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Группа авторов. Magnetic Resonance Microscopy
Magnetic Resonance Microscopy. Instrumentation and Applications in Engineering, Life Science, and Energy Research
Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Guide
Pages
Foreword
Preface
1 Microengineering Improves MR Sensitivity
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Comparative Electromagnetic Radiation Imaging
1.1.2 Limit of Detection
1.1.3 Limit of Imaging Resolution
1.2 High Resolution From Enhanced Sensitivity. 1.2.1 Coil Miniaturization
1.2.2 The Lenz Lens: A Tool to Boost Sensitivity
1.3 MR Microscopy and Neurotechnologies
1.3.1 Tissue Scaffolds and Implants
1.3.2 The Case of Epileptogenesis: Ex Situ Brain Slices and in Situ Histology
1.4 Augmented MR Microscopy
1.4.1 Perfusion
1.4.2 Electrochemistry
1.4.3 Hyperpolarization
1.5 Conclusions
References
Notes
2 Ceramic Coils for MR Microscopy
2.1 Introduction
2.2 State of the Art
2.3 Modeling and Design Guidelines
2.3.1 Dielectric Cylindrical Resonator Modes
2.3.2 Power Loss Contributions in a Ceramic Probe
2.3.3 SNR Estimation
2.3.4 Mode Frequency
2.3.4 Application: Design Guidelines
2.3.5 Validation
2.4 MRM with Ceramic Coils
2.4.1 Practical Considerations and Experimental Setup
2.4.2 Performance
2.4.3 Dual Ceramic Coils
2.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
3 Portable Brain Scanner Technology for Use in Emergency Medicine
3.1 Where Would You Use a Portable or Small Footprint Magnetic Resonance Imager?
3.2 Rethinking System-level Approaches
3.3 Three Levels of POC Use
3.3.1 Brain MRI in an “Easy-to-Site Suite”
3.3.2 Brain MRI with a Portable Device
3.3.3 Brain MRI as a Monitoring Device
3.4 Clinical Use Scenarios of “Easy-to-Site” POC, and Monitoring MR Devices
3.4.1 ED and ICU
3.4.2 Acute Stroke Care
3.4.3 Assessing Pediatric Hydrocephalus in the Developing World
3.4.3 Mass-effect Monitor in ED or ICU Setting
3.4.4 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)
3.5 Technological Approaches to POC and/or Portable MRI
3.5.1 Magnet Designs. 3.5.1.1 Advances in Cryogenics for Supercon Magnets
3.5.1.2 Superconducting Solenoid Designs for the Easy-to-Site Suite
3.5.1.3 Shorter Supercon Magnets from Relaxed Homogeneity
3.5.1.4 Permanent Magnets for Portable MRI
3.5.1.5 Halbach Arrays for Portable MRI
3.5.1.6 Other Types of Permanent Magnet Arrays
3.5.2 Other Technological Challenges
3.5.2.1 Image Encoding in an Inhomogeneous Field
3.5.2.2 Limited Frequency Bandwidth of Tuned Radiofrequency Coils
3.5.2.3 External EMI Removal (Eliminating the Shielded Room)
3.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
4 Technology for Ultrahigh Field Imaging
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Neuroimaging and UHF
4.3 UHF and fMRI
4.4 SNR, Increasing Magnetic Fields, and Dense Arrays
4.5 High Performance Gradients
4.6 Imaging the Human Torso at UHF
4.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Notes
5 Sweep Imaging with Fourier Transformation (SWIFT)
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Sweep Excitation
5.1.2 Tailored Excitation Profile
5.2 The Original Gapped SWIFT Technique and Its Components
5.2.1 View Ordering and Silent MRI
5.2.2 SWIFT-specific Artifact and Its Correction
5.3 SWIFT Utilization
5.3.1 MP Schemes
5.3.1.1 Look-Locker Sequence
5.3.2 Spectroscopic SWIFT
5.4 SWIFT Variations. 5.4.1 Gradient-modulated SWIFT
5.4.2 Multi-band SWIFT
5.4.3 Continuous SWIFT
5.5 Applications and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
6 Methods Based on Solution Flow, Improved Detection, and Hyperpolarization for Enhanced Magnetic Resonance
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Basics of the Methods to Increase NMR Sensitivity. 6.2.1 Spin Hyperpolarization
