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Henry de Beltgens Gibbins. The Industrial History of England
The Industrial History of England
Table of Contents
PERIOD I ENGLAND BEFORE THE NORMAN CONQUEST
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY—THE ROMANS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS—TRADE
§ 1
§ 2. Trade in the Anglo-Saxon period
§ 3. Internal Trade. Money
§ 4. Foreign Trade
§ 5. General Summary
CHAPTER II THE LAND: ITS OWNERS AND CULTIVATORS
§ 1. The Mark
§ 2. The Manor
§ 3. Combined Agriculture
§ 4. The Feudal System
PERIOD II FROM THE NORMAN CONQUEST TO THE REIGN OF HENRY III. (A.D. 1066–1216)
CHAPTER I DOMESDAY BOOK AND THE MANORS
§ 1. Domesday Book
§ 2. Economic condition of the country as shown in Domesday
§ 3. The Manors and their owners
§ 4. The inhabitants of the manors
§ 5. The condition of these inhabitants
§ 6. Services due to the lord from his tenants in villeinage
§ 7. Money payments and rents
§ 8. Free Tenants. Soke-men
§ 9. Illustrations of old manors. (1) Estone
§ 10. Cuxham Manor in the eleventh and thirteenth centuries
§ 11. Description of a manor village
§ 12. The kinds of land in a manor
CHAPTER II THE TOWNS AND THE GILDS
§ 1. The origin of towns
§ 2. Rise of towns in England
§ 3. Towns in Domesday: London
§ 4. Special privileges of towns
§ 5. How the towns obtained their charters
§ 6. The gilds and the towns. Various kinds of gilds
§ 7. How the Merchant Gilds helped the growth of towns
§ 8. How the Craft Gilds helped industry
§ 9. Life in the towns of this time
CHAPTER III MANUFACTURES AND TRADE: ELEVENTH TO THIRTEENTH CENTURIES
§ 1. Economic effects of the Feudal System
§ 2. Foreign Trade. The Crusades
§ 3. The trading clauses in the Great Charter
§ 4. The Jews in England: their economic position
§ 5. Manufactures in this period: Flemish weavers
§ 6. Economic appearance of England in this Period. Population
§ 7. General condition of the Period
PERIOD III FROM THE THIRTEENTH TO THE END OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY, INCLUDING THE GREAT PLAGUE (1216–1500)
CHAPTER I AGRICULTURE IN MEDIÆVAL ENGLAND
§ 1. Introductory. Rise of a wage-earning class
§ 2. Agriculture the chief occupation of the people
§ 3. Methods of cultivation. The capitalist landlord and his bailiff. The “stock and land” lease
§ 4. The tenant’s communal land and closes
§ 5. Ploughing
§ 6. Stock, Pigs and Poultry
§ 7. Sheep
§ 8. Increase of sheep farming
§ 9. Consequent increase of enclosures
CHAPTER II THE WOOLLEN TRADE AND MANUFACTURES
§ 1. England’s monopoly of wool
§ 2. Wool and Politics
§ 3. Prices and brands of English wool
§ 4. English manufactures
§ 5. Foreign manufacture of fine goods
§ 6. Flemish settlers teach the English weavers. Norwich
§ 7. The worsted industry
§ 8. Gilds in the cloth trade
§ 9. The dyeing of cloth
§ 10. The great transition in English industry
§ 11. The manufacturing class and politics
CHAPTER III THE TOWNS, INDUSTRIAL VILLAGES, AND FAIRS
§ 1. The chief manufacturing towns
§ 2. Staple towns and the merchants
§ 3. Markets
§ 4. The great fairs
§ 5. The fairs of Winchester and Stourbridge
§ 6. English mediæval ports
§ 7. The temporary decay of manufacturing towns
§ 8. Growth of industrial villages. The germs of the modern factory system
CHAPTER IV THE GREAT PLAGUE AND ITS ECONOMIC EFFECTS
§ 1. Material progress of the country
§ 2. Social changes. The villeins and wage-paid labourers
§ 3. The Famine and the Plague
§ 4. The effects of the Plague on wages
§ 5. Prices of provisions
§ 6. Effects of the Plague upon the land-owners
§ 7. Rise of the tenant farmer or yeoman class
§ 8. The emancipation of the villeins
CHAPTER V THE PEASANTS’ REVOLT OF 1381, AND THE SUBSEQUENT PROSPERITY OF THE WORKING CLASSES
§ 1. New social doctrines
§ 2. The coming of the Friars. Wiklif
§ 3. The renewed exactions of the landlords
§ 4. The Peasants’ Revolt
§ 5. The Condition of the English labourer
§ 6. Drawbacks
§ 7. The close of the Middle Ages
PERIOD IV FROM THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY TO THE EVE OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1509–1760)
CHAPTER I THE MISDEEDS OF HENRY VIII., AND ECONOMIC CHANGES IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
§ 1. Henry VIII.’s wastefulness
§ 2. The dissolution of the monasteries
§ 3. Results of the suppression
§ 4. The issuing of base coin
§ 5. The confiscation of the gild lands
§ 6. The agrarian situation
§ 7. Other economic changes
§ 8. Summary of the changes of the sixteenth century
CHAPTER II THE GROWTH OF FOREIGN TRADE
§ 1. The expansion of commerce. The new spirit
§ 2. Foreign trade in the fifteenth century
§ 3. The Venetian fleet
§ 4. The Hanseatic League’s station in London
§ 5. Our trade with Flanders. Antwerp in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
§ 6. The decay of Antwerp and rise of London as the Western emporium
§ 7. The merchants and sea-captains of the Elizabethan age in the New World
§ 8. Remarks on the signs and causes of the expansion of trade
CHAPTER III ELIZABETHAN ENGLAND
§ 1. Prosperity and pauperism
§ 2. The growth of manufactures
§ 3. Monopolies of manufacturing towns
§ 4. Our exports of manufactures
