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H. G. Wells. A Short History of the World
A Short History of the World
Table of Contents
A SHORT HISTORY OF THE WORLD
I
THE WORLD IN SPACE
“LUMINOUS SPIRAL CLOUDS OF MATTER” (Nebula photographed 1910) Photo: G. W. Ritchey
THE NEBULA SEEN EDGE-ON. Note the central core which, through millions of years, is cooling to solidity. Photo: G. W. Ritchey
II
THE WORLD IN TIME
THE GREAT SPIRAL NEBULA. Photo: G. W. Ritchey
A DARK NEBULA. Taken in 1920 with the aid of the largest telescope in the world. One of the first photographs taken by the Mount Wilson telescope. There are dark nebulæ and bright nebulæ. Prof. Henry Norris Russell, against the British theory, holds that the dark nebulæ preceded the bright nebulæ. Photo: Prof. Hale
ANOTHER SPIRAL NEBULA. Photo: G. W. Ritchey
LANDSCAPE BEFORE LIFE “Great lava-like masses of rock without traces of soil”
III
THE BEGINNINGS OF LIFE
MARINE LIFE IN THE CAMBRIAN PERIOD. 1 and 8, Jellyfishes; 2, Hyolithes (swimming snail); 3, Humenocaris; 4, Protospongia; 5, Lampshells (Obolella); 6, Orthoceras; 7, Trilobite (Paradoxides)—see fossil on page 13; 9, Coral (Archæocyathus); 10, Bryograptus; 11, Trilobite (Olenellus); 12, Palesterina
FOSSIL TRILOBITE (SLIGHTLY MAGNIFIED) Photo: John J. Ward, F.E.S
EARLY PALÆOLITHIC FOSSILS OF VARIOUS SPECIES OF LINGULA. Species of this most ancient genus of shellfish still live to-day (In Natural History Museum, London)
FOSSILIZED FOOTPRINTS OF A LABYRINTHODONT CHEIROTHERIUM (In Natural History Museum, London)
IV
THE AGE OF FISHES
SPECIMEN OF THE PTERICHTHYS MILLERI OR SEA SCORPION SHOWING BODY ARMOUR
FOSSIL OF THE CLADOSELACHE, A DEVONIAN SHARK. Nat. Hist. Mus
SHARKS AND GANOIDS OF THE DEVONIAN PERIOD. By Alice Woodward
V
THE AGE OF THE COAL SWAMPS
A CARBONIFEROUS SWAMP. A Coal Seam in the Making
SKULL OF A LABYRINTHODONT, CAPITOSAURUS. Nat. Hist. Mus
SKELETON OF A LABYRINTHODONT: THE ERYOPS. Nat. Hist. Mus
VI
THE AGE OF REPTILES
A FOSSIL ICHTHYOSAURUS, A MESOZOIC FISH-LIZARD. Found in the Lower Lias in Somersetshire. Nat. Hist. Mus
A PTERODACTYL. Nat. Hist. Mus
A BIG SWAMP-INHABITING DINOSAUR, THE DIPLODOCUS, OVER EIGHTY FEET FROM SNOUT TO TAIL-TIP. Nat. Hist. Mus
VII
THE FIRST BIRDS AND THE FIRST MAMMALS
FOSSIL OF THE ARCHEOPTERYX; ONE OF THE EARLIEST BIRDS. Nat. Hist. Mus
HESPERORNIS IN ITS NATIVE SEAS
THE KI-WI, APTERYX, STILL FOUND IN NEW ZEALAND. Photo: Autotype Fine Art Co
SLAB OF LOWER PLIOCENE MARL. Discovered in Greece; it is rich in fossilized bones of early mammals
VIII
THE AGE OF MAMMALS
A MAMMAL OF THE EARLY CAINOZOIC PERIOD. The Titanotherum (Brontops) Robustum
STENOMYLUS HITCHCOCKI—A GIRAFFE-CAMEL. Nat. Hist. Mus
SKELETON OF PROTOHIPPUS VENTICOLUS--EARLY HORSE. Nat. Hist. Mus
COMPARATIVE SIZES OF BRAINS OF RHINOCEROS AND DINOCERAS. Nat. Hist. Mus
IX
MONKEYS, APES AND SUB-MEN
A MAMMOTH
FLINT IMPLEMENTS FOUND IN PILTDOWN REGION. Nat. Hist. Mus
A THEORETICAL RESTORATION OF THE PITHECANTHROPUS ERECTUS BY PROF. RUTOT
THE HEIDELBERG MAN. The Heidelberg Man, as modelled under the supervision of Prof. Rutot
THE PILTDOWN SKULL, AS RECONSTRUCTED FROM ORIGINAL FRAGMENT. Nat. Hist. Mus
