Оглавление
Howard B. Rockman. Intellectual Property Law for Engineers, Scientists, and Entrepreneurs
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Intellectual Property Law for Engineers, Scientists, and Entrepreneurs
Foreword
Foreword to the First Edition
Preface. THE PROPER PERSPECTIVE—A FABLE
OVERTURE
Acknowledgments
Top Ten List of Intellectual Property Protection
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Eli Whitney. THE COTTON GIN
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Charles Babbage. THE DIFFERENCE ENGINE
1 Overview of Intellectual Property Law. 1.1 DEFINING “INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY”
1.2 SPECIFIC INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY VEHICLES. 1.2.1 Patents
1.2.2 Trademarks and Service Marks
1.2.3 Copyrights
1.2.4 Trade Secrets
1.2.5 Mask Works for Semiconductors
1.3 WHICH FORM OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION TO USE?
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Frank J. Sprague. THE ELECTRIC STREETCAR
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Mary Anderson. WINDSHIELD WIPER BLADE
2 Brief Overview of the Law. 2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAW AND LEGAL PRINCIPLES
2.3 DIVINE LAWS
2.4 THE FOUR TYPES OF LAW. 2.4.1 Constitutional Law
2.4.2 Statutory Law
2.4.3 Common Law
2.4.4 Business Custom
2.5 CIVIL LAW SYSTEMS
2.6 ENFORCEMENT OF LAWS
2.7 CHANGES IN THE LAW
2.8 EQUITY
2.9 U.S. COURTS, STATE AND FEDERAL
2.10 THE FEDERAL COURT SYSTEM. 2.10.1 The Supreme Court
2.10.2 Courts of Appeals
2.10.3 District Courts
2.11 STATE COURTS
2.12 JURISDICTION
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Charles Goodyear. VULCANIZATION OF RUBBER
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. John Boyd Dunlop. PNEUMATIC VEHICLE TIRES
3. Introduction to Patents. 3.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF PATENT PROTECTION. 3.1.1 Early European Patent Custom
3.1.2 The British Patent System
3.1.3 The U.S. Constitution and the Development of the Present U.S. Patent Examination System. 3.1.3.1 Origin and Early Development of Patent Law in the United States
3.1.3.2 Initial U.S. Patent Laws
3.1.3.3 Inventions, Not Discoveries
3.1.3.4 Importance of Disclosure of the Invention
3.1.3.5 Present Patent Law, Rules, and Guides
3.2 TYPES OF PATENT COVERAGE. 3.2.1 What Is a Patent?
3.2.2 Article or Apparatus Patents
3.2.3 Method or Process Patents
3.2.4 Design Patents
3.2.5 Plant Patents
3.2.6 New Technologies
3.3 HOW TO DETERMINE WHAT TO PATENT AND WHAT NOT TO PATENT. 3.3.1 Broadly, What Can and Cannot Be Patented Under the Law
3.3.2 From a Business Standpoint, What Should Be Patented
3.4 BROADLY, WHAT DATA GOES INTO A PATENT. 3.4.1 Describing the Background and Essential Elements of the Invention
3.4.2 Claiming the Invention
3.5 WHAT A PATENT IS NOT
3.6 INVENTIONS RELATING TO ATOMIC WEAPONS
3.7 THE U.S. GOVERNMENT’S RIGHT TO PRACTICE YOUR PATENTED INVENTION
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. George Westinghouse. STEAM‐POWER BRAKE DEVICES AND ALTERNATING CURRENT
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Gideon Sundback. ZIPPER
4 Introductory Comments on Patentable Subject Matter and Utility. 4.1 WHAT CONSTITUTES PATENTABLE SUBJECT MATTER? 4.1.1 Categories of Patentable Subject Matter
4.1.2 The Invention Must Be Useful and Work for Its Intended Purpose
4.1.3 The Invention Must Be Novel Compared to the Prior Art
4.1.4 The Invention Must Be Non‐Obvious as Compared to the Prior Art
4.1.5 The True Inventors Must Be Named
4.1.6 Brief Commentary on Notable Recent Developments Attempting to Determine Patentable Subject Matter
4.2 UTILITY — THE INVENTION MUST BE USEFUL
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. John Deere. HORSE‐DRAWN PLOW
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Erastus Brigham Bigelow. POWERED CARPET‐MAKING LOOMS
5 Novelty—The Invention Must Be New. 5.1 STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS
5.1.1 Time Limits for Filing a Patent Application
5.1.2 Prior Art Activities of the Inventor and Others That Can Defeat Patent Rights
5.1.3 Prior Publications, U.S. and Foreign, as Prior Art
5.2 PRELIMINARY COMMENTS ON PROTECTING FOREIGN PATENT RIGHTS
5.3 ADDITIONAL COMMENTS ON EXPERIMENTAL USE VERSUS ACTUAL USE OF THE INVENTION
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Alfred Nobel. DYNAMITE
6 Requirement of Non‐Obviousness for Patentability. 6.1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE STANDARD OF NON‐OBVIOUSNESS
6.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
6.3 SUPREME COURT CASES PREDATING THE 1952 PATENT LAW SECTION 103 NON‐OBVIOUSNESS TEST
6.3.1 Hotchkiss v. Greenwood, Supreme Court, 1850
6.3.2 Atlantic Works v. Brady, Supreme Court, 1882
6.3.3 Goodyear Rubber and Tire Company v. Ray‐O‐Vac Company, Supreme Court, 1944
6.3.4 Cuno Engineering Corporation v. Automatic Devices Corporation, Supreme Court, 1941
6.3.5 The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company v. Supermarket Equipment Corporation, Supreme Court, 1950
