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The Author
Contents
Acknowledgements and Sources
Illustration Sources
Admiral the Rt Hon Lord West of Spithead GCB DSC PC
Preface
GOD, CHURCHILL AND THE ENGINEERS. A winning combination
Definition of an Engineer
The Impact of Churchill
Murderous Thoughts
Cherwell, Lord PC CH FRS (1886–1957)
Inside the Toyshop
Technological Support
The ‘Wheezers and Dodgers’
A Penny for your Thoughts
Some Other Strange Beasts
Sunday Soviets
Tots and Quots
Zuckerman,Lord Solly OM KBE FRS (1904–93)
Our American Allies
Tizard, Sir Henry FRS (1885–1959)
Hill, Archibald V. CH OBE FRS (1886–1977)
BLETCHLEY PARK TIMELINE
A BATTLE OF WITS. Bletchley and beyond
Down Memory Lane
Enigma
Lorenz and Tunny
Tiltman, John Hessell Brigadier CMG CBE MC (1894–1982)
Tutte, William (Bill) Thomas OC FRS FRSC (1917–2002)
Turing, Alan (1912–54)
Welchman, Gordon OBE (1906–85)
Flowers, Thomas MBE (1905–98)
Y-Service
Far Eastern Codes
Covert Communication Centres
Underground Hideaways
BRITAIN’S TIMELINE TO DUNKIRK
LAND BATTLES LEAD TO DUNKIRK EVACUATION. But Britain wins naval victory
Defeating the Magnetic Mine
Danckwerts, Professor Peter GC MBE FRS (1916–84)
Goodeve, Commander Sir Charles OBE FRS RNVR (1904–80)
Flying Baskets
Wallis, Sir Barnes CBE FRS FRAeS MICE (1887–1979)
RADAR, BATTLES IN THE AIR, AND THE BLITZ TIMELINE
RADAR, BATTLES IN THE AIR, AND THE BLITZ. Victories followed by survival
Proving Baldwin Wrong
Enter the engineers!
Wilkins, Arnold (‘Skip’) OBE (1907–1985)
Rowe, Albert (‘Jimmy’) CBE (1898–1976)
Watson-Watt, Sir Robert KCB FRS FRAeS (1892–1973)
Dowding Joins up the Dots
Dowding, Air Chief Marshal Lord Hugh (‘Stuffy’) GCB GCVO CMG (1882–1970)
Magic Merlin
Hurricane and Spitfire Fighter Airplanes
Sorley, Air Marshal Sir Ralph KCB OBE DSC DFC FRAeS FRSA (1898–1974)
Camm, Sir Sydney CBE FRAeS (1893–1966)
Mitchell, Reginald J. CBE FRAeS MICE (1895–1937)
Hives, Baron (Ernest), CH MBE MIMechE (1886–1965)
Hooker, Sir Stanley, FRS FRAeS MIMechE (1907–84)
Shilling, Beatrice OBE PhD MSc (1909–90)
Down on the Ground
The Battle of the Beams
Jones, Dr Reginald V. CH CB CBE FRS (1911–97)
Flying by Night
Bowen, Edward ‘Taffy’ CBE FRS (1911–91)
Pillboxes and other Obstacles
Surviving the Blitz
Frank, Sir Pierson FICE (1881–1951)
Archer, Colonel Stuart GC OBE FRIBA RE (1915–2015)
WOMEN AT WAR. In the services, planning the national diet, advancing medicine and boosting production
Platt, Beryl Catherine, Baroness Platt of Writtle (née Myatt) CBE DL FRSA FREng HonFIMechE (1923–2015)
Feeding the Nation
Food Production
Widdowson, Elsie CH CBE FRS (1906–2000)
Medical Advances
Making the Tools
Harnessing American Industry
ATLANTIC TIMELINE
ATLANTIC AGONIES. The U-boat menace – and its eventual defeat
U-boat Design
Tackling the U-boat Menace
Hedgehogs and Squids
Attacks from the Air
Operational Research (OR)
Blackett, Lord OM CH FRS (1897–1974)
Williams, Dr Evan J. FRS (1903–45)
Some Other Technical Developments
Sea Forts
Sinking the Bismarck – with old technology triumphant
RUSSIA TIMELINE
THE WORST JOURNEY IN THE WORLD. Russian defiance and German capitulation
Enter a Hero
Walton, Lieutenant (E) Kevin GC DSC MICE (1918–2009)
On Board Bermuda
Drew, Lieutenant (E) Edwin ‘Teddie’ FICE RN (1917–2015)
The Persian Corridor
The Pacific and Other Routes
The Land and Air War
Anglo-American Allies Divert German Attacks
MEDITERRANEAN TIMELINE
THE END OF THE BEGINNING. North Africa, the Mediterranean and Italy
Kosacki, Professor Józef Stanislaw (1909–1990)
Allied Landings in the Mahgreb
A Significant VC
Abyssinia and the Horn of Africa
Cardboard Tanks
Greek Tragedy
Scott, Major Kenneth MC* FREng FICE RE (1918–2007)
RSigs, RAOC, and REME
Air Operations
Can You Hear Me?