X
THE NEANDERTHALER AND THE RHODESIAN MAN
THE NEANDERTHALER, ACCORDING TO PROF. RUTOT
COMPARISON OF (1) MODERN SKULL AND (2) RHODESIAN SKULL. Nat. Hist. Mus
XI
THE FIRST TRUE MEN
ONE OF THE MARVELLOUS CAVE PAINTINGS OF ALTAMIRA, NORTH SPAIN. The Walls of the Caves are covered in these representations of Bulls, etc., painted in the soft tones of red shaded to black. They may be fifteen or twenty thousand years old
BONE CARVINGS OF THE PALÆOLITHIC PERIOD (1 and 2) Mammoth tusk carved to shape of Reindeer, (3) Dagger Handle representing Mammoth, and (4) Bone engraved with Horses’ Heads. Brit. Mus
THE RUTOT BUST OF A CRO-MAGNON MAN
Among the most recent discoveries of Palæolithic Art are these specimens found in 1920 in Spain. They are probably ten or twelve thousand years old
XII
PRIMITIVE THOUGHT
RELICS OF THE STONE AGE. Chert implements from Somaliland. In general form they are similar to those found in Western and Northern Europe. Brit. Mus
WIDESPREAD SIMILARITY OF MEN OF THE STONE AGE. On the left is a flint implement excavated in Gray’s Inn Lane, London; on the right one of similar form chipped by primitive men of Somaliland. Brit. Mus
XIII
THE BEGINNINGS OF CULTIVATION
NEOLITHIC FLINT IMPLEMENTS. Brit. Mus
NEOLITHICISM OF TO-DAY. Spearheads, exactly as in the true Neolithic days, but made recently by Australian Natives, (1) Made from a telegraph insulator; (2) from a piece of broken bottle glass. Brit. Mus
SPECIMEN OF NEOLITHIC POTTERY. Dug up at Mortlake from the Thames Bed. Brit. Mus
XIV
PRIMITIVE NEOLITHIC CIVILIZATIONS
A MAYA STELE. Showing a worshipper and a Serpent God. Note the grotesque faces in the writing. Brit. Mus
NEOLITHIC WARRIOR. Modelled from drawing by Prof. Rutot
XV
SUMERIA, EARLY EGYPT AND WRITING
BRICK OF HAMMURABI, KING OF BABYLON ABOUT 2200 B.C. Note the cuneiform characters of the inscription, which records the building of a temple to a Sun God
EBONY CYLINDER SEALS OF FIRST EGYPTIAN DYNASTY. Recovered from the Tombs at Abydos in 1921 by the British School of Archæology. They give evidence of early form of block printing
THE SAKHARA PYRAMIDS. The Pyramid to the right, the step Pyramid, is the oldest stone building in the world. Photo: F. Boyer
VIEW FROM THE SUMMIT OF THE GREAT PYRAMID OF CHEOPS. Showing how these great monuments dominate the plain. Photo: D. McLeish
THE TEMPLE OF HATHOR AT DENDEREH. Photo: D. McLeish
XVI
PRIMITIVE NOMADIC PEOPLES
POTTERY AND IMPLEMENTS OF THE LAKE DWELLERS. Brit. Mus
A CONTEMPORARY LAKE VILLAGE. These Borneo dwellings are practically counterparts of the homes of European neolithic communities 6000 B.C
NOMADS IN EGYPT. Egyptian wall painting in a tomb near ancient Beni Hassan, middle Egypt. It depicts the arrival of a tribe of Semitic Nomads in Egypt about the year of 1895 B.C
FLINT KNIVES OF 4500 B.C. Excavated 1922 by the British School of Archæology in Egypt from First Dynasty Tombs
EGYPT PEASANTS GOING TO WORK. From an ancient and curiously painted model in the British Museum
STELE GLORIFYING KING NARAM SIN, OF AKKAD. This monarch, son of Sargon I, was a great architecht as well as a famous conqueror. Discovered in 1898 among the ruins of Susa, Persia