6.4 THE 1952 PATENT STATUTE AND THE CASE OF GRAHAM V. JOHN DEERE COMPANY (1966)
6.5 THE 2007 U.S. SUPREME COURT CASE OF KSR V. TELEFLEX
6.6 ILLUSTRATIVE NON‐OBVIOUSNESS ANALYSIS
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Louis Pasteur. PASTEURIZATION PROCESS
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Elisha Otis. SAFETY ELEVATOR
7 The Patenting Process. 7.1 WHO MAY OBTAIN A PATENT: INVENTORSHIP AND OWNERSHIP OF PATENT RIGHTS
7.2 PROPER DOCUMENTATION OF THE INVENTION
7.2.1 Conception
7.2.2 Reduction to Practice
7.2.3 Witnesses
7.3 THE INVENTION DISCLOSURE, AND THE INVENTION DISCLOSURE MEETING. 7.3.1 Preparation of a Complete Description of the Structure and Function of the Invention, How the Invention Operates, and What Advantageous Results Are Obtained by the Invention
7.3.2 Disclosing the Best Mode of the Invention
7.3.3 Dates of First Public Disclosure, If Any, and What Was Disclosed
7.3.4 Advantages of the Invention Over Known Devices/Processes
7.3.5 What Prior Art the Inventor is Aware of for Disclosure to the Patent Examiner
7.4 ADDITIONAL MATTERS DISCUSSED DURING THE INVENTION DISCLOSURE MEETING BETWEEN THE INVENTOR AND THE PATENT PROFESSIONAL. 7.4.1 Confidentiality of the Meeting
7.4.2 Does the Invention Qualify for Patent Protection
7.4.3 Preliminary Novelty Inquiry
7.4.4 Determining the Date of Invention
7.4.5 Will the Invention Work as Claimed by the Inventor?
7.4.6 A Brief Comment Regarding Foreign Patent Rights
7.4.7 What the Prior Art Lacks
7.4.8 Inventor’s Initial Concept of Novel Features
7.4.9 Non‐Obviousness
7.4.10 Enablement
7.4.11 The Best Mode Requirement
7.5 INVENTION DISCLOSURE FORM
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Alexander Graham Bell. TELEPHONE
8 The Patentability Search, Freedom‐To‐Use Search, and Other Searches
8.1 SEARCHING THE CONTENT OF THE PRIOR ART TO DETERMINE PATENTABILITY OF THE INVENTION
8.2 PATENTABILTY SEARCH PARAMETERS
8.3 ADDITIONAL TYPES OF SEARCHES
8.3.1 The Freedom‐to‐Use Search
8.3.2 State‐of‐the‐Art Search
8.3.3 Right‐to‐Use Search
8.4 DATABASE SEARCHES
8.5 U.S. PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE PATENT CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Thomas Alva Edison. THE LIGHT BULB
9 The Patent Application. 9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 REGISTRATION SYSTEM EVOLVING INTO AN EXAMINATION SYSTEM
9.3 GOAL OF A PROPERLY PREPARED PATENT APPLICATION
9.4 PROVISIONAL PATENT APPLICATIONS
9.5 REGULAR, NON‐PROVISIONAL PATENT APPLICATION; NO NEW MATTER
9.6 CONTENT OF A REGULAR NON‐PROVISIONAL PATENT APPLICATION
9.6.1 Title of the Invention
9.6.2 Cross‐Reference to Other Applications
9.6.3 Background of the Invention. 9.6.3.1 Definition of the Field of the Invention
9.6.3.2 Brief Description of the Problems That Exist in the Prior Art That the Invention is Directed Toward Solving
9.6.3.3 The Results, Objectives‚ and Advantages of the Invention Not Achieved by the Prior Art
9.6.4 Brief Summary of the Important Elements of the Invention
9.6.5 Brief Description of the Drawings That Illustrate the Invention
9.6.6 Detailed Description of the Illustrated Embodiment of the Invention
9.6.7 Claims Distinctly and Precisely Pointing Out the Definition of the Invention
9.6.8 The Abstract
9.7 YOUR REVIEW OF THE PATENT APPLICATION
9.8 EXECUTION OF THE DECLARATION, POWER OF ATTORNEY, AND ASSIGNMENT UPON COMPLETION OF THE PATENT APPLICATION
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. George Eastman. PRACTICAL PHOTOGRAPHY
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Emile Berliner. DISC SOUND RECORDING
10 Claims of a Patent Application. 10.1 INTRODUCTION TO PATENT CLAIMS
10.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PATENT CLAIMS
10.2.1 Court Decisions
10.2.2 1836 Patent Law
10.3 WHAT CLAIMS ARE
10.4 YOUR REVIEW OF THE CLAIMS OF YOUR PATENT APPLICATION
10.5 DISTINGUISHING DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLAIMS
10.6 MORE ON METHOD OR PROCESS CLAIMS
10.7 COMPOSITION OF MATTER CLAIMS
10.8 DESIGN PATENT CLAIM
10.9 DEPENDENT CLAIMS
10.10 HOW TO READ AND UNDERSTAND PATENT CLAIMS DRAFTED BY YOUR PATENT ATTORNEY
10.10.1 Preamble
10.10.2 Transition Phrase
10.10.3 The Body of the Claim. 10.10.3.1 Elements
10.10.3.2 Functional Relationship of the Elements
10.10.3.3 Results Should Not Be Included in the Body of a Claim
10.10.3.4 The Two Dependent Claims of the Example
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Ottmar Mergenthaler. THE LINOTYPE® HOT‐TYPE COMPOSING MACHINE
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Theodore Maiman and Gordon Gould. LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION (LASER)
11 Examination and Prosecution of a Patent Application. 11.1 U.S. PATENT EXAMINATION PROCESS
11.2 THE PATENT EXAMINATION SYSTEM—A LITTLE MORE HISTORY
11.3 FILING THE PATENT APPLICATION WITH THE USPTO
11.4 EXAMINATION OF THE PATENT APPLICATION
11.5 RESULTS OF THE EXAMINATION—THE “OFFICE ACTION”
11.6 YOU AND YOUR ATTORNEY’S RESPONSE TO THE OFFICE ACTION
11.7 FURTHER PATENT PROSECUTION
