Оглавление
Группа авторов. Muography
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Geophysical Monograph Series
Muography. Geophysical Monograph 270. Exploring Earth's Subsurface with Elementary Particles
List of Contributors
Preface
1 Principles of Muography and Pioneering Works
ABSTRACT
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 PRINCIPLES OF MUOGRAPHY
1.2.1 Muon Energy Spectrum
1.2.2 Geomagnetic Effects in the Muon Flux
1.2.3 Altitudinal Atmospheric Effects in the Muon Flux
1.2.4 Seasonal Atmospheric Effect in the Muon Flux
1.2.5 Muon Flux Reduction through Matter
1.2.6 Muon Scattering
1.2.7 Background Events in Muography
1.2.8 Required Measurement Times
1.2.9 Muographically Averaged Densimetric Thickness and Muographically Averaged Geometric Thickness
1.2.10 Limitations of Muography and Potential Geological Targets
1.3 PIONEERING WORKS
1.3.1 Early Works
1.3.2 Magmatic Convection
1.3.3 Phreatic Explosions and Magmatic Eruptions
1.3.4 Plate Tectonics and Volcanism
1.3.5 Underground Water
1.4 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
2 Tomographic Imaging of Volcano Structures with Cosmic‐Ray Muons
ABSTRACT
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 LINEAR INVERSION
2.3 FILTERED BACK PROJECTION
2.4 PERFORMANCE ESTIMATION WITH A FORWARD MODELING SIMULATION
2.5 RESULTS
2.6 DISCUSSION
2.7 CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
3 Joint Inversion of Muography and Gravity Data for 3D Density Imaging of Volcanoes
ABSTRACT
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 GRAVITY MEASUREMENTS
3.3 LINEAR JOINT INVERSION
3.4 MORE EXACT FORMULATION
3.5 DENSITY BIAS
3.6 REGULARIZATION PARAMETERS
3.7 DISCUSSION
3.8 SUMMARY
REFERENCES
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION. S3.1. ANALYTICAL FORMULA FOR THE GRAVITATIONAL EFFECT
4 Machine Learning with Muographic Images as Input: An Application to Volcano Eruption Forecasting
ABSTRACT
4.1 INTRODUCTION. 4.1.1 The Concept of Machine Learning
4.1.2 Volcano Eruption Forecasting With Machine Learning
4.2 MUOGRAPHIC OBSERVATION OF THE SAKURAJIMA VOLCANO
4.3 A CONCEPTUALIZATION OF VOLCANO ERUPTION FORECASTING WITH MUOGRAPHY
4.4 MUOGRAPHIC DATA PROCESSING WITH MACHINE LEARNING
4.4.1 Processing of Average Fluxes with Support Vector Machine
4.4.2 Processing of Average Fluxes with Neural Network
4.4.3 Muographic Image Processing With Convolutional Neural Network
4.5 DISCUSSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
5 Observation of the Dynamics of Hydrothermal Activity in La Soufrière of Guadeloupe Volcano with Joint Muography, Gravimetry, Electrical Resistivity Tomography, Seismic and Temperature Monitoring
ABSTRACT
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 MUOGRAPHY FOR VOLCANO APPLICATIONS
5.2.1 Field Implementation and Maintenance
5.2.2 Resolution in Density, Time, and Space
5.2.3 Perturbing Effects
Effects of open‐sky flux
Upward flux
Scattered muons
5.3 STRUCTURAL IMAGING OF HYDROTHERMAL RESERVOIRS IN LA SOUFRIÈRE LAVA DOME WITH JOINT MUOGRAPHY, ERT, AND GRAVIMETRY
5.3.1 Muography. Survey characteristics
Data analysis
5.3.2 Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT)
Complementarity of ERT compared to muography
Survey characteristics and data analysis
5.3.3 Gravity Survey
Complementarity of gravimetry compared to muography