XVII
THE FIRST SEAGOING PEOPLES
THE TREASURE HOUSE AT MYCENÆ. Photo: Fred Boissonnas
THE PALACE AT CNOSSOS. The painted walls of the Throne Room. Photo: Fred Boissonnas
XVIII
EGYPT, BABYLON AND ASSYRIA
TEMPLE AT ABU SIMBEL. Showing the statues of Rameses II at entrance
AVENUE OF SPHINXES. Leading from the Nile to the great Temple of Karnak. Photo: D. McLeish
THE GREAT HYPOSTYLE HALL AT KARNAK. Photo: D. McLeish
FRIEZE SHOWING EGYPTIAN FEMALE SLAVES CARRYING LUXURIOUS FOODS. Photo: Jacques Boyer
THE TEMPLE OF HORUS AT EDFU
XIX
THE PRIMITIVE ARYANS
A BEAUTIFUL ARCHAIC AMPHORA. Compare the horses and other animals with the Altamira drawing on p. 54, and also with the Greek frieze, p. 140
THE MOUND OF NIPPUR. The site of a city which recent excavations have proved to date from at least as early as 5000 B.C., and probably 1000 years earlier. Photo: Underwood & Underwood
XX
THE LAST BABYLONIAN EMPIRE AND THE EMPIRE OF DARIUS I
PERSIAN MONARCH. From the ruins of Persepolis. Photo: Miss F. Biggs
THE RUINS OF PERSEPOLIS. The capital city of the Persian Empire; burnt by Alexander the Great. Photo: Major W. F. P. Rodd
THE GREAT PORCH OF XERXES, AT PERSEPOLIS. Photo: Major W. F. P. Rodd
XXI
THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE JEWS
THE MOUND AT BABYLON. Beneath which are the remains of a great palace of Nebuchadnezzar. Photo: Underwood & Underwood
THE ISHTAR GATEWAY, BABYLON. The bulls are in richly coloured enamel on baked brick. Photo: Underwood & Underwood
XXII
PRIESTS AND PROPHETS IN JUDEA
THE BLACK OBELISK OF SHALMANESER II. This obelisk (in the British Museum) of the King of Assyria mentions, in cuneiform, “Jehu the son of Omri.” Panel showing Jewish captives bringing tribute
ANOTHER PANEL OF THE BLACK OBELISK. Captive Princes making obeisance to Shalmaneser II
XXIII
THE GREEKS
STATUE OF MELEAGER. Note the progress in plastic power from the earlier wooden statue on left. Photo: Sebah & Foaillier
RUINS OF THE GREAT TEMPLE OF ZEUS AT OLYMPIA. Photo: Fred Boissonnas
THE TEMPLE OF NEPTUNE (POSEIDON), PÆSTUM, SICILY. Photo: Alinari
XXIV
THE WARS OF THE GREEKS AND PERSIANS
FINE PIECE OF ATHENIAN POTTERY. Showing Greek merchant vesselswith sails and oars statue on left. Brit. Mus
ALL THAT REMAINS OF THE GREAT TEMPLE OF CORINTH. Photo: Fred Boissonnas
THE TEMPLE OF NEPTUNE (POSEIDON) AT CAPE SUNIUM. Photo: Fred Boissonnas
XXV
THE SPLENDOUR OF GREECE
PART OF THE FAMOUS FRIEZE OF THE PARTHENON, ATHENS. A specimen of Grecian sculpture in its finest expression. Compare the advance of art with that seen in the animals shown on p. 105. Photo: Fred Boissonnas
THE ACROPOLIS, ATHENS. The marvellous group of Temples and monuments built under the inspriration of Pericles. Photo: Fred Boissonnas
THE THEATRE AT EPIDAUROS, GREECE. A wonderfully preserved specimen showing the vast auditorium. Photo: Fred Boissonnas
THE CARYATIDES OF THE ERECHTHEUM. The ancient sanctuary on the Acropolis at Athens. Photo: Fred Boissonnas
ATHENE OF THE PARTHENON. Photo: Alinart
XXVI
THE EMPIRE OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT
BUST OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT (As in the British Museum)
