Sources and Types
11.2.2 Plastic Transportation in Aquatic Environments
11.3 An Introduction to Waste Management
11.3.1 Plastic Waste Treatment
11.4 Plastic Recycling Systems
11.4.1 Recovery
11.4.2 Preparation
11.4.3 Primary Recycling
11.4.4 Energy Recovery
11.4.5 Mechanical Recycling
11.4.5.1 Sorting/Separating
11.4.5.2 Electrostatic Separation
11.4.5.3 Manual Sorting
11.4.5.4 Sink Float Method
11.4.5.5 Plastic Identification
11.4.5.6 Shredding
11.4.5.7 Agglomeration
11.4.5.8 Washing/Cleaning
11.4.6 Chemical Recycling of Solid Plastic Pollutants
11.4.7 Reuse and Re‐stabilization
11.5 Latest Industry Trends and a Future Perspective
11.6 Conclusions
References
12 Microbial Degradation of Micro‐Plastics
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Plastic Categorization Based on Biodegradability
12.2.1 Non‐biodegradable Plastics
12.2.2 Biodegradable Plastics
12.2.3 Biosynthetic Plastics
12.2.4 Blended Plastics
12.2.5 Biocomposite Polymers
12.3 Microplastics Cycling into the Environment
12.4 Microorganisms and Interactions with Microplastics
12.5 Factors Affecting Biodegradation of Microplastics
12.6 Mechanisms of Microplastic Biodegradation
12.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
13 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Plastics
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Plastics
13.2.1 Types of Plastics
13.2.2 Plastic Bags
13.2.3 Plastic Waste
13.2.4 Recycling and Disposal
13.2.5 Indian Scenario
13.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
13.3.1 Phases of LCA
13.3.1.1 Goal and Scope Definition
13.3.1.2 Inventory Analysis
13.3.1.3 Impact Assessment
13.3.1.4 Interpretation
13.3.2 Importance of LCA
13.3.3 LCA for Plastics
13.4 Plastics Sustainability by LCA
13.5 Discussion and Conclusion
References
14 Role of Education and Society in Dealing Plastic Pollution in the Future
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Consumption
14.3 Global Dimension of Plastic Pollution
14.4 Plastic Pollution in Natural Environments
14.5 Role of Education for Plastic Waste Management
14.6 Significance of Plastic Waste Education
14.7 Role of NGOs and General Public
14.8 Conclusion
References
Index
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