The Colonization of North America: 1492-1783

The Colonization of North America: 1492-1783
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This eBook has been formatted to the highest digital standards and adjusted for readability on all devices. This book represents an attempt to bring into one account the story of European expansion in North America down to 1783. The authors wrote this book in response to a clear demand for a text written from the standpoint of North America as a whole, and giving a more adequate treatment of the colonies of nations other than England and of the English colonies other than the thirteen which revolted. The book is divided into three main parts: I. The founding of the colonies; II. Expansion and international conflict; and III. The revolt of the English colonies. Table of Contents: The Founding of the Colonies The Background and the Discovery The Founding of New Spain (1492-1543) The Expansion of New Spain (1543-1609) The Establishment of the French Colonies (1500-1700) The Beginnings of English Expansion (1485-1603) The Chesapeake Bay and Insular Colonies (1603-1640) The Beginnings of New England (1606-1640) The English Colonies During the Revolutionary Period (1640-1660)

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Herbert Eugene Bolton. The Colonization of North America: 1492-1783

The Colonization of North America: 1492-1783

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Table of Contents

PREFACE

THE FOUNDING OF THE COLONIES

CHAPTER I. THE BACKGROUND AND THE DISCOVERY

GROWTH OF GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE

PORTUGUESE DISCOVERIES

COLUMBUS AND THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA

CHAPTER II. THE FOUNDING OF NEW SPAIN (1492-1543)

SPAIN DURING THE CONQUEST

THE OCCUPATION OF THE WEST INDIES

BEGINNINGS OF COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY

EXPLORATION OF THE MAINLAND COASTS AND THE SEARCH FOR A STRAIT

THE MAYAS AND THE NAHUAS

THE CONQUEST OF CENTRAL AMERICA

THE CONQUEST OF THE VALLEY OF MEXICO

THE SPREAD OF THE CONQUEST

EXPLORATIONS IN THE NORTHERN INTERIOR AND ON THE PACIFIC. FLORIDA

CÍBOLA AND QUIVIRA

CALIFORNIA AND THE PHILIPPINES

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE VICEROYALTY OF NEW SPAIN

CHAPTER III. THE EXPANSION OF NEW SPAIN (1543-1609)

OLD AND NEW SPAIN UNDER PHILIP II

THE MINES OF NORTHERN MEXICO

THE SETTLEMENT OF THE ATLANTIC SEABOARD

FOREIGN INTRUSIONS IN THE ATLANTIC

THE PHILIPPINES AND CALIFORNIA

THE FOUNDING OF NEW MEXICO

SPANISH ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY

CHAPTER IV. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FRENCH COLONIES (1500-1700)

THE FRENCH BACKGROUND

EARLY EXPLORATIONS AND COLONIZING EFFORTS

ACADIA

THE ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY

REORGANIZATION AND THE IROQUOIS WARS

THE WEST INDIES

OPENING THE UPPER LAKE REGION AND THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY

CHAPTER V. THE BEGINNINGS OF ENGLISH EXPANSION (1485-1603)

THE TUDOR PERIOD

COMMERCIAL EXPANSION

THE ELIZABETHAN SEA-DOGS

SEARCH FOR A NORTHWEST PASSAGE

ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION

CHAPTER VI. THE CHESAPEAKE BAY AND INSULAR COLONIES (1603-1640)

ENGLAND UNDER THE EARLY STUARTS, 1603-1640

THE COLONIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF THE EARLY STUARTS

THE FOUNDING OF VIRGINIA

THE FOUNDING OF MARYLAND

THE BERMUDAS

GUIANA

THE LESSER ANTILLES

THE PROVIDENCE ISLAND COMPANY

CHAPTER VII. THE BEGINNINGS OF NEW ENGLAND (1606-1640)

THE PURITAN MOVEMENT IN ENGLAND

PLYMOUTH COLONY

COLONIZING ACTIVITIES ON THE NEW ENGLAND COAST

THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY

EXPANSION OF THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY. RHODE ISLAND

SETTLEMENTS IN THE CONNECTICUT VALLEY

CHAPTER VIII. THE ENGLISH COLONIES DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD (1640-1660)

POLITICS, ADMINISTRATION, AND EXPANSION

NEW ENGLAND DEVELOPMENT

VIRGINIA AND MARYLAND, 1640-1660

CHAPTER IX. THE DUTCH AND SWEDISH COLONIES (1609-1644)

DUTCH EXPANSION

NEW NETHERLANDS

THE DUTCH AND THE SWEDES ON THE DELAWARE

ABSORPTION OF NEW NETHERLANDS BY THE ENGLISH

CHAPTER X. THE OLD ENGLISH COLONIES UNDER THE LATER STUARTS (1660-1689)

