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Gustavus A. Eisen. The Raisin Industry
The Raisin Industry
Table of Contents
PREFACE
HISTORICAL
RAISINS
THE CURRANT
MUSCATELS
DEHESA RAISINS
LEXIAS, OR LYE-DIPPED, AND OTHER RAISINS
VARIOUS KINDS OF RAISINS
RAISIN DISTRICTS
FOREIGN DISTRICTS
RAISINS IN ANCIENT TIMES
MODERN RAISIN DISTRICTS
THE MALAGA DISTRICT. Extent and Age of the District
Climate
Soil
Location of the Vineyards
Varieties of Grapes
Characteristics of the Raisins
Yield of Grapes
Distances of the Vines
Pruning
Manuring and Fertilizing
Drying-floors, or Sequeros
Drying and Curing
Packing
Labor
VALENCIA AND DENIA. Extent of the Districts
Soils and Appearance of the Districts
Climate
Irrigation
Quality of the Raisins
Planting and Care
Dipping and Scalding
Drying and Curing
Packing and Disposing of the Crop
Export and Production
CORINTH AND CURRANTS. Historical and Geographical Notes
Characteristics and Quality
Soil and Irrigation
Preparation of the Land for Irrigation
Distances of the Currant Vines
Care of Cuttings, Planting and Grafting
Pruning the Vines
Care of the Vineyard
Ringing the Branches
Drying and Curing
Cost of Currant Vineyards in Greece
Consumption and Production
Currants in California
SMYRNA RAISINS. Districts in Smyrna: Their Extent and Climate
Care of the Vines
Dipping, Drying and Curing
Production and Export
Cost of Vineyards in Smyrna
Other Varieties of Raisins
ITALY AND ITALIAN RAISINS. Lipari and Belvidere
Pantellaria
Calabria
CHILE AND HUASCO RAISINS. Characteristics
Location
Varieties
Soils
Climate
Irrigation
The Vineyard
Drying and Curing
CALIFORNIA RAISIN DISTRICTS
A GENERAL REVIEW. Early History
Later Planting
Acreage and Crops
YOLO AND SOLANO. Location and Acreage
Soil and Climate
The Vineyard
The Crop
NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. General Remarks
Placer County
Yuba County
Sutter County
Colusa County
Butte County
Tehama County
Shasta County
FRESNO AND SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY. General Remarks
Extent and Location
Soils and Climate
Irrigation
The Vineyard
Pruning and Other Operations
The Crop
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY AND RIVERSIDE. Location and Acreage
Climate
Irrigation
Soils
The Vineyards
The Crop
The Profits and Other Items
ORANGE COUNTY AND SANTA ANA. General Remarks
Location
Climate
Soils and Ripening
The Vineyards
The Crop and its Curing
Yield and Profits
SAN DIEGO AND EL CAJON. Location and Acreage
Climate and Rainfall
Soils
The Vines and the Vineyard
The Crop
OTHER RAISIN DISTRICTS
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS, SOILS, LOCATION AND IRRIGATION
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS FAVORABLE AND UNFAVORABLE TO THE RAISIN INDUSTRY. Limits of the Raisin Districts
Dry Seasons, Spring and Fall Rains
Winter Rains
Frosts in Spring and Winter
Summer Temperature
Winds, Injurious or Beneficial
Fogs and Moisture in the Air
Ideal Conditions of Climate
SOILS. General Remarks
Malaga
Valencia and Denia
Smyrna
Zante
Chile
Fresno
Other Soils in San Joaquin Valley
Orange County
Redlands and Riverside
El Cajon
Subsoils
Hardpan Soils
Comparative Value of Soils
Alkali Soils
Fertilizing
IRRIGATION. Introductory Notes
The Necessity of Irrigating the Raisin-vines
Health and Longevity of Irrigated Vines
The Bearing Quality of Irrigated Vines
Quality of Irrigated Grapes
Various Methods of Irrigation
Irrigation by Flooding
Irrigation by Furrowing
Subirrigation
Seepage
Drainage
The Influence of Irrigation on the Soil
THE RAISIN GRAPES
Introductory Notes
Muscatel or Gordo Blanco
Muscat of Alexandria
Huasco Muscat
Other Varieties of Muscats
Seedless Sultana
Black Currant
Other Varieties of Currants
Thompson Seedless
Other Seedless Grapes
Malaga
Feher Szagos
Other Raisin Grapes
DISEASES AND INSECT PESTS
POWDERY MILDEW OR UNCINULA. General Notes
Characteristics
History and Distribution
Remedies
DOWNY MILDEW OR PERONOSPORA. General Notes
THE VINE PLAGUE. Characteristics
Nature and Cause
Damages
Remedies
LEAF-HOPPER (Erythroneura comes) Characteristics
Damages
Distribution
