Оглавление
Henry M. Levin. Economic Evaluation in Education
Economic Evaluation in Education
Economic Evaluation in Education
Brief Contents
Detailed Contents
List of Tables, Figures, and Examples. Tables
Figures
Boxes
Preface
Acknowledgments to the Second Edition
Acknowledgments to the Third Edition
Acknowledgments from Henry M. Levin
From A. Brooks Bowden
From Robert Shand
About the Authors
1 Introduction to Economic Evaluation. Objectives
1.1. Purpose and Goals of the Book
1.2. The Importance of Economic Evaluations
1.3. Economic Evaluation for Decisionmaking in Education
1.3.1. Cost Analysis
1.3.2. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Costs, Effects, and Cost-Effectiveness Ratios for Primary School Investments
1.3.3. Cost-Utility Analysis
1.3.4. Benefit-Cost Analysis
Costs, Benefits, and Benefit-Cost Analysis of a Dropout Prevention Strategy
1.4. Summary of Approaches to Economic Evaluation
1.5. Economic Evaluations and Policymaking
1.6. Outline of the Book
Discussion Questions
2 Establishing an Analytic Framework. Objectives
2.1. Identifying the Problem
2.2. Taking Account of the Audience and Perspective
2.3. Relating Economic Evaluation to the Theory of Change
2.4. Determining if Economic Evaluation Is Necessary
2.5. Conclusions
Discussion Questions
Exercises
3 Cost Concepts. Objectives
3.1. The Concept of Costs
3.2. Cost Per Unit
3.3. Costs and the Theory of Change
3.4. Costs Data and Budgetary Information
3.5. Motivation for Cost Analysis
3.6. Conclusions
Discussion Questions
Exercises
4 The Ingredients Method. Objectives
4.1. Identifying Ingredients
4.2. Specifying Ingredients
4.2.1. Personnel
4.2.2. Training
4.2.3. Facilities
4.2.4. Equipment and Materials
4.2.5. Other Program Inputs
4.2.6. Required Client Inputs
4.3. Sources of Ingredients Information
4.4. Conclusions
Discussion Questions
Exercises
5 Placing Values on Ingredients. Objectives
5.1. Methods for Valuing Ingredients
5.1.1. Site-Specific and Expected Prices
5.1.2. Adjusting National Prices for Geographic Location
5.2. Placing Dollar Values on Ingredients
5.2.1. Personnel
5.2.2. Training
5.2.3. Facilities
5.2.4. Equipment
5.2.5. Supplies
5.2.6. Required Client Inputs
5.3. Costs Over Multiple Years
5.3.1. Adjusting Costs for Inflation
5.3.2. Discounting Costs
5.3.3. Choosing a Discount Rate
5.4. Conclusions
Discussion Questions
Exercises
6 Analyzing and Reporting Costs. Objectives
6.1. Tabulating Total Cost Using a Cost Worksheet. 6.1.1. Worksheet Basics
6.1.2. Total Cost
6.1.3. Average Cost per Student
6.2. Reporting Costs
6.2.1. By Site
6.2.2. Over Time
6.2.3. By Category of Ingredient
6.2.4. By Scale of Operation
6.2.5. By Subgroup
6.3. Allocating Costs Among Constituencies
6.3.1. Distributing Ingredients and Costs
6.3.2. Distributing Cash Subsidies
6.3.3. Calculating Net Costs to Each Constituency
6.4. Analyzing Cost Determinants and Generalizing Costs. 6.4.1. Context
6.4.2. Induced Costs
6.4.3. Sensitivity Testing
6.4.4. Decisionmaking
6.5. Conclusions
Discussion Questions
Exercises
7 Effectiveness. Objectives
7.1. Specifying Effectiveness. 7.1.1. Examples of Effectiveness Measures
7.1.2. Linking Objectives and Effectiveness
7.1.3. Single Measures of Effectiveness
7.1.4. Appraising Effectiveness Measures
7.2. Methods for Identifying Effectiveness. 7.2.1. Experiments, Quasi-Experiments, and Correlational Evaluations