6.2.2 Microcoils and Cryocoils
6.2.3 Solution Flow
6.3 MRI Methods Dedicated to Hyperpolarization
6.4 Combining Methods to Gain Sensitivity. 6.4.1 Flow and Micro-detection
6.4.2 Cryocoils and Flow
6.4.3 Hyperpolarization and Micro-detection
6.4.3.1 Toward Integrated Mini-devices for Hyperpolarization?
6.4.3.2 A Further Sensitivity Gain in the Nonlinear Regime
6.5 Efficient Dissolution of Hyperpolarized Species
6.5.1 Use of Dissolved Noble Gases
6.5.2 Use of Dissolved Parahydrogen
6.5.3 Dissolution-DNP
6.6 Current Status and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
7 Advances and Adventures with Mobile NMR
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Compact Stray-field NMR Sensors
7.3 Car Tires
7.4 Violins
7.5 Heritage Buildings
7.5.1 The Mackintosh Library
7.5.2 In Search of a Hidden Wall Painting
7.5.3 Covered Roman Frescoes
7.6 Biofilms in Yellowstone National Park
7.7 Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
8 Ultrafast MR Techniques to Image Multi-phase Flows in Pipes and Reactors Bubble Burst Hydrodynamics
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 The Motivation for Ultrafast MR Imaging in Chemical Engineering
8.1.2 Time-averaged Approach
8.1.3 Ultrafast Imaging for Engineering Applications
8.1.3.1 Ultrafast Image Acquisition Protocols
8.1.3.2 Ultrafast Imaging with Reduced Data Acquisition and Compressed Sensing Reconstruction
8.2 Bubble Burst Hydrodynamics Captured with MR Velocimetry
8.2.1 Introduction to Bubble Burst Hydrodynamics
8.2.2 Materials and Methods
8.2.3 Reconstruction Technique
8.2.4 Results and Discussion
8.2.4.1 Bubble Burst Velocity Maps
8.3 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
9 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Membrane Filtration Processes
9.1 Introduction to Membranes and Membrane Processes. 9.1.1 Membranes
9.1.2 Membrane Module and Membrane Processes
9.1.3 Performance Decreasing Phenomena in Membrane Processes and Countermeasures
9.1.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Membrane Processes
9.2 Oil–Water Emulsions and Silica Suspensions in Polymeric Hollow Fiber Modules
9.3 Sodium Alginate Solutions in Ceramic Hollow Fiber Modules
9.4 Sodium Alginate Solutions and Silica Suspensions in Polymeric Multichannel Membrane Modules
9.5 Measures Preventing Concentration Polarization and Fouling
9.6 Analysis of Medical Products
9.6.1 Hemodialysis – Flow Distribution in Hemodialyzers
9.6.2 Hemodialysis – Flow Distribution in Endotoxin Adsorbers
9.6.3 Connectors – Flow Distribution in Medical Connectors
9.7 Analysis of Forward and Reverse Osmosis Modules
9.8 Conclusion and Alternative Techniques
References
10 Whither NMR of Biofilms?
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Pulsed Gradient Spin Echo NMR and Porous Media Design
10.3 19F NMR Oxymetry
10.4 MR Elastography and Rheo-NMR
10.5 Singlet NMR Diffusion
10.6 Heteronuclear NMR and MRI
10.7 NMR and MRI on Electrochemical Active Biofilm Systems
10.8 Conclusions
References
11 MRI of Transport and Flow in Plants and Foods
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Transport and Flow in Plants and into Fruits
11.2.1 Long-distance Water Flow
11.2.2 Transport and Distribution of Metabolites
11.3 Transport in Foods: Water and Oil Migration. 11.3.1 Water and Oil Migration During Food Preparation
11.3.2 Water and Oil Migration During Shelf Life
11.4 MRI of Flow in Foods
11.4.1 Shear-induced Spatial Heterogeneities Under Transient Flow Conditions
11.4.2 Flow in Granular and Soft Food Materials
11.5 Perspectives
References
12 MRI of Single Cells Labeled with Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Strategies for Detecting Cells by MRI
12.3 Theoretical Considerations on Image Contrast
12.3.1 Dipolar Fields and Image Contrast
12.4 Cell Labeling
12.5 History of Single-cell MRI
12.6 Moving Cells. 12.6.1 Impact of MR Data Acquisition
12.7 Validation Methods for Labeled Cell Detection
12.8 Summary
References
13 Imaging Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease Using Magnetic Resonance Microscopy
13.1 Introduction. 13.1.1 Motivation
13.1.2 Challenges Associated with Quantifying MRI Brain Biomarkers in Mouse Models
13.1.3 Animal and Specimen Preparation for Magnetic Resonance Microscopy