§ 5. The Flemish immigration in this reign
§ 6. Agriculture
§ 7. Social comforts
§ 8. The condition of the labourers
§ 9. Assessment of wages by justices. The first Poor Law
§ 10. Population
CHAPTER IV PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES
§ 1. Résumé of progress since thirteenth century
§ 2. Progress in James I.’s reign. Influence of landlords
§ 3. Writers on agriculture. Improvements. Game
§ 4. Drainage of the fens
§ 5. Rise of price of corn, and of rent
§ 6. Special features of the eighteenth century. Popularity of agriculture
§ 7. Improvements of cattle, and in the productiveness of land. Statistics
§ 8. Wrong done to small land-owners by the Statute of Frauds
§ 9. Causes of the decay of the yeomanry
§ 10. Great increase of enclosures
§ 11. Benefits of enclosures as compared with the old common fields
§ 12. The rise in rent
§ 13. The fall in wages
CHAPTER V COMMERCE AND WAR IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES
§ 1. England a commercial power
§ 2. The beginnings of the struggle with Spain
§ 3. Cromwell’s commercial wars
§ 4. The wars of William III. and of Anne
§ 5. Expansion of English trade after these wars
§ 6. Further wars with France and Spain
§ 7. The struggle for India
§ 8. The conquest of Canada
§ 9. Survey of commercial progress during these wars
CHAPTER VI MANUFACTURES AND MINING
§ 1. Circumstances favourable to English manufactures
§ 2. Wool trade. Home manufactures. Dyeing
§ 3. Other influences favourable to England. The Huguenot immigration
§ 4. Distribution of the cloth trade
§ 5. Coal-mines
§ 6. Development of coal trade: seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
§ 7. The iron trade
§ 8. Pottery
§ 9. Other mining industries
§ 10. The close of the period of manual industries
PERIOD V THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND MODERN ENGLAND
CHAPTER I THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTION
§ 1. Industry and politics. Land-owners and merchant princes
§ 2. The coming of the capitalists
§ 3. The class of small manufacturers
§ 4. The condition of the manufacturing population
§ 5. Condition of the agricultural population
§ 6. Growth of population
§ 7. England still mainly agricultural
§ 8. The domestic system of manufacture
CHAPTER II THE EPOCH OF THE GREAT INVENTIONS
§ 1. The suddenness of the Revolution and its importance
§ 2. The great inventors
§ 3. The revolution in manufactures and the factories
§ 4. The growth of population and the development of the Northern districts
§ 5. The revolution in the mining industries
§ 6. The nation’s wealth and its wars
CHAPTER III WARS, POLITICS, AND INDUSTRY
§ 1. England’s industrial advantages in 1763
§ 2. The mistake of the Mercantile Theory
§ 3. The loss of the American colonies
§ 4. The outbreak of the great Continental War
§ 5. Its effects upon industry, and the working classes
§ 6. Politics among the working classes
CHAPTER IV THE FACTORY SYSTEM AND ITS RESULTS
§ 1. The results of the introduction of the factory system
§ 2. Contemporary evidence of the new order of things
§ 3. English slavery. The apprentice system
§ 4. The beginning of the factory agitation
§ 5. The various Factory Acts
§ 6. How these Acts were passed
CHAPTER V THE CONDITION OF THE WORKING CLASSES
§ 1. Disastrous effects of the new industrial system
§ 2. The allowance system of relief
§ 3. Restrictions upon labour
§ 4. Growth of Trade Unions
§ 5. The working classes fifty years ago
§ 6. Wages
CHAPTER VI THE RISE AND DEPRESSION OF MODERN AGRICULTURE
§ 1. Services rendered by the great land-owners
§ 2. The stimulus caused by the Bounties
§ 3. Agricultural improvements
§ 4. The cause of the depression. The rise in rent
§ 5. The labourer and the land. Wages
§ 6. The present condition of British agriculture
CHAPTER VII MODERN INDUSTRIAL ENGLAND
§ 1. The growth of our industry
§ 2. State of trade in 1820
§ 3. The beginnings of Free Trade
§ 4. Revolution in the means of transit
§ 5. Modern developments. Our colonies
§ 6. England and other nations’ wars
§ 7. Present difficulties. Commercial depressions
§ 8. The present capitalist system. Foreign markets
§ 9. Over-production and wages
§ 10. The power of labour. Trade Unions and Co-operation
CHAPTER VIII THE NEW AGE, 1897–1911
§ 1. Industrial Expansion
§ 2. Wars, calamities, and the American crisis
§ 3. The increase of public expenditure
§ 4. Free Trade and Protection. The Colonies
§ 5. The position of the workers. Social legislation
§ 6. Trade Unionism and the Labour Movement
§ 7. Recent inventions and industrial developments
§ 8.‡ The necessity of studying economic factors in history
NOTES & INDEX
NOTE ON AUTHORITIES FOR INDUSTRIAL HISTORY
NOTES
1. Population of Roman Britain
2. Markets on Boundaries
3. Danish Influence on Commerce
4. Manorial Courts
5. Decay of Manorial System
6. The Jews
7. Commercial relations with Flanders
8. Other Sources of Income
9. Assize of Bread and Ale
10. Stourbridge Fair
11. Survivals of Villeinage
11a. Monopolies
12. Elizabeth’s Poor Law
13. Banking and the Stop of the Exchequer
14. National Debt
15. Export of Bullion
16. Important Commercial Events
17. Deposition of East India Company
18. Huskisson’s Reforms
INDEX