7.2.2. Identification Strategies With Cost Analysis
7.2.3. Evidence From Meta-Analysis
7.3. Utility Analysis
7.3.1. Multiattribute Utility Theory
7.3.2. Methods of Assessing Single-Attribute Utility Functions
Proportional Scoring
The Direct Method
The Variable Probability Method
7.3.3. Methods of Assessing Importance Weights
7.3.4. Using Utility Measures
7.4. Conclusions
Discussion Questions
Exercises
8 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Objectives
8.1. Cost-Effectiveness Ratios
8.2. Alternative Cost-Effectiveness Metrics. 8.2.1. Cost-Utility Analysis
8.2.2. Effectiveness-Cost Ratios
8.2.3. Expected Value Cost-Effectiveness Ratios
8.2.4. Hybrid Cost-Effectiveness Ratios
8.3. Interpreting Cost-Effectiveness Ratios
8.4. Explaining Cost-Effectiveness Ratios. 8.4.1. Asymmetry of Cost-Effectiveness Ratios
8.4.2. Cost-Effectiveness Planes
8.4.3. Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
8.4.4. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis With Induced Costs
8.5. Evidence on Cost-Effective Interventions
8.6. Conclusions
Discussion Questions
Exercises
9 Estimating Benefits. Objectives
9.1. The Concept of Benefits
9.2. Specifying Benefits
9.3. Valuing Educational Benefits Through Earnings
9.4. Valuing Educational Benefits Through Shadow Pricing
9.4.1. Defensive Expenditure Method
9.4.2. Hedonic Method
9.4.3. Identifying Willingness to Pay From Trade-Offs
9.4.4. Contingent Valuation Method
9.5. Applying Benefits in Benefit-Cost Analysis
9.6. Conclusions
Discussion Questions
Exercises
10 Benefit-Cost Analysis. Objectives
10.1. Combining Benefits and Costs Into Economic Metrics
10.1.1. Net Present Value
10.1.2. Benefit-Cost Ratio
10.1.3. Internal Rate of Return
10.1.4. Break-Even Analysis
10.2. Performing Benefit-Cost Analysis
10.3. Examples of Benefit-Cost Analysis. 10.3.1. Investments in Preschool
10.3.2. Investments in Youth
10.3.3. Benefit-Cost Analysis in Developing Countries
10.3.4. Programs to Increase Wages for Welfare Recipients
10.4. Conclusions
Discussion Questions
Exercises
11 Accounting for Uncertainty. Objectives
11.1. Types of Uncertainty and Sensitivity
11.2. General Sensitivity Testing
11.3. Sensitivity Testing of Cost Estimates
11.4. Sensitivity Testing of Cost-Effectiveness
11.5. Sensitivity Testing of Benefit-Cost Analysis
11.6. Distributional Issues
11.7. Conclusions
Discussion Questions
Exercises
12 Checklist for Economic Evaluations. Objectives
12.1. A Checklist for Appraising Economic Evaluations
12.2. Appraising Economic Evaluations
12.3. Conclusions
Discussion Questions
Exercises
13 Economic Evaluations for Education Policy. Objectives
13.1. Applying Economic Analysis
13.2. Expanding the Use of Economic Evaluation
13.3. Decisionmaking and Economic Evaluation
13.4. Prioritizing Educational Investments
13.5. Using Economic Evaluations to Improve Education Research
13.6. The Future of Economic Evaluation of Education
13.7. A Final Word
Discussion Questions
Appendix A Answers to Even-Numbered Exercises. Chapter 2. Question 2
Chapter 3. Question 2
Chapter 4. Question 2
Chapter 5. Question 2
Chapter 6. Question 2
Chapter 6. Question 4
Chapter 7. Question 2
Chapter 8. Question 2
Chapter 9. Question 2
Chapter 10. Question 2
Chapter 11. Question 2
Appendix B CostOut Tool. Purpose of CostOut
How CostOut Aids Analysis
What CostOut Does and Does Not Do
For More Information
References
Index
