Оглавление
Harry R. Moody. Aging
Aging
Aging
Brief Contents
Detailed Contents
List of Boxed Features
Preface
An Invitation to Think Critically About Gerontology (and About This Book!)
What Is New to This Edition?
Ancillaries. Teaching Resources
Student Resources
Acknowledgments
Prologue
Descriptions of Images and Figures
About the Authors
Basic Concepts I A Life Course Perspective on Aging
Learning Objectives
Focus on Practice
Age Identification
The Stages of Life
The Life Course and Aging
Life Transitions
Traditional Theories of Aging. Modernization Theory
Urban Legends of Aging
Disengagement Theory
Activity and Continuity Theories of Aging
Influences on the Life Course
Social Class and Life History
Social Institutions and Policies
Aging in the 21st Century
Time and the Life Course
The Moral Economy of the Life Course
The Biology of Aging
The New Science of Longevity
Mechanisms of Physical Aging
Wear and Tear
Free Radicals
The Immune System
Aging and Psychological Functioning
Self-Concept and Social Relationships
Social Roles
Cognitive Functioning
Conclusion
Toward a New Map of Life
Suggested Readings
Controversy 1 Does Old Age Have Meaning? The Meaning of Age
Leisure Activities in Later Life
Changing Leisure Participation Patterns
Explaining Patterns of Leisure
Religion and Spirituality
Religious Involvement Over the Life Course
Religious Participation and Well-Being
Urban Legends of Aging
Spirituality and the Search for Meaning
Global Perspective
Hindu Stages of Life
Religion in China
Japanese Ikigai
Gerontology and the Meaning of Age
The Meaning of Aging in the 21st Century
Thinking Critically: Meaning in Later Life
Activity or Reflection?
Focus on Practice
Reading 1: The Coming of Age
Reading 2: Successful Aging
Successful Aging or the Imitation of Youth?
Reading 3: Vital Involvement in Old Age
The Potential Role of Elders in Our Society
Reading 4: The Measure of My Days
Focus on Practice
Questions for Writing, Reflection, and Debate
Suggested Readings
Controversy 2 Why Do Our Bodies Grow Old?
The Process of Biological Aging
Biological Theories of Aging
Wear-and-Tear Theory
Autoimmune Theory
Aging-Clock Theory
Cross-Linkage Theory
Free Radicals
Cellular Theory
Is Aging Inevitable?
Urban Legends of Aging
Ways to Prolong the Life Span
Environmental Approach
Urban Legends of Aging
Thinking Critically: Caloric Restriction
Genetic Approach
Global Perspective
Compression or Prolongation of Morbidity?
Focus on Practice
Urban Legends of Aging
Reading 5: Why Do We Live as Long as We Do?
Reading 6: Vitality and Aging
The Incomplete Paradigm
The Limiting Premises
Competing Themes
A New Syllogism
Some Questions of Semantics
A New Syllogism
The Rectangular Curve
Homeostasis and Organ Reserve
Implications of the Rectangular Curve
References
Reading 7: The Compression of Morbidity Hypothesis
Notes
Reading 8: We Will Be Able to Live to 1,000
The Alternative View
“Youthful Not Frail”
Should We Cure Aging?
The Alternative View
Playing God?
Reading 9: Don’t Fall for the Cult of Immortality
The Alternative View
Prophets of Immortality
“False Promises”
Focus on the Future
Questions for Writing, Reflection, and Debate
Suggested Readings
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Controversy 3 Do Intelligence and Creativity Decline With Age?
Elements of Cognitive Function
The Classic Aging Pattern
Measures of Late-Life Intelligence
Studies of Age and Cognitive Function
Correlates of Cognitive Stability
Urban Legends of Aging
Creativity in an Aging Population
Thinking Critically: With Age Comes Wisdom?