11.8 GRANTING THE PATENT
11.9 INFRINGEMENT DURING EXAMINATION OF THE PATENT APPLICATION
11.10 ADDITIONAL PROBABLE PATENT PROSECUTION EVENTS. 11.10.1 Continuation Patent Applications and the Request for Continuing Examination
11.10.2 Continuation‐in‐Part Patent Applications
11.10.3 Divisional Patent Applications
11.11 RE‐EXAMINATION OF AN ISSUED PATENT BY THE APPLICANT, THE INFRINGER, OR THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS
11.12 RE‐ISSUE PATENTS
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Nicolaus Otto. THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Rudolf Diesel. THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
12 Design Patents. 12.1 COVERAGE OF DESIGN PATENTS
12.2 THE DESIGN PATENT APPLICATION
12.3 INFRINGEMENT OF A DESIGN PATENT
12.4 IMPORTANCE OF DESIGN PATENTS
12.5 EXAMPLES OF DESIGN PATENTS
12.6 DESIGN PATENTS ON COMPUTER SCREEN ICONS
12.7 DESIGN PATENTS CONTRASTED WITH COPYRIGHTS
12.8 DAMAGES FOR DESIGN PATENT INFRINGEMENT
12.9 THE HAGUE AGREEMENT CONCERNING THE INTERNATIONAL DEPOSIT OF INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS (THE HAGUE SYSTEM)
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Nikola Tesla. AC INDUCTION MOTOR AND RADIO
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Clarence Birdseye. FROZEN FOOD
13. Protection of Computer‐Related Inventions. 13.1 INTRODUCTION
13.2 THE TORTUROUS PATH THROUGH THE COURTS
13.2.1 Gottschalk v. Benson, 1972
13.2.2 Parker v. Flook, 1978
13.2.3 Diamond v. Diehr, 1981
13.2.4 Arrhythmia v. Corazonix, 1992
13.2.5 In re: Alappat, 1994
13.2.6 The 1996 USPTO Guidelines
13.2.7 The 1998 State Street Case
13.2.8 The “Mathematical Algorithm” Exception Analysis of State Street
13.3 RECENT COURT DECISIONS AND USPTO GUIDELINES ATTEMPTING TO DEFINE PATENT‐ELIGIBLE SUBJECT MATTER REGARDING COMPUTER‐RELATED INVENTIONS. 13.3.1 Bilski v. Kappos
13.3.2 Alice Corp. Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank
13.3.3 CAFC Decisions Subsequent to Alice v. CLS Bank
13.3.4 Additional Exemplary Comments Regarding Patent‐Eligible Subject Matter and Computer‐Related Inventions
13.4 THE USPTO EXAMINATION PROCESS TO DETERMINE SUBJECT MATTER ELIGIBILITY OF A COMPUTER‐RELATED INVENTION
13.5 RECOMMENDED STEPS TO OBTAIN PROPER PROTECTION OF COMPUTER‐RELATED INVENTIONS
13.5.1 How to Prepare a Proper Patent Application Covering a Computer‐Related Invention. 13.5.1.1 Specification
13.5.1.1.1 Adequate Written Description
13.5.1.1.2 Enabling Disclosure
13.5.1.2 Claims
13.5.1.3 Determination of Whether a Computer‐Related Invention Defines Patent‐Eligible Subject Matter Under Patent Laws
13.5.1.4 Functional Descriptive Material: “Data Structures” Representing Descriptive Material per se or Computer Programs Representing Computer Listings per se
13.5.1.5 Non‐Functional Descriptive Material
13.5.1.6 Natural Phenomena Such as Electricity and Magnetism
13.6 STATUTORY SUBJECT MATTER. 13.6.1 Types of Claimed Subject Matter
13.6.2 Independent Physical Acts, or Post‐Computer‐Process Activity
13.6.3 Manipulation of Data Representing Physical Objects or Activities; Pre‐Computer‐Process Activity
13.6.4 Computer‐Related Processes Limited to a Practical Application in the Technological Arts
13.7 THE COMPUTER‐RELATED INVENTION MUST STILL BE NOVEL AND NON‐OBVIOUS
13.8 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND A SUFFICIENT DISCLOSURE
13.8.1 What Constitutes an Adequate Disclosure in Computer Programming Patent Applications
13.8.1.1 Block Elements More Comprehensive Than a Computer
13.8.1.2 Block Elements Within a Computer
13.8.2 Affidavit or Declaration Practice
13.8.3 Referencing Prior Art Documents
13.9 THE PROTECTION OF SOFTWARE THROUGH CONTRACTS
13.10 PATENT ELIGIBILITY OF SOFTWARE AND COMPUTER‐RELATED INVENTIONS IN EUROPE. 13.10.1 Introduction
13.10.2 The EPO Examination Approach to Computer‐Related Inventions
13.10.3 Acceptable Claims for Software Inventions at the EPO
13.10.4 Software and Computer‐Related Inventions and Patent Eligibility in the UK
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Hedy Lamarr. SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNOLOGY
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Herman Hollerith. TABULATING MACHINE
14* Biotechnology Inventions. 14.1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY
14.2 HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY PATENT PROTECTION
14.3 PATENT‐ELIGIBLE SUBJECT MATTER AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
14.4 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND THE WRITTEN DESCRIPTION REQUIREMENT
14.5 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND PATENT EXHAUSTION
14.6 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GOVERNMENT REGULATION
14.7 PHARMACEUTICAL PATENT STRATEGIES
14.8 MEDICAL PROCEDURES
Note
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins. DISCOVERY OF THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF DNA
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Stanley N. Cohen and Herbert W. Boyer. RECOMBINANT‐DNA (rDNA)*
