Оглавление
Hong Meng. Organic Electronics for Electrochromic Materials and Devices
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Organic Electronics for Electrochromic Materials and Devices
Preface
About the Author
1 Introduction. 1.1 General Introduction
1.2 The History of Electrochromic Materials
1.3 The Key Parameters of Electrochromism
1.3.1 Electrochromic Contrast
1.3.2 Switching Time
1.3.3 Coloration Efficiency
1.3.4 Optical Memory
1.3.5 Stability
1.4 Conclusion
References
2 Advances in Polymer Electrolytes for Electrochromic Applications. 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Requirements of Polymer Electrolytes in Electrochromic Applications
2.3 Types of Polymer Electrolytes
2.3.1 Gel Polymer Electrolytes (GPEs)
2.3.1.1 PEO‐/PEG‐Based Electrolytes
2.3.1.2 PMMA‐Based Polymer Electrolytes
2.3.1.3 PVDF‐Based Polymer Electrolytes
2.3.2 Self‐Healing Polymer Electrolytes
2.3.3 Cross‐linking Polymer Electrolytes (CPEs)
2.3.4 Ceramic Polymer Electrolytes
2.3.5 Ionic Liquid Polymer Electrolytes
2.3.6 Gelatin‐Based Polymer Electrolytes
2.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
3 Electrochromic Small Molecules. 3.1 Background of Small Molecule Electrochromic
3.2 Technology Development of Small Molecule Electrochromic Materials
3.3 Violene–Cyanine Hybrids (AIE PL OEC)
3.4 Terephthalate Derivatives (Multicolor OEC)
3.4.1 Conclusion
3.5 Isophthalate Derivatives
3.5.1 Conclusion
3.6 Methyl Ketone Derivatives
3.6.1 Conclusion
3.7 Diphenylacetylenes
3.8 Fluoran Dye Derivatives
3.9 PH‐Responsive Molecule Derivatives
3.10 TPA Dye Derivatives
3.11 Hydrocarbon Derivatives‐NIR‐OEC
3.12 Conclusions and Perspective
References
4 Viologen OEC. 4.1 The Introduction of OEC and Viologen. 4.1.1 General Introduction
4.1.2 Research History of Viologen
4.1.2.1 First Stage (1930s–1970s)
4.1.2.2 Second Stage (1970s–2000s)
4.1.2.3 Third Stage (2000s–2010s)
4.1.2.4 Fourth Stage (2010s–Present)
4.1.3 Electrochromism and Electrochemistry of Viologens and Their Device
4.2 Different Structures of Viologen‐Based Electrochromic Materials. 4.2.1 Synthesis of Viologens
4.2.1.1 Direct Substitution Reaction
4.2.1.2 Zincke Reaction
4.2.1.3 Methods for Synthesizing Bipyridine
4.2.2 The 1,1′‐Substituted Viologen. 4.2.2.1 Simple Alkyl
4.2.2.2 Acid Group
4.2.2.3 Ester and Nitrogen Heterocycle
4.2.2.4 Asymmetric Substitution
4.2.3 Conjugate Ring System Expansion. 4.2.3.1 Thiazolothiazole (TTz) Unit
4.2.3.2 Perylenediimide (PDI) Unit
4.2.3.3 PBEDOTPh
4.2.3.4 Heteroatoms Bridged
4.2.3.5 Bithiophene Bridged
4.2.4 Viologen‐Based Polymer
4.2.4.1 Viologen in the Side Chain
4.2.4.2 Viologen in the Main Chain
4.3 Viologen Electrochromic Device. 4.3.1 Device Structure. 4.3.1.1 Five‐Layer Classic Structure
4.3.1.2 Simple Sandwich Structure
4.3.1.3 Cathodic Anode Separation Structure
4.3.1.4 Reflective Device Structure
4.3.2 Electrolyte
4.3.3 Redox Mediator
4.3.4 Conductive Medium
4.3.5 Problems with Viologen Compound
4.3.5.1 Dimerization
4.3.5.2 Aggregation and Solubility
4.3.5.3 Response Time
4.3.5.4 Driving Voltage
4.3.5.5 Conclusion
4.3.6 Examples of Viologen‐Based ECD
4.4 Companies Operating in the Field of Viologen Electrochromism. 4.4.1 Gentex
4.4.2 Essilor
4.4.3 Haoruo
4.5 Conclusion
References
5 Metallohexacyanates. 5.1 Background
5.2 Technology Development of PB
5.3 Crystal Structure
5.4 Electrochromic Mechanism
5.5 Synthesis
