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Группа авторов. Analytical Methods for Environmental Contaminants of Emerging Concern
Analytical Methods for Environmental Contaminants of Emerging Concern
Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Guide
Pages
Contributors
Preface
1 Pesticides
1.1 Overview of Pesticides
1.1.1 Properties
1.1.2 Legislation
1.1.3 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products
1.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment
1.2 Sample Preparation and Collection
1.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples
1.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-up
1.3 Determination of Pesticides
1.3.1 Development of the Instrumental Method. 1.3.1.1 Chromatography
1.3.1.2 Detection
1.3.2 Figures of Merit
1.3.3 Hints and Tips
1.4 Future Directions and Challenges
Acknowledgments
Bibliography
2 Pharmaceuticals
2.1 Overview of Pharmaceuticals. 2.1.1 Properties
2.1.2 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products
2.1.3 Occurrence
2.1.4 Legislation
2.2 Sampling and Sample Preparation
2.2.1 Solid Samples
2.2.2 Water Samples
2.3 Analytical Techniques for the Determination of Pharmaceuticals. 2.3.1 Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry
2.3.2 Liquid Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry
2.4 Conclusion and Future Trends
References
3 Personal Care Products
3.1 Overview of Personal Care Products
3.1.1 Properties
3.1.2 Legislation
3.1.3 Transformation Products
3.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment
3.2 Sample Preparation for PCPs in the Aquatic Environment
3.2.1 Sorbent-based Methodologies. 3.2.1.1 Solid-phase Extraction
3.2.1.1.1 New Sorbent Materials and Approaches for SPE
3.2.1.1.2 Magnetic Solid-phase Extraction
3.2.1.1.3 Molecularly Imprinted Solid-phase Extraction
3.2.1.2 Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction
3.2.1.3 Stir-bar Sorptive Extraction
3.2.1.3.1 Miniaturized SBSE Approaches: SBDLME, SBSDME, BAµE
3.2.1.3.2 Rotating-disk Sorptive Extraction
3.2.1.3.3 Vacuum-assisted Sorbent Extraction
3.2.1.4 Solid-phase Microextraction
3.2.1.4.1 Classical SPME Coatings
3.2.1.4.2 New Coating Materials
3.2.2 Liquid-based Extraction Techniques
3.2.2.1 Microextraction Liquid Phase Approaches: DLLME, SDME, USAEME. 3.2.2.1.1 Dispersive-liquid-liquid microextraction
3.2.2.1.2 Single-drop Microextraction
3.2.2.1.3 Ultrasound-assisted Emulsification Microextraction
3.3 Determination of Personal Care Products
3.4 Future Directions and Challenges
Acknowledgements
References
4 New Psychoactive Substances
4.1 Overview of New Psychoactive Substances
4.1.1 Properties
4.1.2 NPS Market, Dynamics and International Control
4.1.3 Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products
4.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment
4.2 Sample Preparation and Collection
4.2.1 Urban Wastewater. 4.2.1.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples
4.2.1.2 Extraction Procedures and Clean-up
4.2.2 Other Environmental Matrices
4.3 Determination of New Psychoactive Substances
4.3.1 Development of the Instrumental Method. 4.3.1.1 Chromatographic Separation
4.3.1.2 Detection
4.3.2 Figures of Merit
4.3.3 Hits and Tips
4.4 Future Direction and Challenges
Acknowledgments
References
5 Artificial Sweeteners
5.1 Overview of Artificial Sweeteners
5.1.1 Properties
5.1.2 Legislation and Environmental Risk Assessment
5.1.3 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products
5.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment
5.2 Sample Preparation and Collection. 5.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples
5.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-up
5.3 Determination of Artificial Sweeteners. 5.3.1 Development of the Instrumental Method
5.3.1.1 Chromatography
5.3.1.2 Detection
5.3.2 Figures of Merit
5.3.3 Hints and Tips
5.4 Future Directions and Challenges
References
6 Perfluorinated Substances
6.1 Overview of Perfluoroalkyl Substances
6.1.1 Properties
6.1.2 Legislation
6.1.3 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products
6.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment
6.2 Sample Preparation and Collection. 6.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples
6.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-up
6.3 Determination of PFASs. 6.3.1 Development of the Instrumental Method
6.3.1.1 Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
6.3.1.2 Biosensors
6.3.2 Figures of Merit
6.3.3 Hints and Tips
6.4 Future Directions and Challenges
References
7 High Production Volume Chemicals
7.1 Overview of High Production Volume Chemicals
7.1.1 Properties
7.1.2 Legislation
7.1.3 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products
7.1.4 Occurrence
7.2 Sample Preparation and Collection. 7.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples. 7.2.1.1 Water
7.2.1.2 Air and Dust
7.2.1.3 Soil, Sediments, and Sludge
7.2.1.4 Biota
7.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-Up. 7.2.2.1 Water
7.2.2.2 Air and Dust
7.2.2.3 Soil, Sediments, and Sludge
7.2.2.4 Biota
7.3 Determination of High Production Volume Chemicals. 7.3.1 Development of the Instrumental Method
7.3.2 Figures of Merit
7.3.3 Hints and Tips
7.4 Future Directions and Challenges
Acknowledgments
References
8 Musk Fragrances
8.1 Overview of Musk Fragrances
8.1.1 Properties
8.1.2 Legislation
8.1.3 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products
8.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment
8.1.4.1 Occurrence in Wastewater and Sewage Sludge
8.1.4.2 Occurrence in Surface Water, Soils, Sediments and Air
8.1.4.3 Occurrence in Biota
8.2 Sample Preparation and Collection
8.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples
8.2.1.1 Air Samples
8.2.1.2 Water Samples
8.2.1.3 Sludge, Soil and Sediment Samples
8.2.1.4 Biota
8.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-up. 8.2.2.1 Air Samples
8.2.2.2 Water Samples
8.2.2.3 Sludge, Soil and Sediment Samples
8.2.2.4 Biota
8.3 Determination of Musk Fragrances. 8.3.1 Chromatography
8.3.2 Detection
8.4 Future Directions and Challenges
References
9 Disinfection Byproducts in Water
9.1 Overview of Main DBP Classes
9.1.1 Properties
9.1.2 Legislation
9.1.3 Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products
9.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment
9.2 Sample Preparation and Collection. 9.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples
9.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-up
9.3 Determination of DBPs
9.3.1 Development of the Instrumental Method. 9.3.1.1 Chromatography
9.3.1.2 Detection
9.3.2 Figures of Merit. 9.3.2.1 Linearity
9.3.2.2 Precision and Accuracy
9.3.2.3 Sensitivity
9.3.3 Hints and Tips
9.4 Future Directions and Challenges
Acknowledgements
References
10 Microplastics
10.1 Overview of Micro- and Nanoplastics. 10.1.1 Properties
10.1.2 Legislation
10.1.3 Origin and Distribution
10.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment
10.1.4.1 Water Systems
10.1.4.2 Sediments
10.1.4.3 Biota
10.2 Sample Preparation and Collection. 10.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples
10.2.1.1 Water
10.2.1.2 Sediment
10.2.1.3 Biota
10.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-up
10.2.2.1 Separation
10.2.2.2 Matrix Removal by Digestion
10.3 Determination of MNPLs
10.3.1 Physical Characterization
10.3.2 Chemical Characterization
10.4 Future Directions and Challenges
Acknowledgments
References
Index
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