Note
15. The Patenting of Business Methods. 15.1 THE EVOLUTION OF PATENTS FOR METHODS OF DOING BUSINESS
15.2 THE STATE STREET CASE
15.3 THE BILSKI CASE
15.4 WHAT IS A BUSINESS METHOD INVENTION?
15.5 THE USPTO GUIDELINES
15.6 RECOMMENDATIONS
15.7 UNDERSTANDING A SAMPLE BUSINESS METHOD PATENT CLAIM
15.8 THE COVERED BUSINESS METHOD REVIEW
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Yvonne Brill. SATELLITE PROPULSION SYSTEM
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Luther Burbank. PLANT BREEDING
16 Foreign Patent Protection. 16.1 INTRODUCTION
16.2 THE TRADITIONAL SYSTEM OF OBTAINING FOREIGN PATENTS
16.3 THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT)
16.3.1 The Broad Provisions of the PCT
16.3.2 Options for Obtaining Foreign Patent Protection
16.3.3 The PCT, or International, Patent Application
16.3.4 The International Search Report and Opinion
16.3.5 The National Phase of the PCT
16.4 NATIONAL PATENT LAWS AND THE PCT: DIFFERENCES AND ALTERATIONS
16.5 THE EPC
16.6 THE EUROPEAN UNITARY PATENT AND UNIFIED PATENT COURT
16.7 PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN A U.S. PATENT ATTORNEY AND A FOREIGN NON‐ATTORNEY PATENT AGENT
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Wilbur and Orville Wright. CONTROLLED POWERED FLIGHT
17 Enforcement of the Patent Right. 17.1 THE PATENT CLEARANCE PROCESS
17.1.1 The Freedom‐to‐Use Search and the Non‐Infringement Opinion Letter
17.1.2 The “Right‐to‐Use” or “Knock‐Out” Search
17.2 THE ATTEMPT TO DESIGN AROUND THE CLAIMS OF A PATENT: MOST INFRINGERS DO NOT SLAVISHLY COPY THE PATENTED INVENTION
17.3 LITERAL INFRINGEMENT OF A PATENT CLAIM
17.4 THE “DOCTRINE OF EQUIVALENTS” WHERE THE CLAIM IS NOT LITERALLY INFRINGED. 17.4.1 How the Doctrine of Equivalents Works
17.4.2 Limits on the Doctrine of Equivalents
17.5 DEFENSES TO A CHARGE OF INFRINGEMENT. 17.5.1 Non‐Infringement
17.5.2 Patent Invalidity
17.5.3 Unenforceability of the Patent
17.6 PENALTIES AND DAMAGES FOR PATENT INFRINGEMENT
17.7 MARKING THE PATENTED PRODUCT WITH THE PATENT NUMBER
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Robert Goddard. ROCKET PROPULSION AND CONTROL
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. C. Donald Bateman. GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING SYSTEM
18 The America Invents Act of 2011. 18.1 FIRST TO FILE AND THE DEFINITION OF “PRIOR ART”
18.2 THE NARROWED GRACE PERIOD
18.3 DISCLOSING THE BEST MODE OF THE INVENTION
18.4 PRIOR USER DEFENSE IN ENFORCEMENT PROCEEDINGS
18.5 PATENT MARKING
18.6 FILING A PATENT APPLICATION IN THE NAME OF THE ASSIGNEE
18.7 PRIORITY EXAMINATION FOR IMPORTANT TECHNOLOGIES
18.8 THIRD‐PARTY CHALLENGES TO PATENT RIGHTS
18.8.1 Pre‐Grant Submissions
18.8.2 Post‐Grant Submissions
18.8.3 Post‐Grant Reviews
18.9 INTER‐PARTES REVIEW OF AN ISSUED PATENT
18.10 SUPPLEMENTAL EXAMINATION
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Charles Kettering. AUTOMOTIVE SELF‐STARTER
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Calvin Souther Fuller, Gerald Pearson and Daryl Chapin. EFFICIENT SOLAR CELLS
19 Ownership and Transfer of Patent Rights
19.1 INVENTORSHIP, OWNERSHIP, AND ASSIGNMENT OF PATENT RIGHTS
19.1.1 The Patent Right as an Asset
19.1.2 Initial Ownership of the Patent Right
19.1.3 Shop Rights
19.2 PATENT LICENSING
19.2.1 The Difference Between a Patent Assignment and License
19.2.2 When To Think “License”
19.2.3 Developing an Initial Relationship with a Licensee
19.2.4 The Selection of an Appropriate Licensee
19.2.5 Primary License Negotiation and Agreement Considerations
19.2.5.1 Exclusivity Or Non‐Exclusivity In The Covered Territory
19.2.5.2 Advance Against Royalties at Signing
19.2.5.3 Royalty Rate As Quid Pro Quo for the Grant of the License
19.2.5.4 To What Is the Royalty Rate Applied
19.2.5.5 Minimum Royalty Payments
19.2.5.6 Sales Goals or Minimum Production Goals
19.2.5.7 Territorial Extent of The License
19.2.6 Additional License Considerations
19.2.6.1 The Time and Form of Payment