COLONIAL POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION

MACHINERY OF GOVERNMENT

MISRULE AND REBELLION IN VIRGINIA

DISCONTENT IN MARYLAND

ROYAL INTERFERENCE IN NEW ENGLAND

CHAPTER XI. EXPANSION UNDER THE LATER STUARTS (1660-1689)

NEW YORK

THE JERSEYS

PENNSYLVANIA

THE INSULAR COLONIES

THE CAROLINAS

WESTERN TRADE AND EXPLORATION

HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY

CHAPTER XII. THE ENGLISH MAINLAND COLONIES AT THE CLOSE OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

NEW ENGLAND

NEW YORK AND EAST NEW JERSEY

COLONIES ALONG DELAWARE RIVER AND BAY

THE CHESAPEAKE BAY REGION

SOUTH CAROLINA

EXPANSION AND INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT

CHAPTER XIII. THE SPANISH ADVANCE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

SPAIN AND THE COLONIES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

FRONTIER ADMINISTRATION

THE MISSIONS

THE JESUITS IN SINALOA AND SONORA

EFFORTS TO OCCUPY LOWER CALIFORNIA

THE SETTLEMENT OF CHIHUAHUA

NEW MEXICO IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

COAHUILA OCCUPIED

FIRST ATTEMPTS IN EASTERN TEXAS

THE STRUGGLE WITH RIVALS IN THE WEST INDIES

THE STRUGGLE WITH THE ENGLISH ON THE CAROLINA BORDER

CHAPTER XIV. THE WARS OF THE ENGLISH AND SPANISH SUCCESSIONS (1684-1713)

THE PRELIMINARY STRUGGLE FOR THE NORTHERN FUR COUNTRY

THE WAR OF THE ENGLISH SUCCESSION

THE WAR IN THE CARIBBEAN

THE WAR OF THE CANADIAN FRONTIERS

ACTIVITIES ON HUDSON BAY; PEACE

THE WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION

THE WAR IN THE WEST INDIES

THE WAR ON THE FLORIDA BORDER

THE WAR ON THE CANADIAN BORDER

THE HUDSON BAY COMPANY

THE PEACE OF UTRECHT

CHAPTER XV. THE FRENCH IN LOUISIANA AND THE FAR NORTHWEST (1699-1762)

THE FOUNDING OF LOUISIANA

LOUISIANA UNDER THE COMPANY OF THE INDIES (1717-1731)

LOUISIANA UNDER THE ROYAL GOVERNORS

THE TRANS-MISSISSIPPI WEST

THE ADVANCE TOWARD NEW MEXICO

THE FAR NORTHWEST

CHAPTER XVI. TEXAS, PIMERÍA ALTA AND THE FRANCO-SPANISH BORDER CONFLICT (1687-1763)

NORTHEASTWARD ADVANCE OF THE SPANISH FRONTIER

THE FOUNDING OF TEXAS

WAR WITH FRANCE

THE EXPANSION OF TEXAS

THE FRANCO-SPANISH BORDER

PIMERÍA ALTA

THE JESUITS IN LOWER CALIFORNIA

CHAPTER XVII. THE ENGLISH ADVANCE INTO THE PIEDMONT, 1715-1750

THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT

DEFENCE OF THE NORTHERN FRONTIER

REORGANIZATION OF THE CAROLINAS

THE FOUNDING OF GEORGIA

THE GERMAN AND SWISS MIGRATION

THE SCOTCH-IRISH

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SETTLEMENT OF THE PIEDMONT

CHAPTER XVIII. ENGLISH COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE MIDDLE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

GENERAL FEATURES

NEW ENGLAND INDUSTRY

THE MIDDLE COLONIES

THE SOUTHERN COLONIES

LABOR SYSTEMS

FEATURES OF SOCIETY

BARBADOS, THE LEEWARD ISLES, AND JAMAICA

CHAPTER XIX. THE ENGLISH COLONIAL SYSTEM (1689-1763)

THE FIRST REORGANIZATION OF WILLIAM III

WILLIAM'S SECOND REORGANIZATION

THE COLONIAL SYSTEM DURING THE REIGN OF ANNE

THE COLONIAL SYSTEM UNDER THE WHIGS

CHAPTER XX. A QUARTER-CENTURY OF CONFLICT: THE EXPULSION OF THE FRENCH (1715-1763)

SPAIN AND THE POWERS, 1715-1739

THE WAR OF JENKINS' EAR

THE WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION

THE APPROACH OF ANOTHER CONFLICT

THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR

CHAPTER XXI. THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE: THE OCCUPATION OF ALTA CALIFORNIA AND LOUISIANA BY SPAIN (1763-1783)