5.6 Electrochromic Devices (ECDs)
5.7 Nanocomposites
5.8 PB Analogs
5.9 Multifunctional Applications
References
6 Electrochromic Conjugated Polymers (ECPs) 6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Common Categories and Operation Mechanism
6.1.2 Synthetic Methods
6.2 Thiophene‐Based Conjugated Electrochromic Polymers. 6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Color‐Tuning Strategies for Thiophene‐Based Polymers
6.2.2.1 Steric Effects
6.2.2.2 Substituent and Electronic Effects
6.2.3 Typical Colored Polymers
6.2.3.1 Yellow and Orange
6.2.3.2 Red
6.2.3.3 Magenta and Purple
6.2.3.4 Black
6.2.3.5 Multicolored
6.2.3.6 Anodically Coloring Polymers
6.2.4 Water‐ or “Green Solvents”‐Soluble ECPs
6.3 Polypyrroles‐Based Conjugated Electrochromic Polymers. 6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.2 Electrochromic Properties of Polypyrroles (PPy)
6.3.3 Tuning of Electrochromic Properties of Polypyrrole (PPy)
6.3.3.1 Structural Modification. N‐Substituted Polypyrroles
6.3.3.2 3‐ and 3,4‐Substituted Polypyrroles
6.3.3.3 Donor–Acceptor Approach
6.3.3.4 Terarylene Systems
6.4 Polycarbazole‐Based Conjugated Electrochromic Polymers. 6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 Electrochromic Properties of Polycarbazoles (PCARB)
6.4.3 Electrochromic Properties of Polycarbazoles Derivatives
6.4.3.1 Linear Polycarbazole Derivatives
6.4.3.2 Cross‐Linked Polycarbazoles Derivatives
References
7 TA‐Based Electrochromic Polyimides and Polyamides. 7.1 Introduction. 7.1.1 Aromatic Polyimides and Polyamides
7.1.2 Triarylamine‐Based Aromatic Polymers
7.1.3 Electrochemical and Electrochromic Behaviors of MV Triarylamine Systems
7.2 Development of TA‐Based Electrochromic Polyimides and Polyamides
7.2.1 Side Group Engineering. 7.2.1.1 Introduction of Protecting Groups
7.2.1.2 Introduction of Electroactive Groups to Achieve Color Tuning of EC Material
7.2.1.3 Introduction of Side Groups to Achieve Electrofluorochromic Materials
7.2.1.4 Introduction of Other Functional Side Groups to Achieve Multiple Functions EC Material
7.2.2 Backbone Modulation. 7.2.2.1 Extending the Polymer Backbone by Introducing More Electroactive Groups
7.2.2.2 Introduction of Amide Linkage into Polyimide Backbone
7.2.2.3 Introduction of Ether Linkage into PIs/PAs Backbone
7.2.2.4 Introduction of Alicyclic Structures into PIs/PAs Backbone
7.3 Conclusions
References
8 Metallo‐Supermolecular Polymers. 8.1 Introduction
8.2 Single Metallic System. 8.2.1 Fe(II)‐ and Ru(II)‐Based Metallo‐Supramolecular Polymers
8.2.2 CoII‐Based Metallo‐Supramolecular Polymers
8.2.3 ZnII‐Based Metallo‐Supramolecular Polymers
8.2.4 Cu‐Based Metallo‐Supramolecular Polymers
8.2.5 EuIII‐Based Metallo‐Supramolecular Polymers
8.3 Hetero‐Metallic System
8.4 The Fabrication Method of Metallopolymer Film. 8.4.1 Layer‐by‐Layer Self‐Assembly and Dip‐Coating Methods
8.4.2 Electropolymerized Conducting Metallopolymers
8.5 Conclusion
References
9 Metal‐Organic Framework (MOF)‐ and Covalent Organic Framework (COF)‐Based Electrochromism (EC) 9.1 Introduction
9.2 Current Studies in EC MOFs
9.2.1 The Organic Linkers in EC MOFs. 9.2.1.1 NDI‐Based Organic Linkers
9.2.1.2 Other Organic Linkers
9.2.2 The Transport of Electrolyte Ions in EC MOFs
9.2.3 Special EC MOFs. 9.2.3.1 Photochromic and Electrochromic Multi‐Responsive MOF
9.2.3.2 MOF‐Based Double‐Sided EC Device and Other Color‐Switching Mechanisms