19.2.6.2 Who Enforces the Patent Against Infringers
19.2.6.3 Defense of the Licensed Product Against a Charge of Infringement of a Third Party Patent
19.2.6.4 Term of the License
19.2.6.5 Indemnification
19.2.6.6 Acts Causing Termination of the License
19.2.6.7 Confidentiality
19.2.6.8 Grant Back Clauses
19.3 CONCLUSIONS
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Philo Farnsworth. THE INVENTION OF TELEVISION
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Robert Adler. ULTRASOUND TELEVISION REMOTE CONTROL
20 How to Read and Obtain Information from a Modern U.S. Patent. 20.1 THE INFORMATION PAGE
20.2 THE DRAWINGS
20.3 THE SPECIFICATION
20.4 CLAIMS
20.5 CAVEAT
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Willis Haviland Carrier. AIR‐CONDITIONING
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Ivan A. Getting, Roger L. Easton, Sr. and Bradford Parkinson. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)
21 Employment Contracts and Non‐Compete Restrictions. 21.1 EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT PROVISIONS RELATING TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
21.2 OWNERSHIP OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. 21.2.1 Inventions
21.2.2 Copyrightable Works of Creative Authorship
21.3 CONFIDENTIALITY AGREEMENTS OR NONDISCLOSURE AGREEMENTS
21.4 OUTSIDE INFORMATION RECEIVED BY THE EMPLOYEE OR EMPLOYER
21.5 NON‐COMPETE PROVISIONS
21.6 ENFORCEABILITY OF A NON‐COMPETE AGREEMENT
21.7 INEVITABLE DISCLOSURE
21.8 FORM AGREEMENTS
21.9 CONSULTANTS
SAMPLE EMPLOYEE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AGREEMENT
SAMPLE MUTUAL CONFIDENTIALITY AND NONDISCLOSURE AGREEMENT
SAMPLE CONFIDENTIAL DISCLOSURE AND NON‐USE AGREEMENT (LONG FORM)
SAMPLE CONFIDENTIAL DISCLOSURE AND NON‐USE AGREEMENT (SHORT FORM)
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Grace Hopper. COBOL COMPUTER LANGUAGE
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE
22 The Engineer and Scientist as Expert Witness. 22.1 THE ROLE OF AN EXPERT WITNESS
22.1.1 Need for Experts
22.1.2 The Standard for Admissibility of Expert Testimony—The Daubert Decision
22.1.3 Expert Assistance by Engineers and Scientists in Complex Litigation
22.1.3.1 Advice and Consultation
22.1.3.2 Trial Assistance
22.1.3.3 Opinion Testimony
22.1.4 Expert Report and Deposition
22.1.5 Deciding Whether You Can Provide the Requisite Expert Assistance
22.1.6 Expert Witness Fees
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley. THE TRANSISTOR
23 Ethics. 23.1 THE PROFESSIONS
23.2 PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES
23.3 CODES OF ETHICS
23.4 BRIEF COMMENTS REGARDING THE NSPE CODE OF ETHICS FOR ENGINEERS
23.5 COMPARING THE LAW AND ETHICS
23.6 ETHICAL DILEMMAS
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce. MINIATURIZED INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
24 Copyrights as a Vehicle for Technology Protection. 24.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF COPYRIGHT LAW. 24.1.1 Pre‐U.S. Constitution English Law
24.1.2 U.S. Constitution and Statutes
24.2 THE NATURE OF COPYRIGHTS. 24.2.1 What a Copyright Is, and Is Not
24.2.2 Intangible Rights in a Work Embodied in a Tangible Medium of Expression
24.2.3 Moral Rights
24.2.4 Protecting the Balance Between the Public and the Author
24.2.5 Requirements of Copyrightable Subject Matter
24.3 EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS OF COPYRIGHT
24.4 FAIR USE
24.5 INFRINGEMENT OF A COPYRIGHT
24.6 NOTICE
24.7 COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION AND ITS IMPORTANCE
24.8 THE DURATION OF INTANGIBLE RIGHTS OF COPYRIGHT
24.9 WORKS MADE FOR HIRE
24.10 COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION FOR COMPUTER PROGRAMS
24.10.1 Protecting Computer Programs That Do Not Contain Trade Secrets
24.10.2 Computer Programs Containing Trade Secrets
24.10.2.1 Entirely New Computer Programs
24.10.2.2 Revised Computer Programs
24.10.3 Screen Displays