Focus on Practice
Global Perspective
Reading 10: Age and Achievement
Possible Causes for the Early Maxima in Creativity
Reading 11: Creative Life Cycles
Notes
Reading 12: Growing Old or Living Long
Psychological Science and Longevity
Motivation Matters
The Positivity Effect
Reading 13: Aging and Creativity
A. Openness to New Ideas
B. Assertiveness and Focusing Attention
C. Supportive Environment for Creativity
Peak and Decline Model
A. Critique of the Peak and Decline Model: Psychometric Tests
B. Critique of the Peak and Decline Model: Productivity Tests
C. Simonton’s Model of Creative Careers
Life Span Developmental Model
A. Why Creativity Changes in Later Life
B. How Creativity Changes in Later Life
Influence of Creativity on Health and Longevity in Old Age
Focus on the Future
Questions for Writing, Reflection, and Debate
Suggested Readings
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Basic Concepts II Aging, Health Care, and Society. Learning Objectives
The Challenge of Longevity. The Case of the Struldbrugs
Biomedical Advances
Rationing Health Care
Providing Long-Term Care
Self-Determined Death
Urban Legends of Aging
Normal Aging
Longevity and Disease
Urban Legends of Aging
Epidemiology of Aging
Major Diseases in Old Age
Arthritis
Osteoporosis
Parkinson’s Disease
Cancer
Cardiovascular Disease
Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease
Responses to the Diseases of Later Life
Economics of Health Care
Reimbursement Systems
Prospects for the Future
Long-Term Care
Housing for Older Adults
Chronic Care in Old Age
Functional Assessment
The Continuum of Care
Paying for Long-Term Care: An American Dilemma
Self-Determined Death
Late-Life Suicide
Conclusion
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Controversy 4 Should We Ration Health Care for Older People?
Precedents for Health Care Rationing
Denial of Kidney Dialysis in Britain
Waiting Lines in Canada
Life-and-Death Decisions in Seattle
A Rationing Plan in Oregon
The Justification for Age-Based Rationing
Rationing as a Cost-Saving Plan
Urban Legends of Aging
The Impetus for Rationing
Thinking Critically: Where Do You Come Down on the Rationing Debate?
Cost Versus Age
Urban Legends of Aging
Global Perspective
Alternative Approaches to Rationing
Euthanasia and Assisted Death
The Debate Over Age-Based Rationing
Focus on Practice
Reading 14: Why We Must Set Limits
Beyond Economics: What Is Good for the Elderly?
The Meaning and Significance of Old Age
A “Natural Lifespan” and a “Tolerable Death”
The Principles and Priorities of a Plan
Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide
Conclusion
Note
Reading 15: Pricing Life
Reference
Reading 16: The Pied Piper Returns for the Old Folks
Reading 17: From an Ethics of Rationing to an Ethics of Waste Avoidance
Notes
Reading 18: Aim Not Just for Longer Life, but Expanded “Health Span”
Questions for Writing, Reflection, and Debate
Suggested Readings
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Controversy 5 Should Families Provide for Their Own?
Aging and the American Family
Abandonment or Independence?
Family Responsibility
Thinking Critically: Family Expectations
Urban Legends of Aging
Medicaid and Long-Term Care
Global Perspective
Financing Long-Term Care
Urban Legends of Aging
Medicaid Planning
Focus on Practice
Reading 19: Medicaid and Long-Term Care
“Spending Down” for Medicaid
Applying for Medicaid
Reading 20: Aging America’s Achilles’ Heel
Income Eligibility
Asset Eligibility
Medicaid Estate Planning
Medicaid Spend-Down
Out-of-Pocket Spending
Bottom Line
Building on the Facts
The Solution
Notes
Reading 21: The Case Against Paying Family Caregivers
Exploitation
Potential for Fraud and Abuse
Increased Administrative Costs
Increased Program Costs
An Alternative Approach
Reading 22: For Love and Money
Ideological Concerns and Empirical Realities
Ethical Concerns and Empirical Realities
Personal/Interpersonal Issues: Care as a Commodity
Conclusion
References
Focus on the Future
Questions to Ponder
Questions for Writing, Reflection, and Debate
Suggested Readings
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Controversy 6 Should Older People Be Protected From Bad Choices?
The Vulnerabilities of Older People
Interfering When People Make Bad Choices
Elder Abuse and Mistreatment
Urban Legends of Aging
Perceptions of Quality of Life
Sexuality in Later Life
Thinking Critically: Would You Want to Be Protected From “Bad” Choices?