ALEXANDER’S VICTORY OVER THE PERSIANS AT ISSUS (From the Pompeian Mosaic) Alexander charges in on the left, Darius is in the chariot to the right
THE APOLLO BELVEDERE (In the Vatican Museum)
XXVII
THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY AT ALEXANDRIA
ARISTOTLE. From Herculaneum, probably Fourth Century B.C. Photo: Dr. Singer
STATUETTE OF MAITREYA: THE BUDDHA TO COME. A Græco-Buddhist sculpture of the Third Century A.D (From Malakand, N. W. Province, now in the India Museum)
THE DEATH OF BUDDHA. Græco-Buddhist carving from Sivat Valley, N. W. Province, probably A.D. 350. India Mus
XXVIII
THE LIFE OF GAUTAMA BUDDHA
TIBETAN BUDDHA. Gilt Brass Casting in India Museum, showing Gautama Buddha in the “earth witness” attitude. India Mus
A BURMESE BUDDHA. Marble Figure from Mandalay, eighteenth century work, now in the India Museum
THE DHAMÊKH TOWER. In the Deer Park at Sarnath. Sixth Century A.D (From a Painting in the India Museum)
XXIX
KING ASOKA
A LOHAN OR BUDDHIST APOSTLE (Tang Dynasty) (From the statue in the British Museum)
TRANSOME SHOWING THE COURT OF ASOKA. India Mus
ASOKA PANEL FROM BHARHUT. India Mus
THE PILLAR OF LIONS. Capital of the Pillar (column lying on side) erected in Deer Park in the time of Asoka, where Buddha preached his first sermon (From a print in the India Museum)
XXX
CONFUCIUS AND LAO TSE
CONFUCIUS. Copy of stone carving in the Temple of Confucius at K’iu Fu (From the records of the Archæological Mission to North China (Chavannes))
THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA. As it crosses the mountains in Manchuria. Photo: Underwood & Underwood
EARLY CHINESE BRONZE BELL. Inscribed in archaic characters: “made for use by the elder of Hing village in Ting district;” latter half of the Chou Dynasty, Sixth Century B.C (In the Victoria and Albert Museum)
XXXI
ROME COMES INTO HISTORY
THE DYING GAUL. The statue in the National Museum, Rome, depicting a Gaul stabbing himself, after killing his wife, in the presence of his enemies. Photo: Anderson
REMAINS OF THE ANCIENT ROMAN CISTERNS AT CARTHAGE. Photo: Underwood & Underwood
XXXII
ROME AND CARTHAGE
HANNIBAL. Bust in the National Museum at Naples. Photo: Mansell
XXXIII
THE GROWTH OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
THE FORUM AT ROME AS IT IS TO-DAY
RELICS OF ROMAN RULE. Ruins of Coliseum in Tunis. Photo: Jacques Boyer
THE GREAT ROMAN ARCH AT CTESIPHON NEAR BAGDAD
THE COLUMN OF TRAJAN AT ROME. Representing his conquests at Dacia and elsewhere
XXXIV
BETWEEN ROME AND CHINA
A CHINESE COVERED JAR OF GREEN-GLAZED EARTHENWARE. Han Dynasty (contemporary with the late Roman republic and early Empire) (In the Victoria and Albert Museum)
VASE OF BRONZE FORM, UNGLAZED STONEWARE. Han Dynasty (B.C. 206 - A.D. 220) (In the Victoria and Albert Museum)
CHINESE VESSEL IN BRONZE, IN FORM OF A GOOSE. Dating from before the time of Shi-Hwang-ti. Such a piece of work indicates a high level of comfort and humour (In the Victoria and Albert Museum)
XXXV
THE COMMON MAN’S LIFE UNDER THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE
POMPEII “Note the ruts in roadway worn by chariot wheels.”