13.1.4 AD Biomarkers
13.2 Morphometry. 13.2.1 General Principles
13.2.2 In Vivo Morphometry
13.2.3 Ex Vivo Morphometry
13.2.4 Challenges
13.3 Diffusion-weighted Imaging and Analysis
13.3.1 MR Estimates of Tissue Microstructure
13.3.2 Microstructural Changes in Mouse Models of Familial AD
13.3.3 Connectivity Changes in Mouse Models of Familial AD
13.3.4 Accelerated Imaging Protocols Using Compressed Sensing
13.4 Integrating Multivariate Biomarkers Improves the Ability to Predict Cognition
13.4.1 Integrative Analyses
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
14 NMR Imaging of Slow Flows in the Root–Soil Compartment
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Transport in the Soil–Plant–Atmosphere Continuum
14.3 Root–Soil Diagnostics. 14.3.1 Geophysical Methods
14.3.2 X-ray Computer Tomography and Neutron Imaging
14.3.3 MRI in Combination with Tracer Tracking
14.3.4 MRI Velocity Mapping. 14.3.4.1 Above-ground Parts of Plants
14.3.4.2 Below-ground parts of plants
14.4 Conclusions
References
Notes
15 Magnetic Resonance Studies of Water in Wood Materials
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Basic Wood Anatomy
15.2.1 Macrostructural Wood Anatomy
15.2.2 Microstructural Wood Anatomy
15.3 MR Studies of Water States in Wood
15.3.1 Bound and Free Water vs. Cell Wall and Cell Lumen Water in Wood
15.3.2 MR Studies of MC in Wood
15.3.3 MR Studies of Water Migration in Wood
15.4 MR Studies of the Pore Space in Wood
15.4.1 Relaxation Time Distribution for Wood Pore Studies
15.4.2 MR Cryoporometry Studies of Water in Wood Pores
15.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
16 In Situ Spectroscopic Imaging of Devices for Electrochemical Storage with Focus on the Solid Components
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Electrochemical Storage
16.2.1 Lithium-ion Batteries
16.2.2 Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors
16.2.3 Electrochemical Characterization
16.2.4 Electrochemical Devices in Practice
16.3 Opportunities and Challenges for in Situ MR Spectroscopic Imaging of Electrochemical Storage Devices
16.3.1 General Experimental Setup
16.3.2 Opportunities
16.3.3 Experimental Challenges
16.3.4 Quantitative Measurements
16.3.5 Time Resolution and Sensitivity
16.4 Electrochemical Cell and Probe Designs for in Situ Spectroscopic Imaging
16.4.1 Pouch Cells
16.4.2 Plastic Capsule/Cartridge Cells
16.4.3 Swagelok Cells
16.4.4 Promising Designs
16.5 Classical Chemical Shift Imaging for the Solid Parts of Batteries
16.5.1 Signal Lifetime
16.5.2 Phase-encoded Chemical Shift 1D Imaging Sequence
16.5.3 Metallic Electrode
16.5.4 Solid Electrolyte
16.6 A Specific Sequence for Paramagnetic Electrodes: S-ISIS
16.6.1 1D-ISIS Sequence for Localized Spectroscopy
16.6.2 Slice Selection
16.6.3 Scanning ISIS
16.6.4 S-ISIS Study of Lithiation Fronts in the Solid Electrodes of the Battery
16.7 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging for Electrochemical Storage
16.8 Conclusions
References
17 Magnetic Field Map Measurements and Operando NMR/MRI as a Diagnostic Tool for the Battery Condition
17.1 Batteries – Essential Components with Complex Geometries
17.2 Magnetic Resonance Techniques Applied to Research Cells
17.3 The Effect of Conductive Materials on Radiofrequency Propagation
17.4 MRI on Commercial Batteries
17.5 Expanding the Method to Current Density Sensing
17.6 Mapping Oscillating Magnetic Fields Around Battery Cells
17.7 Employing Magnetometry to Investigate Commercial Batteries
17.8 Measuring NMR Signals From the Inside of a Fully Enclosed Commercial Cell
17.9 Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
18 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Sodium-Ion Batteries
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Experimental
18.3 Results. 18.3.1 Distribution and Evolution of Sodium Species
18.3.2 Metallic Sodium Formation
18.4 Conclusions
References
19 The Fun of Applications – a Perspective
19.1 Introduction
19.2 List 1: Areas of MR Research Motivated by Well-logging Applications
19.3 List 2: Further Research Areas Motivated by MR Well-logging Applications
19.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Index
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