Crime and Older Adults
Urban Legends of Aging
Global Perspective
Intervention in the Lives of Vulnerable Older Adults
Focus on Practice
Reading 23: The Right to Freedom From Restraints
What Is the Justification for Government Intervention Into Our Lives?
Reading 24: Ethical Dilemmas in Elder Abuse
Balancing Patient Autonomy and the Best Interests of Patients
Confidentiality and Reporting Requirements
Impact of Reporting on Patient/Professional Relationship
Ethical Issues Related to Families and Health Professionals
Who Is the Patient?
Dependency Relationships in Families Change as One Member Becomes Increasingly Dependent on the Family for Care
Caregiver Burden and Spousal and Intergenerational Responsibilities Involve Differing Personal and Societal Expectations
References
Reading 25: Understanding Elder Abuse
Elder Abuse is Not a Monolithic Phenomenon
Pure Financial Exploitation
Physical Abuse
Neglect
Hybrid Financial Exploitation
Cognitive Impairment
Note
Reading 26: Elder Abuse
Focus on the Future
Questions for Writing, Reflection, and Debate
Suggested Readings
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Controversy 7 Should People Have the Choice to End Their Lives?
Depression and Suicide
The “Right to Die”
Global Perspective
Thinking Critically: The Right to Die
Outlook for the Future
Focus on Practice
Urban Legends of Aging
Reading 27: Medical Aid In Dying
Medical Aid in Dying Is About How Somebody Wants to Live Their Life
Medical Aid in Dying Benefits Even People Who Do Not Choose to Use This Option
Medical Aid in Dying Improves Hospice
Medical Aid in Dying Brings Families Together
Medical Aid in Dying Could Improve the Image and Acceptance of Palliative Care
Medical Aid in Dying: Respecting Patient’s Values
Reading 28: A Time to Die
Reading 29: What We Lose When We Gain the Right to Die
Goodall Was One of Many Right-to-Die Activists Prominent in the Media
Catholic End-of-Life Social Teaching Is More Complicated Than Media Coverage Would Suggest
There Is a Solid Humanist Argument Against the Right to Die
Reading 30: Neither for Love nor Money
Contemporary Ethical Approaches
Assessing the Consequences
The “Need” for Mercy Killing
From Voluntary to Involuntary
Damaging the Doctor-Patient Relationship
The Essence of Medicine
Notes
Focus on the Future
Questions for Writing, Reflection, and Debate
Suggested Readings
Basic Concepts III Social and Economic Outlook for an Aging Society. Learning Objectives
The Varieties of Aging Experience
Social Class
Race and Ethnicity
African Americans
Hispanics
Asian Americans
American Indians and Alaska Natives
Summary
Gender and Aging
The Life Course Implications of Inequality
Economic Well-Being
The Economic Status of Older Americans
Sources of Retirement Income
Social Security
Pensions
Assets and Savings
Changing Financial Outlook
Public Policy on Aging
The Aging Network
Aging Interest Groups
Politics of Aging
Urban Legends of Aging
Trends in Public Policy and Aging
Equity
Productivity
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Controversy 8 Should Age or Need Be the Basis for Entitlement?
A Tale of Two Generations
Justice Between Generations
Poverty Among the Old
Urban Legends of Aging
Poverty Among Children and Young People
The Dependency Ratio
Taxation and Generational Accounting
Power and Competition for Scarce Resources
Thinking Critically: Generational Competition
The Least-Advantaged Older Adults
Global Perspective
Help for Those Most in Need
The Targeting Debate
Focus on Practice
Reading 31: Spending on Children and the Elderly
Reading 32: A Generational War Over the Budget? It’s Hard to See It in the Numbers
Reading 33: The Generational Equity Debate
The Generational Equity Frame
The Generational Interdependence Frame
References
Focus on the Future
Hidden Costs of Age Segregation
Questions for Writing, Reflection, and Debate
Suggested Readings
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Controversy 9 What Is the Future for Social Security?