THE COLISEUM, ROME. Photo: Underwood & Underwood
INTERIOR OF THE COLISEUM AT IT APPEARS TO-DAY
XXXVI
RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENTS UNDER THE ROMAN EMPIRE
MITHRAS SACRIFICING A BULL, ROMAN (In the British Museum)
ISIS AND HORUS
BUST OF THE EMPEROR COMMODUS, A.D. 180–192. Represented as the God Mithras, Roman, Circa A.D. 190 (In the British Museum)
XXXVII
THE TEACHING OF JESUS
EARLY IDEAL PORTRAIT, IN GILDED GLASS, OF JESUS CHRIST IN WHICH THE TRADITIONAL BEARD IS NOT SHOWN
THE ROAD FROM NAZARETH TO TIBERIAS. Photo: Fannaway
DAVID’S TOWER AND WALL OF JERUSALEM. Photo: Fannaway
A STREET IN JERUSALEM. Along such a thoroughfare Christ carried his cross to the place of execution. Photo: Fannaway
XXXVIII
THE DEVELOPMENT OF DOCTRINAL CHRISTIANITY
MOSAIC OF SS. PETER AND PAUL POINTING TO A THRONE, ON GOLD BACKGROUND. From the Ninth Century original, in the Church of Sta. Prassede, Rome (In the Victoria and Albert Museum)
THE BAPTISM OF CHRIST (Sixth Century Ivory Panel in the British Museum)
XXXIX
THE BARBARIANS BREAK THE EMPIRE INTO EAST AND WEST
CONSTANTINE’S PILLAR, CONSTANTINOPLE. Photo: Sebah & Foaillier
BASE OF THE “OBELISK OF THEODOSIUS,” CONSTANTINOPLE. The obelisk of Thothmes, taken from Egypt to Constantinople by Theodosius and placed upon the pedestal her shown; an interesting example of early Byzantine art. The complete obelisk is seen on page 239. Photo: Sebah & Foaillier
XL
THE HUNS AND THE END OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE
HEAD OF BARBARIAN CHIEF (In the British Museum)
XLI
THE BYZANTINE AND SASSANID EMPIRES
THE CHURCH (NOW A MOSQUE) OF S. SOPHIA, CONSTANTINOPLE. The obelisk of Theodosius in in the foreground statue on left. Photo: Sebah & Foaillier
THE MAGNIFICENT ROOF-WORK IN S. SOPHIA. Photo: Sebah & Foaillier
THE RAVENNA PANEL, DEPICTING JUSTINIAN AND HIS COURT. Photo: Alinari
THE ROCK HEWN TEMPLE AT PETRA. Photo: Underwood & Underwood
XLII
THE DYNASTIES OF SUY AND TANG IN CHINA
CHINESE EARTHENWARE ART OF THE TANG DYNASTY, 616–906. Specimens in glazed earthenware, in brown, green and buff, discovered in tombs in China (In the Victoria and Albert Museum)
XLIII
MUHAMMAD AND ISLAM
AT PRAYER IN THE DESERT. Photo: Lehnert & Landrock
LOOKING ACROSS THE SEA OF SAND. Photo: Lehnert & Landrock
XLIV
THE GREAT DAYS OF THE ARABS
JERUSALEM, SHOWING THE MOSQUE OF OMAR. Photo: Lehnert & Landrock
VIEW OF CAIRO MOSQUES. Photo: Lehnert & Landrock
XLV
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LATIN CHRISTENDOM
STATUE OF CHARLEMAGNE IN FRONT OF NOTRE DAME, PARIS. The figure is entirely imaginary and romantic. There is no contemporary portrait of Charlemagne. Photo: Rischgitz
XLVI
THE CRUSADES AND THE AGE OF PAPAL DOMINION
CRUSADER TOMBS IN EXETER CATHEDRAL. Photo: Mansell
VIEW OF CAIRO. Photo: Lehnert & Landrock