24.10.4 Special Rules for Copyrighting Software
24.10.5 Patent, Copyright, and Trade Secret Protection of Computer Software
24.10.6 Contracts and “Shrink‐Wrap” and “Click” Licenses
24.11 COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION FOR AUTOMATED DATABASES
24.12 COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION FOR ONLINE WORKS
24.12.1 Revisions and Updates
24.12.2 Databases
24.12.3 Serials and Newsletters
24.13 ARCHITECTURAL WORKS. 24.13.1 The AWCPA
24.13.2 Avoiding Infringement of Architectural Copyrights
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Federico Faggin, Marcian Hoff, and Stanley Mazor. SINGLE‐CHIP CPU
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Josephine Cochrane. AUTOMATIC DISHWASHER
25. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (DMCA)—An Overview. 25.1 PURPOSE OF THE DMCA
25.2 THE GENERAL PROVISIONS OF THE DMCA
25.3 CIRCUMVENTION OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROTECTION MEASURES. 25.3.1 General Approach
25.3.2 Exceptions to the Prohibitions
25.3.2.1 The Original Exemptions
25.3.2.2 The Triennial Exemptions to the Circumvention Prohibitions
25.3.2.3 Fair Use, Non‐Infringing Uses, and Anti‐Circumvention
25.4 LIMITATIONS ON COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT LIABILITY FOR ONLINE SERVICE PROVIDERS. 25.4.1 Background
25.4.2 The Notice and Takedown Procedures
25.4.3 Counter DMCA Notification Procedures
25.5 COPYRIGHT MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
25.6 REMEDIES FOR DMCA VIOLATIONS
25.7 EXAMPLE OF POTENTIAL CONFLICT
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Stephen Wozniak. PERSONAL COMPUTERS
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Jaap Haartsen and Sven Mattisson. BLUETOOTH®‐SHORT DISTANCE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
26. Mask Work Protection. 26.1 INTRODUCTION
26.2 THE SEMICONDUCTOR CHIP PROTECTION ACT OF 1984
26.3 MASK WORKS GENERALLY
26.4 SUBJECT MATTER OF MASK WORK PROTECTION
26.5 OWNERSHIP, TRANSFER, AND LICENSING OF THE MASK WORK
26.6 DURATION OF PROTECTION
26.7 RIGHTS OF OWNERSHIP IN A MASK WORK
26.8 LIMITATIONS ON EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS, REVERSE ENGINEERING, AND FIRST SALE
26.9 MASK WORK NOTICE
26.10 INFRINGEMENT OF MASK WORK PROTECTION RIGHTS
26.11 GENERAL COMMENTS ABOUT MASK WORK PROTECTION
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Stephanie Kwolek. KEVLAR®
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Percy Julian. THE SYNTHESIS OF CORTISONE
27. Trade Secrets Protection. 27.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE SECRET LAW
27.2 THE NATURE OF A TRADE SECRET
27.3 THE DEFINITION OF A “TRADE SECRET”
27.4 THE CREATION OF AN ENFORCEABLE TRADE SECRET RIGHT
27.5 EVEN THREATENED TRADE SECRET THEFT CAN BE STOPPED
27.6 CREATING A VIABLE TRADE SECRET PROTECTION PROGRAM
27.7 DAMAGES AND INJUNCTIONS
27.8 CONFIDENCE
27.9 CAN TRADE SECRETS, AFTER USE, BE PATENTED?
Note
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Chester F. Carlson. ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY
28 The Federal Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016. 28.1 INTRODUCTION
28.2 CIVIL SEIZURE
28.2.1 Requirements for Obtaining an Ex Parte Order for Civil Seizure
28.2.2 Elements of the Seizure Order
28.2.3 Protection from Publicity
28.2.4 Materials in Court Custody
28.2.5 Service of the Order
28.2.6 Seizure Hearing
28.2.7 Action for Damages Caused by a Wrongful Seizure
28.2.8 Motion for Encryption
28.3 REMEDIES
28.3.1 Injunctions
28.3.2 Award of Damages
28.3.3 Willful and Malicious Appropriation
28.3.4 Claim of Misappropriation Made in Bad Faith by Plaintiff
28.3.5 Period of Limitations
28.4 RIGHTS OF TRADE SECRET OWNERS
28.5 WHISTLE‐BLOWER PROVISIONS
28.5.1 Use of Trade Secret Information in an Anti‐Retaliation Lawsuit
28.5.2 Notice of Immunity
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Samuel E. Blum, Rangaswamy Srinivasan, and James Wynne. EXCIMER LASER SURGERY (LASIK)