Survey characteristics and data analysis
5.4 FUNCTIONAL IMAGING OF SUDDEN HYDROTHERMAL EVENTS WITH JOINT MUOGRAPHY, SEISMIC NOISE, AND FUMAROLE TEMPERATURE
5.4.1 Temperature at Fumaroles. Experimental setup
Data analysis
5.4.2 Seismic Noise Measurements. Experimental setup
Data processing
5.4.3 Muography Experiment. Experimental setup
Monitoring with cosmic muons
5.4.4 Dynamics of the Shallow Hydrothermal System
5.5 CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
6 Structure of the Shallow Supply System at Stromboli Volcano, Italy, through Integration of Muography, Digital Elevation Models, Seismicity, and Ground Deformation Data
ABSTRACT
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 ERUPTIVE ACTIVITY, MORPHOLOGY OF THE SHALLOW FEEDER SYSTEM, AND ERUPTION DYNAMICS
6.3 DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES FOR THE CRATER ZONE STUDY. 6.3.1 Muography Measurements
6.3.2 Estimation of Filling Volumes through DEMs Comparison
6.3.3 GBInSAR: Deformation of the Crater Zone and of the Sciara Del Fuoco
6.3.4 Seismic Data
6.4 DISCUSSION
6.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
7 Three Years of Muography at Mount Etna, Italy: Results and Interpretation
ABSTRACT
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 THE MEV PROJECT
7.2.1 Design and Construction of the Muon Telescope
7.2.2 Front‐End and Readout Electronics
7.2.3 Time‐Of‐Flight Module
7.3 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
7.4 IMPROVEMENT OF BACKGROUND REJECTION
7.5 OBSERVATION OF THE COLLAPSE OF NORTHEAST CRATER OF ETNA
7.6 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
8 Muography of Magma Intrusion Beneath the Active Craters of Sakurajima Volcano, Japan
ABSTRACT
8.1 INTRODUCTION. 8.1.1 Remote Sensing of Subsurface Volcanic Phenomena
8.1.2 Eruptive Activity of Sakurajima Volcano
8.1.3 The Sakurajima Muography Observatory
8.2 OBSERVATIONAL INSTRUMENT AND METHODS
8.2.1 The MWPC‐based Muography Observation System
8.2.2 Data Collection
8.2.3 Track Reconstruction and Flux Calculation
8.2.4 Density Imaging
8.2.5 Systematic Effects
8.3 VOLCANOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
8.4 CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
9 Muography of the Volcanic Structure of the Summit of Vesuvius, Italy
ABSTRACT
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.1.1 Morphology and Structure of the “Gran Cono” of Vesuvius
9.1.2 Motivation for Application of Muography to Vesuvius
9.2 MUOGRAPHY EXPERIMENTS AT VESUVIUS
9.2.1 The MURAVES Laboratory at Vesuvius
9.2.2 The MURAVES Detector
9.3 EXPECTED RESULTS
9.3.1 Status of the Experiment
9.4 SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
10 Water Resource Management: The Multi‐Technique Approach of the Low Background Noise Underground Research Laboratory and its Muon Detection Projects
ABSTRACT
10.1 INTRODUCTION. 10.1.1 Underground Water Resources: A Societal Challenge
10.1.2 Particular Interest of Karst Environment
10.2 THE LOW BACKGROUND NOISE UNDERGROUND RESEARCH LABORATORY
10.3 WATER MONITORING AT LSBB. 10.3.1 Fontaine‐de‐Vaucluse
10.3.2 First Characterization
10.3.3 Ongoing and Future Research
10.4 DETECTION OF COSMIC RAYS AT LSBB
10.4.1 Cosmic Ray Characterization for Background Noise Reduction
10.4.2 Muons as Primary Source of Information