Main Features of Social Security
Success—and Doubt
Pay as You Go
Urban Legends of Aging
Social Security Trust Fund
Thinking Critically: The Future of Social Security
Eligibility
Privatization
Global Perspective
Women and Social Security
Debate Over Social Security
Focus on Practice
Reading 34: The Necessity and Desirability of Social Security Reform
A Trillion Here, a Trillion There
Forms of Denial
Checking the Index
The Case for Personal Accounts
Decisions, Decisions
Reading 35: Social Security Reform and Benefit Adequacy
The Actual Versus the Hypothetical
Standards of Benefit Adequacy
Summary and Implications
References
Notes
Reading 36: Social Security for Yesterday’s Family?
Reading 37: The Future of Social Security
Raise the Full Retirement Age
Increase the Payroll Tax Cap
Reduce Benefits for Higher Earners
Increase the Payroll Tax Rate
Begin Means-Testing Social Security Benefits
Reading 38: This New Social Security Bill Could Make Social Security Even Better
Reading 39: The Social Security 2100 Act Would Significantly Harm Americans
Way to encourage entrepreneurship, government! Note sarcasm
The problem with Larson’s idea? Inflation
Focus on the Future
Questions for Writing, Reflection, and Debate
Suggested Readings
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Controversy 10 Is Retirement Obsolete?
History of Retirement
Urban Legends of Aging
Origins of Late-Life Leisure
Changes in the American Economy
A New View of Retirement
Global Perspective
Productive Aging
Thinking Critically: Love and Work (and Love Your Work?)
Debate Over Retirement Policy
Focus on Practice
Urban Legends of Aging
Reading 40: Framework for Considering Productive Aging and Work
Older Age Structure of the Workforce
Approaches to Addressing the Aging Workforce
Working-Life Continuum
Notes
Reading 41: Prime Time
Our Only Increasing Natural Resource
The Aging Opportunity
Rebalancing Responsibilities
Reading 42: Moving Toward a Creative Retirement
New Work
Spiritual Revival
Reading 43: The Fading Dream of Retirement
A Wobbly Retirement
Businesses Shed Pension Risks
The American Dream Fades for Many
Focus on the Future
Questions for Writing, Reflection, and Debate
Suggested Readings
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Controversy 11 Aging Boomers: Boom or Bust? Who Are the Boomers?
What Is a Generation? Age-Period-Cohort Analysis
Thinking Critically: What Generation Are You?
Social Construction of the Boomer Phenomenon
Urban Legends of Aging
Global Perspective
Boomers in the Years Ahead
Focus on Practice. Aging Boomers in the Workplace
The Multigenerational Workplace
Later-Life Entrepreneurship
Reading 44: Boomsday
Reading 45: Baby Boomers
Boomer Disillusionment: Is It All an Illusion?
Disillusionment: The Cohort and Period Effects
Living the “Given Life”: Disillusionment and Taking Responsibility
Reading 46: The Longevity Revolution
Reading 47: The Long Baby Boom
What’s Wrong With This Picture?
Focus on the Future
Questions for Writing, Reflection, and Debate
Suggested Readings
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Controversy 12 The New Aging Marketplace: Hope or Hype? The New Customer Majority
Urban Legends of Aging
Market Sectors Likely to Grow
Thinking Critically: Drinking From the Fountain of Youth
What Do Older Consumers Want?
Global Perspective
Limits of the Marketplace Model
Focus on Practice
Reading 48: Overview of the Boomer Market
Reading 49: Age Branding
Introduction
Age-Denial Brands
Age-Adaptive Brands
Age-Irrelevant Brands
Age-Affirmative Brands
Conclusion: The Future of Age Branding
References
Reading 50: The Marketplace of Memory
The Brain Fitness Industry: Products, Values, and Ideologies
Problems in the Marketplace
How We Can Do Better—Brain Health in the Context of Communities
Conclusions
References
Reading 51: No Truth to the Fountain of Youth
Focus on the Future
Questions for Writing, Reflection, and Debate
Suggested Readings
Epilogue Finding Your Place in an Aging Society. Future Forecasting
2020 Foresight
Graduates in Years to Come
Silver Industries
VUCA
Specialization and Credentials
Personal Aging: Our Future Selves
Thinking Critically: Age Appreciation
Appendix Tips for Conducting Your Own Research in Gerontology
Defining Your Topic
Starting Your Search
Nine Steps for Carrying Out Library Research
Ending the Search
Glossary
Bibliography
Index
