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Isotopic Constraints on Earth System Processes
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Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
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PREFACE
PART I: HIGH‐TEMPERATURE/DEEP EARTH PROCESSES
PART II: LOW‐TEMPERATURE/SHALLOW EARTH PROCESSES
REFERENCES
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1 High‐Temperature Kinetic Isotope Fractionation of Silicate Materials
ABSTRACT
1.1. INTRODUCTION
1.2. DIFFUSION IN MULTI‐COMPONENT CONDENSED SYSTEMS: THEORY AND DEFINITIONS 1.2.1. Fick’s Laws and the Diffusion Matrix
1.2.2. Effective Binary Diffusion Coefficients
1.2.3. Self‐Diffusion Coefficients
1.2.4. Thermal (Soret) Diffusion Coefficients
1.3. KINETIC ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION DURING DIFFUSION BETWEEN NATURAL MELTS
1.3.1. Laboratory Experiments Documenting Ca Isotope Fractionation by Diffusion Between Molten Rhyolite and Basalt
1.3.2. Isotope Fractionation between Melts from a Natural Setting
1.4. ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION BY SORET DIFFUSION
1.4.1. The Soret Coefficient
1.4.2. Soret Isotope Fractionation in Silicate Liquids
1.5. ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION BY DIFFUSION IN SILICATE MINERALS
1.5.1. Experiments documenting Lithium Isotopic Fractionation by Diffusion in Pyroxene
1.5.2. Natural Examples of Lithium Zoning and Isotopic Fractionation by Diffusion in Pyroxenes
1.5.3. Lithium Isotopic Fractionation by Diffusion in Olivine
1.5.4. Fe‐Mg zoning and Fe and Mg Isotopic Fractionation in Olivine
1.6. ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION BY EVAPORATION FROM SILICATE MELTS
1.6.1. The Hertz‐Knudsen Evaporation Equation
1.6.2. Rayleigh Fractionation
1.6.3. High‐Temperature Vacuum Evaporation Experiments
1.6.4. Evidence of Evaporation in Natural CAIs from Chondritic Meteorites
1.7. SUMMARY
1.8. THOUGHTS ON FURTHER RESEARCH
REFERENCES
2 Ca and K Isotope Fractionation by Diffusion in Molten Silicates: Large Concentration Gradients Are Not Required to Induce Large Diffusive Isotope Effects
ABSTRACT
2.1. INTRODUCTION
2.2. METHODS 2.2.1. Experiments
2.2.2. Electron Microprobe Analyses
2.2.3. Ca Isotopic Measurements
2.2.4. K Isotopic Measurements
2.3. RESULTS 2.3.1. Major Element Diffusion Profiles
2.3.2. Ca and K Isotopes
2.4. DISCUSSION
2.5. MODELING
2.5.1. General Multicomponent Diffusion
2.5.2. The Zhang (1993) Modified Effective Binary Diffusion Model
Model Validation and Behavior
Model Applied to the Rhyolite‐Phonolite Couples
Model for the Isotope Ratio Profiles
2.5.3. Comparison to Previous Studies
2.6. CONCLUSIONS AND POSSIBLE FUTURE APPLICATIONS
APPENDIX LINEAR VERSUS EXPONENTIAL DEPENDENCE OF ACTIVITY ON SIO
2
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
3 Calcium Isotope Constraints on Recycled Carbonates in Subduction‐Related Magmas
ABSTRACT
3.1. INTRODUCTION
3.2. ANALYTICAL METHODS AND SAMPLES 3.2.1. Double‐spike Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry Calcium Isotope Measurements
3.2.2. Igneous Samples Characterized for Calcium Isotope Composition
3.3. RESULTS
3.4. DISCUSSION 3.4.1. Calcium Isotopic Record of Marine Carbonates
3.4.2. Calcium Isotopic Record of Mantle‐Derived Rocks
3.4.3. Calcium Isotopes Exhibit no Evidence for Carbonate Sediment Recycling at Subduction Zones
3.4.4. Mantle Source(s) of Calcium in Carbonatite Magmas
3.4.5. Origin of the Light Calcium Isotope Composition of Laacher See and other Intrusive Carbonatites
3.5. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
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