29 Trademarks and Service Marks. 29.1 ORIGINS OF THE PROTECTION OF TRADEMARKS AND SERVICE MARKS
29.2 TRADEMARK SELECTION AND ADOPTION PROCESS
29.2.1 Creating a Trademark
29.2.2 Screening or Narrowing Step
29.2.3 Clearance Process for Determining the Availability of a Trademark for Your Use
29.3 FILING FOR REGISTRATION OF YOUR TRADEMARK
29.4 PROTECTING AND MAINTAINING YOUR TRADEMARK REGISTRATION
29.5 TRADEMARK PROTECTION OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES
29.6 THE MADRID PROTOCOL—THE “INTERNATIONAL” TRADEMARK—AN OVERVIEW
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert. THE ENIAC COMPUTER
30 Cybersquatting. 30.1 WHAT IS CYBERSQUATTING?
30.2 THE UDRP
30.2.1 Administration of the UDRP
30.2.2 Process for A UDRP Claim
30.2.3 UDRP Requirements
30.2.3.1 Identical or Confusingly Similar to a Trademark
30.2.3.2 No Legitimate Interest
30.2.3.3 Bad Faith
30.2.4 Remedies
30.3 THE ANTICYBERSQUATTING CONSUMER PROTECT ACT (ACPA)
30.3.1 Elements of an ACPA Claim
30.3.2 Remedies
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. George de Mestral. HOOK‐AND‐LOOP FASTENER (VELCRO®)
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. John A. Roebling. SUSPENSION BRIDGES
31. Engineering Management and Commercialization of Intellectual Property. 31.1 INTRODUCTION. 31.1.1 The Rapidity of Technological Change
31.1.2 People and Technology Development
31.1.3 Intellectual Property Strategy
31.1.4 Motivations Supporting Innovation. 31.1.4.1 Individual and Organizational Motivations
31.1.4.2 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations
31.1.4.3 Economic Motivation
31.1.4.4 Socio‐Political Motivation
31.1.4.5 Possible Conflict Between Organizational and Individual Motivations
31.1.4.6 Developing Successful Motivations
31.2 INTRODUCTION TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY BUSINESS STRATEGIES
31.3 OBJECTIVES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT
31.4 THE SOLE INVENTOR IN AN ALIEN FIELD
31.5 STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
31.6 DISGORGING PATENTABLE INVENTIONS
31.7 DETERMINING WHAT AND WHAT NOT TO PATENT
31.7.1 Patentability Search Results
31.7.2 Business Factors Determining Whether to Obtain Patent Protection
31.7.2.1 Importance of the Technology
31.7.2.2 Competitive Advantage
31.7.2.3 Enforceability
31.7.2.4 Commercial Value
31.7.2.5 Licensing Value
31.7.2.6 Foreign Markets
31.7.2.7 Defensive Patenting
31.7.2.8 Timing of Public Disclosure of the Invention
31.8 DETERMINING WHO WOULD BE AN APPROPRIATE LICENSEE FOR YOUR INVENTION
31.9 DRAFTING STRATEGIC PATENT CLAIMS
31.10 DETERMINING WHERE TO OBTAIN PATENTS
31.11 DETERMINING OTHER INDUSTRIES THAT MAY BENEFIT FROM A LICENSE
31.12 ENSURING YOUR PRODUCT OR PROCESS DOES NOT VIOLATE THE PATENT RIGHTS OF OTHERS
31.13 POLICING THE MARKET FOR POTENTIAL INFRINGEMENTS OF YOUR PATENTS
31.14 THE ENFORCEMENT OF PROCESS PATENT CLAIMS AGAINST AN IMPORTER OF A FOREIGN‐MADE PRODUCT
31.15 TRIMMING THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY TREE
31.16 ESSAY ON INNOVATION MANAGEMENT
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Les Paul. SOLID BODY ELECTRIC GUITAR
32 “Sue the Bastards”—Business Factors Controlling Intellectual Property Litigation Strategies
32.1 INTRODUCTION TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LITIGATION STRATEGIES AND TACTICS
32.2 THE DAWN OF AN IP RIGHTS INFRINGEMENT LAWSUIT. 32.2.1 Got IP?
32.2.2 A Potential Infringement of Your IP Rights Bubbles to the Surface
32.2.3 Conducting an Audit of Your IP
32.3 LITIGATION CONSIDERATIONS IN IP RIGHTS ENFORCEMENT. 32.3.1 The Pre‐Filing Investigation. 32.3.1.1 Patent Enforcement. 32.3.1.1.1 Infringement Analysis
32.3.1.1.2 Validity and Enforcement Analysis
32.3.1.1.2.1 The Statutory Bars
32.3.1.1.2.2 Disclosure of Known Prior Art During Prosecution of the Patent Application
32.3.1.1.2.3 True Inventorship and Correct Ownership
32.3.1.1.2.4 Updating the Prior Art Search
32.3.1.1.3 Injunction and Damages Analysis
32.3.1.2 Trademark/Service Mark Enforcement
32.3.1.2.1 The Three Legal Avenues For Protection Of Trademarks. 32.3.1.2.1.1 The Federal Lanham Act
32.3.1.2.1.2 The State Trademark Laws
32.3.1.2.1.3 The Common Law
32.3.1.2.1.4 Injunctive Relief
32.3.1.2.2 Ensuring You Have Enforceable Trademark Rights Prior to Filing a Lawsuit Against an Infringer
32.3.1.2.3 The Likelihood of Confusion
32.3.1.2.3.1 Survey Evidence
32.3.1.2.3.2 Actual Confusion
32.3.1.2.3.3 Arguments Establishing a Likelihood of Confusion
32.3.1.3 Copyright Litigation
32.3.1.4 Trade Secret Enforcement. 32.3.1.4.1 Establishing the Existence of a Trade Secret Right
32.3.1.4.2 Proving Acts of Misappropriation
32.3.2 The Benefits Of Litigation v. The Costs
32.3.2.1 Value of Potential Benefits of Litigation
32.3.2.1.1 An Injunction and the Potential Value
32.3.2.1.2 Potential Infringement Damages
32.3.2.1.3 Your Reputation for Aggressive Enforcement of Your IP Rights
32.3.2.1.4 The Possibility of a Licensing Outcome from Litigation
32.3.2.2 Litigation Costs
32.3.2.3 The Disruption to Employees and Normal Business Activities