10.5 MUON SURVEY TOMOGRAPHY BASED ON MICROMEGAS DETECTORS FOR UNREACHABLE SITES TECHNOLOGY. 10.5.1 Purpose
10.5.2 Working Principle
10.5.3 Technology Update
10.6 AN EXAMPLE OF MULTI‐TECHNIQUE APPROACH: THE BUISSONNIÈRE EXPERIMENT. 10.6.1 Introduction
10.6.2 Study Area
10.6.3 Muon Detector and Experiment
10.6.4 Preliminary Results and Interpretation
10.6.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
10.7 CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
11 Exploration of Underground Cave Systems with Muography
ABSTRACT
11.1. UNDERGROUND CHALLENGE
11.2. LIGHTWEIGHT GASEOUS DETECTORS
11.3. DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS
11.4. REFERENCE AND ROCK DENSITY
11.5. CAVE MUOGRAPHY CAMPAIGNS IN HUNGARY
11.6. TOMOGRAPHY AND INVERSION
11.7. CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
12 Detection and 3D Reconstruction of Cavities Inside Mount Echia, Naples, Italy
ABSTRACT
12.1. INTRODUCTION
12.2. THE MUON DETECTORS
12.3. MUON TRANSMISSION IN TWO DIMENSIONS
12.4. 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF THE HIDDEN CAVITY
12.5. HINTS FROM CONVENTIONAL METHODS
12.6. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
13 Exploration of Hidden Topography Beneath Alpine Glaciers with Muography
ABSTRACT
13.1. INTRODUCTION
13.2. DETECTORS. 13.2.1. Emulsion Films
13.2.2. Automated Readout Microscopes
13.3. DATA ANALYSIS. 13.3.1. Muon Energy Spectrum
13.3.2. Muon Flux
13.3.3. Bedrock Shape Reconstruction
13.4. RECONSTRUCTED BEDROCK TOPOGRAPHY
13.5. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
14 Muography, a Key Technology for Monitoring Carbon Geostorage
ABSTRACT
14.1. INTRODUCTION
14.1.1. Carbon Capture and Storage
14.1.2. Test Site
14.2. CARBON GEOSTORAGE MODELING
14.3. MUON FLUX MODELING AND FORECASTS
14.3.1. Muon Energy Spectrum at the Surface of the Earth
14.3.2. Muon Transport Through Rock
14.3.3. Simulation Procedure
14.3.4. Detector Simulation
14.3.5. Simulation Results
14.4. INSTRUMENTATION
14.4.1. Detector Deployment and Testing
14.5. OUTLOOK FOR CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE (CCS)
14.5.1. Routes toward Carbon Storage
14.5.2. Political Levers
14.6. CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
15 Future Prospects of Muography for Geological Research and Geotechnical and Mining Engineering
ABSTRACT
15.1. INTRODUCTION
15.2. MUONS, TERMS, AND MUON DETECTORS
15.3. BASICS OF MUOGRAPHY AND WHY IT WORKS IN GEOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING
15.4. CURRENT AND NEAR‐FUTURE APPLICATIONS IN GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING. 15.4.1. Applications in Mineral Exploration
Detection of hydrothermal alteration
Detection of structural geological features
Other benefits of mineral exploration
15.4.2. Applications in Geotechnical and Mining Engineering
Detection of missed ore bodies and remaining ores in operating mines
Detection of structural geological features and isolated bodies in a rock mass
Monitoring of fracturing and deforming rock mass
Evaluation and classification of rock masses
15.5. IMPACT ON DRILLING AND GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL RESEARCH
15.6. CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
REFERENCES
16 Muon Tomography for Underground Resources
ABSTRACT
16.1. INTRODUCTION
16.2. GEOPHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS
16.2.1. Modeling the Sea‐Level Muon Spectrum
16.2.2. Muon Interactions in Rock
16.2.3. Tomography
16.3. CASE STUDIES
16.3.1. Myra Falls Zinc Mine
16.3.2. Pend Oreille Lead/Zine Mine
16.3.3. McArthur River Uranium Mine
16.3.4. Cliffs Nickel Mine
16.4. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
17 Development of Scintillator‐Based Muon Detectors for Muography
ABSTRACT
17.1. INTRODUCTION
17.2. DETECTING MUONS: DIRECT AND INVERSE PROBLEM
17.3. TECHNOLOGIES: DESIGN AND OPERATION OF SCINTILLATOR‐BASED DETECTORS. 17.3.1. State of the Art
17.3.2. Muon Detectors as Field Instruments
17.3.3. An Example of Detailed Implementation
17.3.4. Some Results in Volcanology with this Implementation
17.4. SCINTILLATORS AROUND THE WORLD
17.5. NON‐VOLCANOLOGIC APPLICATIONS: INVESTIGATION ON NUCLEAR REACTORS AND TUNNEL‐BORING MACHINES
17.5.1. Nuclear Reactor Investigation
17.5.2. Tunnel‐Boring Machines
17.6. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
18 Resistive Plate Chambers in Muography
ABSTRACT
18.1. INTRODUCTION
18.2. RESISTIVE PLATE CHAMBER BASICS
18.3. RPC APPLICATIONS IN MUOGRAPHY
18.3.1. Large‐Area RPC Telescopes for Volcanology
18.3.2. RPC Telescopes for the Earth Subsurface
18.3.3. Portable RPC Telescopes
18.3.4. RPC‐Based Muography Outside of Geosciences
18.4. TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR GEOSCIENCES USE CASES
18.4.1. Gas Mixtures
18.4.2. High Voltage, Signal Formation, and Electronics
18.4.3. Response Uniformity
18.5. PERFORMANCE GOALS AND CHALLENGES
18.5.1. Spatial Resolution
18.5.2. Time Resolution and Challenges in Background Rejection
18.6. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
19 Development of Multi‐Wire Proportional Chamber‐Based Trackers for Muography
ABSTRACT
19.1. INTRODUCTION
19.2. MWPC DETECTORS FOR PRACTICAL MUOGRAPHY
19.3. SMALL SIZE AND PORTABLE DETECTORS: CLOSE‐CATHODE CHAMBERS
19.4. MWPC TRACKING SYSTEM
19.5. GAS SUPPLY SYSTEM
19.6. CHALLENGES OF LOW‐MAINTENANCE AND REMOTE OPERATION CONDITIONS
19.7. LOW‐BACKGROUND ENVIRONMENTS AND HIGH DEFINITION IMAGING
19.8. PRACTICAL OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCES
19.9. SUMMARY
REFERENCES
20 Development of Micro‐Pattern Gaseous Detectors for Muography
ABSTRACT
20.1. INTRODUCTION TO MPGD
20.1.1. GEM
20.1.2. Micromegas
20.1.3. Other Technologies
20.1.4. Interesting Features for Muography
20.2. HARDWARE DEVELOPMENTS
20.2.1. Genetic Multiplexing
20.2.2. Resistive 2D Bulk Micromegas
20.2.3. Self‐Triggering Electronics
20.2.4. The Muon Telescopes
20.3. GAS STUDIES
20.3.1. Choice of the Gas Mixture
20.3.2. Reduction of the Gas Consumption
20.4. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENTS
20.4.1. Amplitude Feedback
20.4.2. Monitoring and Data Acquisition Systems
20.5. RESULTS
20.5.1. WatTo Experiment
20.5.2. ScanPyramids
20.6. SUMMARY
REFERENCES
21 Development of Nuclear Emulsions for Muography
ABSTRACT
21.1. INTRODUCTION
21.2. NUCLEAR EMULSION TECHNOLOGY. 21.2.1. Overview
21.2.2. Nuclear Emulsion
21.2.3. Automated Nuclear Emulsion Scanning System
21.2.4. Detector Structure and Three‐Dimensional Track Reconstruction
21.3. MUOGRAPHY WITH NUCLEAR EMULSIONS. 21.3.1. Geoscientific Applications
21.3.2. Other Applications
21.4. SUMMARY AND PROSPECTS
REFERENCES
INDEX
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