9.2.3.3 EC Base on “Guest@MOF” Composite System
9.3 Current Studies in EC COFs
9.4 Conclusion and Prospect
References
10 Nanostructure‐Based Electrochromism. 10.1 Introduction
10.2 Current Studies of Nanostructure in Electrochromism
10.2.1 Non‐Electrochromic Active Materials as a Template for ECs. 10.2.1.1 Photonic Crystals as Templates for ECs
10.2.1.2 Plasmonic Structures as Templates for ECs
10.2.2 Nanostructured Electrochromic Materials in ECs
10.3 Conclusion and Prospect
References
11 Organic Electroluminochromic Materials. 11.1 Introduction
11.2 Conventional Mechanisms of Electroluminochromism
11.2.1 Intrinsic Mechanism
11.2.2 Electron Transfer (ET) Mechanism
11.2.3 Energy Transfer (EnT) Mechanism
11.3 Electroluminochromic Performance Parameters
11.3.1 Emission Contrast
11.3.2 Switching Time
11.3.3 Long‐Term Stability/Cycle Life
11.4 Classical Materials
11.4.1 Small Molecules. 11.4.1.1 Small Molecular Dyads
11.4.1.2 Redox‐Active Moiety and Luminophores System
11.4.1.3 Electroactive Luminophores
11.4.2 Transition Metal Complexes
11.4.3 Polymers
11.4.3.1 Non‐Conjugated Polymers
Poly(amides)
Poly(imides)
11.4.3.2 Conjugated Polymers
Triphenylamine‐based ELC‐conjugated polymers
Fluorene‐based ELC‐conjugated polymers
ProDOT‐based ELC‐conjugated polymers
Carbazole‐based ELC‐conjugated polymers (Figure 11.25)
11.4.4 Nanocomposite Films
11.5 Future Perspectives and Conclusion
References
12 Organic Photoelectrochromic Devices. 12.1 Introduction
12.2 Structure Design of PECDs
12.2.1 Power Supply for PECD
12.2.1.1 DSSC‐Based PECD
Separated‐type PECD
Combined‐type PECD
Partly covered‐type PECD
Other PECD
12.2.1.2 PSC‐Based PECD
12.2.1.3 OPV‐Based PECD
12.2.2 Electrochromic Materials in PECD
12.2.2.1 Small Molecule
12.2.2.2 Conducting Polymers. Poly(thiophene)s
Polyaniline (PANI)
Poly(pyrrole)s (Ppys)
12.2.2.3 Near‐Infrared (NIR) Electrochromic Materials
12.2.3 Electrolytes in PECD
12.2.4 Substrates in PECD
12.3 Future Perspectives and Conclusion
References
13 Application of OEC Devices
13.1 Smart Window
13.1.1 The Structure and Working Mechanism of Smart Windows
13.1.2 The Materials for Electrochromic Windows
13.1.3 Prospects
13.2 Dimmable Rearview Mirror
13.3 Sensors. 13.3.1 Application of Electrochromic Sensors on Food Preservation
13.3.2 Application in Bio‐Sensing
13.4 The Application of Electrochromic Device in Display
13.5 Other Applications of OEC
References
14 Commercialized OEC Materials and Related Analysis of Company Patents. 14.1 General Introduction
14.2 Gentex Corporation
14.3 Ricoh Company, Ltd
14.4 Canon Inc
14.5 BOE Technology Group Co., Ltd. and OPPO Guangdong Mobile Communications Co., Ltd
14.6 Other Important Enterprises
14.6.1 Ninbo Ninuo Electronic Technology Co., Ltd
14.6.2 Ambilight Inc
14.6.3 Furcifer Inc
14.6.4 Changzhou Spectrum New Material Co. Ltd
14.7 Conclusion
References
15 Main Challenges for the Commercialization of OEC. 15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Long‐Term Stability of OEC Materials
15.3 The Mechanical Stability of OEC Devices (Encapsulation Technology)
15.4 Large‐Area Process Technology: Spray Coating and Roll‐to‐Roll Processes
15.4.1 Inkjet Printing
15.4.2 Spray Coating
15.4.3 Slot‐Die Coating
15.4.4 Screen Printing
15.5 Conclusions and Perspective
References
Index. a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
z
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