Remedies
RED SPIDER. Characteristics
Remedies
CATERPILLARS. Characteristics
Damages
Remedies
BLACK-KNOT. Characteristics
Remedies
GRASSHOPPERS. General Notes
Remedies
THE RAISIN VINEYARD
PLANTING. Distances for Muscat Vines
The Marking Out of a Vineyard
Relative Value of Cuttings and Rooted Vines
The Making of Cuttings
The Care of Cuttings
Planting Cuttings
Care of Young Cuttings
Transporting Cuttings to Distant Parts
Rooting Cuttings
Care of Rooted Vines
Planting Rooted Vines
Proper Time for Planting
Cost of Cuttings and Rooted Vines
PLOWING AND CULTIVATION. Winter Plowing
Plowing Devices
Cultivation
Back-furrowing
Cross-plowing
Weed-cutters
Cutter-sled
Hoeing
Time for Cultivation
GRAFTING THE MUSCAT ON OTHER STOCKS. Time for Grafting Raisin-vines
Points to be Observed in Grafting
Various Methods of Grafting
Stocks and Their Influence
VARIOUS SUMMER WORK. Sulphuring
Tying Over
Covering the Vines
Thinning the Crop
Ringing the Vines
The Vineyard Labors of the Year
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
PRUNING. Winter Pruning, or Pruning Hard Wood
Bleeding of the Vines
Summer Pruning, or Pruning Green Wood
Root-pruning
Suckering
VARIOUS VINEYARD TOOLS. General Notes
The Sheep’s-foot
The Planting Bar
The Dibble
Planting Chains
Spades
Hoes
Plows
Cultivators
Randel Disc Cultivators
The Ash Trough
Sulphuring Cans or Bellows
The Cutter-sled
Vineyard Trucks
Shears
DRYING AND CURING
CALIFORNIA SUN-DRIED RAISINS. Footnote
Time of Ripening
Signs of Maturity
Picking
Cleaning
Drying on Trays
Turning
Reversing
Slanting the Trays
Elevating the Trays
Stacking Against Rain and Dew
Taking Up
Covering
Drying-floors
Dryers
Sweatboxes
Trays for Drying
CALIFORNIA LYE-DIPPED RAISINS. General Notes
Dipping Process
Drying and Curing
Stemming, Grading and Packing
THE PACKING-HOUSE
BUILDINGS AND MECHANICAL APPLIANCES. The Packing-house
The Sweating-house
The Stemmer and Grader
The Presses
Boxes and Cartoons
Packing Frames or Packing Trays
Facing-plate
Scales
Labeling Press
Tables
Bags and Bag-holders.—Two kinds of bags are used,
Trucks
Trays for Weighing
Followers
Paper
Tin Boxes
LOOSE RAISINS. Stemming and Assorting
Packing and Cleaning
Sacking
Facing, Top-up Method
Facing, Top-down Method
Comparative Value of the Two Methods
LAYER RAISINS. Sweating or Equalizing
Grading and Weighing
Packing Layers, Top-up Method
Packing Layers, Top-down Method
Filling
Nailing and Trimming
Labels
STATISTICS OF IMPORTATION, PRODUCTION AND PRICES
Production of Raisins in California from to 1889:
Number of Acres in Raisin Grapes in California in 1890:
California and Malaga Prices, Importations, etc., from 1871 to 1889:
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890 (to July)
Exports of Valencia Raisins from 1850 to 1889, according to English estimates:
Exports of Malaga Raisins from 1864 to 1889:
First Cost of Crop of Valencia Raisins, according to the “California Fruit Grower:”
Production and Distribution of Smyrna Raisins from 1844 to 1884, according to U. S. Consular Reports:
The World’s Raisin Production in 1889:
Statement Showing the Quantity and Value of Currants, Figs and Raisins Imported and Entered for Consumption in the United States from 1873 to 1878:
Statement Showing the Quantity and Value of Currants, Figs and Raisins Imported and Entered for Consumption in the United States, with Rates of Duty, etc., from 1879 to 1888:
Statement of Consumption of Currants and Raisins per Head of Total Population in 1884:
Prices Ruling in the California Raisin Districts:
THROUGH THE CALIFORNIA RAISIN DISTRICTS
THROUGH SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY TO FRESNO
FROM LOS ANGELES TO SANTA ANA
SANTA ANA TO SAN DIEGO
EL CAJON
RIVERSIDE
REDLANDS
AN HOUR IN A PACKING-HOUSE
RAISIN GROWERS AND THEIR VINEYARDS
G. G. BRIGGS
R. B. BLOWERS
ROBERT McPHERSON
T. C. WHITE
MISS M. F. AUSTIN
JOSEPH T. GOODMAN
A. B. BUTLER
WILLIAM FORSYTH
A. D. BARLING
FRANK H. BALL
SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY RAISIN PACKERS, 1889
LITERATURE
INDEX
Additional Notes for 1890
Rain-fall of 1889-90
Duty on Raisins