THE HORSES OF S. MARK, VENICE. Originally on the arch of Trajan at Constantinople, the Doge Dandalo V took them after the Fourth Crusade, to Venice, whence Napoleon I removed them to Paris, but in 1815 they were returned to Venice. During the Great War of 1914–18 they were hidden away for fear of air raids. Photo: D. McLeish
A COURTYARD IN THE ALHAMBRA. Photo: Lehnert & Landrock
XLVII
RECALCITRANT PRINCES AND THE GREAT SCHISM
MILAN CATHEDRALA COURTYARD IN THE ALHAMBRA. View showing the exquisite carvings characteristic of the 98 spires of the edifice
A TYPICAL CRUSADER: DON RODRIGO DE CARDENAS. From the Church of S. Pedro at Ocana, Spain (In the Victoria and Albert Museum)
COSTUMES OF THE BURGUNDIAN NOBILITY: FLEMISH WORK OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY
COSTUMES OF THE BURGUNDIAN NOBILITY: FLEMISH WORK OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. This series is from casts in the Victoria and Albert Museum of the original brass statuettes in the Rijks Museum, Amsterdam
XLVIII
THE MONGOL CONQUESTS
TARTAR HORSEMEN (From a Chinese Print in the British Museum)
XLIX
THE INTELLECTUAL REVIVAL OF THE EUROPEANS
AN EARLY PRINTING PRESS (From an old print)
ANCIENT BRONZE FIGURE FROM BENIN, W. AFRICA. Note evidence in attire of knowledge of early European explorers (In the British Museum)
ANOTHER ANCIENT NEGRO BRONZE OF A EUROPEAN (In the British Museum)
EARLY ITALIAN ENGRAVING OF A SAILING SHIP (In the British Museum)
L
THE REFORMATION OF THE LATIN CHURCH
PORTRAIT OF LUTHER (From an early German engraving in the British Museum)
A MAJOLICA DISH PAINED IN COLOURS. An allegory of the Church triumphant over heretics and infidels. Italian (Urbino), dated 1543 (In the Victoria and Albert Museum)
LI
THE EMPEROR CHARLES V
THE CHARLES V PORTRAIT BY TITIAN (In the Gallery del Prado, Madrid) Photo: Anderson
INTERIOR OF ST. PETER’S, ROME, SHOWING THE HIGH ALTAR. Photo: Alinari
LII
THE AGE OF POLITICAL EXPERIMENTS; OF GRAND MONARCHY AND PARLIAMENTS AND REPUBLICANISM IN EUROPE
CROMWELL DISSOLVES THE LONG PARLIAMENT AND SO BECOMES AUTOCRAT OF THE ENGLISH REPUBLIC (From a contemporary satirical print in the British Museum)
THE COURT AT VERSAILLES (From the print after Watteau in the British Museum)
THE SACK OF A VILLAGE DURING THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (From Callot’s “Miseres de la Guerre”)
LIII
THE NEW EMPIRES OF THE EUROPEANS IN ASIA AND OVERSEAS
EUROPEANS TIGER HUNTING IN INDIA (From the engraving of the picture by Zoffany in the British Museum)
THE LAST EFFORT AND FALL OF TIPPOO SULTAN (From the engraving of the picture by Singleton in the British Museum)
LIV
THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
GEORGE WASHINGTON (From a painting by Gilbert Stuart)
THE BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL, NEAR BOSTON (From the engraving of the picture by John Trumbull in the British Museum)
LV
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE RESTORATION OF MONARCHY IN FRANCE
THE TRIAL OF LOUIS XVI (From a print in the British Museum)