READJUSTMENT IN SPANISH NORTH AMERICA

THE RUSSIAN MENACE

THE FOUNDING OF ALTA CALIFORNIA

NORTHERN EXPLORATIONS

LOUISIANA UNDER SPAIN, 1762-1783

CHAPTER XXII. THE NEW BRITISH POSSESSIONS (1763-1783)

PROVISIONS FOR DEFENCE, GOVERNMENT, AND THE FUR TRADE

THE OCCUPATION OF THE FLORIDAS

MILITARY OCCUPATION OF THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY

LAND SPECULATION AND PLANS FOR WESTERN COLONIES

TRANS-ALLEGHANY SETTLEMENT

THE SETTLEMENT OF EASTERN TENNESSEE

THE BEGINNINGS OF KENTUCKY

THE UPPER OHIO AND MIDDLE TENNESSEE

THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC

THE NORTHERN FUR TRADERS

THE REVOLT OF THE ENGLISH COLONIES

CHAPTER XXIII. THE CONTROVERSY OF THE ENGLISH COLONIES WITH THE HOME GOVERNMENT (1763-1775)

THE BACKGROUND OF THE CONTEST

REFORMS OF THE GRENVILLE MINISTRY

REPEAL OF THE STAMP ACT

THE TOWNSHEND ACTS

BEGINNING OF ORGANIZED RESISTANCE

THE TEA CONTROVERSY

LORD NORTH'S COERCIVE POLICY

THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

CHAPTER XXIV. FROM LEXINGTON TO INDEPENDENCE (1775-1776)

THE OPENING OF HOSTILITIES

THE SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

PROGRESS OF THE WAR

THE LOYALISTS

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

CHAPTER XXV. THE STRUGGLE FOR THE MUDDLE STATES (1776-1777)

THE CONTEST FOR NEW YORK

THE NEW JERSEY CAMPAIGN

THE STRUGGLE WITH BURGOYNE

THE CONTEST FOR PHILADELPHIA

CHAPTER XXVI. THE WAR AS AN INTERNATIONAL CONTEST

THE FRENCH ALLIANCE

THE WAR IN THE WEST

SPAIN IN THE WAR 3

THE WAR ON THE SEA AND THE DUTCH ALLIANCE

CHAPTER XXVII. THE CLOSING YEARS OF THE REVOLUTION (1778-1781)

THE WAR IN THE SOUTH

THE YORKTOWN CAMPAIGN

THE TREATY OF PEACE

CHAPTER XXVIII. GOVERNMENTAL DEVELOPMENT DURING THE REVOLUTION

THE SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

FINANCIAL AFFAIRS

STATE GOVERNMENTS DURING THE REVOLUTION

THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

GOVERNMENTAL REORGANIZATION

Footnotes

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Herbert Eugene Bolton & Thomas Maitland Marshall

THE FOUNDING OF THE COLONIES

.....

The revolt of Cortés.—In the very year of the founding of Panamá Hernando Cortés entered Mexico. The return of the expeditions of Córdova and Grijalva to the Mexican coast had caused excitement in Cuba. Governor Velásquez prepared an expedition to follow them up, and appointed Cortés to lead it. Becoming distrustful of his lieutenant, Velásquez sent messengers to recall him, but Cortés set forth, nevertheless. In defiance of the governor, on February 18, 1519, he left Cuba, a rebel, with eleven vessels, some six hundred men, and sixteen horses. Proceeding to Tabasco and up the coast, he founded Vera Cruz, by whose cabildo he was chosen captain-general and justicia mayor, and his position was thus given the color of legality. By this act Cortés placed himself under the immediate protection of the king.

The march to Mexico.—On the way and while at Vera Cruz Cortés had learned that the Aztec "empire" was honeycombed with dissension, and that the subject peoples were burdened with tribute and filled with hatred for Montezuma, the native ruler at the city of Mexico. He therefore assumed the rôle of deliverer, and the Indians rallied to his standard. At Cempoalla he connived at a revolt against Montezuma's tax gatherers. Scuttling his ships and thus cutting off all chance for retreat, in August he set out for Mexico. His march was a succession of audacious deeds. At Cempoalla he threw down heathen idols and imprisoned the chiefs. At Tlascala he was attacked by several thousand warriors, but his genius changed them into allies in his train. At Cholula, discovering a conspiracy, he raked the streets with cannon shot and burned the leaders at the stake. In triumph he entered the great pueblo of Tenochtitlán or Mexico. While lodged as a guest of Montezuma in the center of the city, he seized the Aztec ruler and held him prisoner.

.....

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