A Shake Up of Maintenance
Dawson, Air Vice Marshal Grahame, CB CBE (1895–1944)
The Battle of Matapan – the invisible killers
DEFENDING MALTA
Maltese Resistance
Italian Human Torpedoes
A Ravaged Fleet
The Italian Campaign
Dead Clever
Building Bridges to Victory
Bailey, Sir Donald OBE FICE (1901–85)
Signalling Duties
REME Activities
NORTH-WEST EUROPE TIMELINE
THE BEGINNING OF THE END. D-Day and beyond
OPERATION TARBRUSH
Stone, Lieutenant John MC RE (1922–2011)
Stagg, Group Captain James CB OBE FRSE RAFVR (1900–75)
Set Fair
Deception and Camouflage
Bridgemanship
Roseveare, Major J. C. A. (Tim) DSO RE (1914–2000)
Light as Air
Operation Neptune
Mulberry Harbours
White, Brigadier Sir Bruce, KBE FCGI FICE FIEE (1885–1983)
Tennant, Admiral Sir William KCB CBE MVO DL (1890–1963)
Jellett, Dr John FICE OBE (1905–71)
Beckett, Major Alan MBE RE (1914–2005)
Hobo’s Funnies
Hobart, Major General Sir Percy KBE CB DSO MC (1885–1957)
Some DMWD Inventions
Communications
REME Operations
The Advance into Europe
A Bridge Too Far
Semi-permanent Road and Rail Bridges
Freeman, Sir Ralph CVO CBE FICE (1911–98)
The Air Campaign
Harris, Sir Alan CBE (1916–2000)
Mines and Booby Traps
After D-Day: Naval Operations
New Type of U-boats
Hartley, Arthur CBE (1889–1960)
PLUTO and DUMBO
After D-Day: Communications
After D-Day: REME Operations
VE Day
SOUTHEAST ASIA AND PACIFIC TIMELINE
SOUTHEAST ASIA AND THE BELLICOSE PACIFIC. The final surrender
Up in the Air
Fungus on the Wires
Engineers in Command – and winning medals
REME and IEME Activities
Indian Bletchleys
Naval Activities
British Pacific Fleet
The Seabees
Air Operations
The A-bomb
Chadwick, Sir James CH FRS (1891–1974)
Bush, Vannevar (1890–1974)
Conant, James (1893–1978)
Groves, Lieutenant General Leslie (1896–1970)
Lawrence, Ernest (1901–58)
Cockcroft, Sir John OM KCB CBE FRS (1897–1967)
Fuchs, Klaus (1911–88)
THE 3RS OF THE POST-WAR WORLD. Lest we forget
Remembrance
Reconciliation
Reconstruction
What Might Have Been
The Engineers who Thought and Fought
Royal Navy (RN)
Army
Royal Air Force (RAF)
Other Engineers. Merchant Navy Engineers
Civilian Engineers
Research and Development Scientists and Engineers
Involvement of Academics
German Jewish Scientists
Equipment Designers and Manufacturers
Reserved Occupations and State Bursaries
Other Civilians Involved in the War Effort
Technical Books and Papers
Technology Applied to Weaponry
Factors Contributing to the Development of Inventions
Typical Developmental Phases for Inventions
Factors Impeding New Developments
Countermeasures
MD1 ‘Winston Churchill’s Workshop’
Department of Miscellaneous Weapons Development (DMWD) The Wheezers & Dodgers
Anglo-American Air Offensive
Airfield Construction
Fog Dispersal
Aircraft Production
RAF Aircraft
Mosquito Aircraft
USAAF Aircraft (and British Engines)
Bombing Aids
Blumlein, Alan (1903–42)
The Dam Busters Raid (16–17 May 1943)
Tallboy and Grand Slam Bombs etc
Countering V1 Flying Bombs and V2 Rockets
Jet-powered Fighters
Mobilisation of British Industry
Munitions
Ford Motor Company
Marconi Electrical Company
Metropolitan Vickers
Vauxhall Motors Limited
Butterley Company
POWs’ Ingenuity
POW Tunnels
Colditz Castle
The Three Colditz Musketeers
The Colditz Cock
MI9, MIS-X, and BAAG
Combating Enemy Technology Brains Outmanoeuvring Brains
Paratroops and Blitzkreig Targets
V1 Flying Bombs
V2 Rockets
V3 Super Gun
Radar
The Atlantic Wall
Rocket- and Jet-powered Aircraft
Air-to-Sea Guided Missiles
Ejector Seats
Submarine Technology
Radio Controlled Tanks
Synthetic Fuel
Allied Acquisition of Enemy Technology
Italian Two-man Submarine
Japanese Inventions
Bibliography. Awards
General Histories, Miscellaneous etc
Intelligence and Deception
Inter-service Projects
RN and the War at Sea
Army and the War on Land
RAF and the War in the Air
Lt Cdr Gwilym Roberts CBE FREng FICE FIMechE RNR
Born in 1925, Gwilym Roberts was a teenager throughout the six years of the Second World War and thus well remembers its disasters and triumphs. Born in North Wales, he was raised and had his early education in Liverpool before going to the University of Cambridge in 1943 to study engineering. Two years later he joined the Royal Navy’s Engineering Branch and saw service in Devonport and HMS Sheffield. He subsequently served part time with the Royal Naval Reserve.
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A remarkable department was established in the summer of 1940 and led by a senior RN officer who reported directly to the Board of Admiralty. Originally established to design better anti-aircraft protection for RN and Merchant Navy ships, its first title was the Admiralty Anti-Aircraft Weapons and Devices Department, but its name was changed to the Department of Miscellaneous Weapons Development (DMWD) after it became involved with the development of devices to attack U-boats. Not having comparable organisations of their own, both the Army and RAF referred problems and ideas to DMWD.
Many recruits to the department were transferred from HMS King Alfred, the training establishment for potential RNVR officers based in Hove, Sussex. Virtually all DMWD staff were appointed RNVR Special Branch officers; as such, they were mostly ignorant of Admiralty procedures for procurement and disbursement and found it easier to circumvent red tape than RN officers would have done. Fortunately, both the Admiralty’s Directorates of Scientific Research and of Naval Accounts adopted a tolerant attitude to DMWD’s unorthodox activities.
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