THE EXECUTION OF MARIE ANTOINETTE, QUEEN OF FRANCE, OCTOBER 16, 1793 (From a print in the British Museum)
LVI
THE UNEASY PEACE IN EUROPE THAT FOLLOWED THE FALL OF NAPOLEON
PORTRAIT OF NAPOLEON (CORONATION) (From a print in the British Museum)
LVII
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MATERIAL KNOWLEDGE
EARLY ROLLING STOCK ON THE LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY IN THE FIRST DAYS OF THE RAILWAY
EARLY TRAVELLING ON THE LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY, 1833
THE STEAMBOAT: CLERMONT, 1807, U.S.A
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY SPINNING WHEEL. In the Ipswich Museum
MODEL OF ARKWRIGHT’S SPINNING JENNY, 1769. From the specifications in the Patent Office
AN EARLY WEAVING MACHINE. From an engraving by W. Hincks in the British Museum
LVIII
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
INCIDENT IN THE DAYS OF THE SLAVE TRADE. From a print after Morland in the British Museum
EARLY FACTORY, IN COLEBROOKDALE. From a print the British Museum
LIX
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN POLITICAL AND SOCIAL IDEAS
CARL MARX. Photo: Linde & Co
SCIENCE IN THE COAL MINE. Portable Electric Loading Conveyor. Photo: Jeffrey Manufacturing Company, Columbus, Ohio
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAIL OF THE FORTH BRIDGE. Photo: Baker & Hurtzig
LX
THE EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATES
ONE OF THE FIRST AMERICAN RIVER STEAMERS
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
LXI
THE RISE OF GERMANY TO PREDOMINANCE IN EUROPE
LXII
THE NEW OVERSEAS EMPIRES OF STEAMSHIP AND RAILWAY
RAILWAY BRIDGE OVER THE GORGE, VICTORIA FALLS, OF THE ZAMBESI, SOUTHERN RHODESIA. Photo: British South African Co
LXIII
EUROPEAN AGGRESSION IN ASIA AND THE RISE OF JAPAN
JAPANESE SOLDIER ON THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY (In the Victoria and Albert Museum)
A STREET IN TOKIO
LXIV
THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN 1914
GIBRALTAR. Photo: C. Sinclair
STREET IN HONG KONG. Photo: Underwood & Underwood
LXV
THE AGE OF ARMAMENT IN EUROPE, AND THE GREAT WAR OF 1914–18
BRITISH TANK IN THE BATTLE OF THE MENIN ROAD. The crew came out for a breath of fresh air during a lull. Photo: British Official
THE RUINS OF YPRES (ONCE A DELIGHTFUL OLD FLEMISH TOWN) To show the complete destructiveness of modern war. Photo: Topical
THE DEVASTATION OF MODERN WAR. Wire entanglements in the foreground. Photo: Photopress
LXVI
THE REVOLUTION AND FAMINE IN RUSSIA
A VIEW IN PETERSBURG UNDER BOLSHEVIK RULE. A wooden house has been demolished for firewood. By courtesy of Messrs. Hodder & Stoughton
LXVII
THE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE WORLD
PASSENGER AEROPLANE FLYING OVER NORTHOLT (Photo taken by another ’plane by the Central Aerophoto Co.)
A PEACEFUL GARDEN IN ENGLAND. Given wisdom, all mankind might live in such gardens
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
INDEX