32.3.2.3.1 The Pre‐Filing Investigation
32.3.2.3.2 Marshaling Information to Furnish to Your Opponent Under the Discovery Rules
32.3.2.3.3 Responding to the Opposition’s Discovery Requests
32.3.2.3.4 Preparation for and Taking Depositions from You and Your Employees
32.3.2.3.5 Preparation for and Testifying at Trial
32.3.2.4 Preventing the Disclosure of Trade Secret, Proprietary, and Confidential Information to Your Competitor or to the Public During Litigation. 32.3.2.4.1 Protective Orders and Court Rules
32.3.2.4.2 Depositions
32.3.2.4.3 Use of Confidential and Highly Confidential Data During Trial
32.3.2.5 Short Notes on Other Litigation Factors
32.3.2.5.1 Start‐Up Business Litigation Concerns
32.3.2.5.2 Licensing as a Litigation Strategy
32.3.2.5.3 Settlement Analysis
32.3.2.5.4 Avoiding IP Litigation—Brief Comments
32.3.2.5.4.1 Patent Infringement Avoidance
32.3.2.5.4.2 Trademark/Service Mark Infringement Avoidance
32.4 CONCLUSION
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Igor Sikorsky. HELICOPTER
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Frank Zamboni. ICE RESURFACER
33. Technology Transfer—Universities, Hospitals, and Research Centers. 33.1 INTRODUCTION
33.2 OWNERSHIP OF INSTITUTION‐DEVELOPED INNOVATIONS
33.2.1 Typical University Ownership Policies and Provisions
33.2.1.1 What Is Owned by the University
33.2.1.2 Copyrights and the Academic Exception
33.2.1.3 Ownership of Intellectual Property Created by University Students
33.3 A TYPICAL UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PROGRAM. 33.3.1 Purpose of the OTM
33.3.2 The Bayh–Dole Act
33.3.3 Sponsored Research
33.3.4 Patent Filing Decisions
33.3.5 Intellectual Property Disclosures/Reports of Research Progress
33.3.6 Screening, Evaluation, and Assessment
33.3.7 Market Assessment
33.3.8 Release by License or Assignment to Inventor
33.3.9 Marketing or Seeking Partners
33.3.10 Marketing and Related Agreements or Pre‐Licensing
33.3.11 Licensing
33.3.12 License Compliance
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Ferdinand von Zeppelin. RIGID AIRSHIPS
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Bernard Silver and Norman Joseph Woodland. OPTICALLY SCANNED BAR CODE
34. International Intellectual Property Creation, Protection, and Enforcement Strategies. 34.1 INTRODUCTION
34.2 IP CREATION STRATEGIES TO MAXIMIZE GLOBAL IP PROTECTION
34.2.1 Investment Sources
34.2.2 Technology Development Location Choices
34.2.3 Product Production Location Choices
34.2.4 Marketing Considerations
34.3 LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING WHERE TO OBTAIN IP PROTECTION. 34.3.1 Legal Concerns
34.3.2 Procedural Concerns
34.4 MARKETING AND BUSINESS CONCERNS
34.4.1 Potential Market Size
34.4.2 Product Life Cycle and Other Factors
34.4.3 Taxes
34.5 NON‐PARIS CONVENTION AND NON‐PCT COUNTRY PATENT PROTECTION
34.6 FILING A PCT PATENT APPLICATION FIRST
34.7 JOINT VENTURE RELATIONSHIPS. 34.7.1 Why Create a Joint Venture
34.7.2 Drawing Investment to the Joint Venture. 34.7.2.1 The Strength of IP Assets
34.7.2.2 Reassuring Investors
34.7.2.3 Technology Licensing
34.7.2.4 IP as a Foundation of Marketing Strategies
34.7.2.5 IP and Buyout Strategies
34.8 FORMING A JOINT VENTURE BASED ON IP
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack. CAT SCANNER
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
35. The Future. 35.1 RATIONAL THOUGHT APPLIED TO PROBLEM SOLVING
35.2 WHAT INVESTORS WILL LOOK FOR IN THE FUTURE RELATIVE TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
35.3 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
35.4 UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
35.5 MASTER OF ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT DEGREES AT U.S. UNIVERSITIES
35.6 CONCLUSION
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Harry Coover. SUPER GLUE®
INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS. Spencer Silver. POST‐IT® NOTES
36. Entrepreneurship Law. 36.1 INTRODUCTION
36.2 TRANSITION FROM EMPLOYEE TO EMPLOYER
36.2.1 Restrictions Emanating from Your Current Employment. 36.2.1.1 During and after Employment
36.2.1.2 Fiduciary Duties
36.2.1.3 Trade Secrets
36.2.1.4 Unfair Competition
36.2.2 Restrictions Arising from an Employment Contract
36.2.2.1 Moonlighting Provisions
36.2.2.2 Non‐Competition and Non‐Solicitation Restrictive Covenants
36.2.2.3 Protection of Intellectual Property and Confidential Information of the Employer
36.3 ORGANIZING THE NEW BUSINESS. 36.3.1 Overview
36.3.1.1 Sole Proprietorship
36.3.1.2 General Partnership
36.3.1.3 Limited Partnership
36.3.1.4 Limited Liability Partnership
36.3.1.5 Corporation
36.3.1.6 Limited Liability Company
36.3.2 Brief Comments on Choosing an Advantageous Business Entity Structure
36.4 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ASSETS
36.5 FINANCING. 36.5.1 Introduction and Overview
36.5.2 Equity Financing
36.5.3 Bank Financing
36.6 EMPLOYMENT LAW. 36.6.1 Employee or Independent Contractor?
36.6.2 Employment Statutes
36.6.2.1 The Fair Labor Standards Act
36.6.2.2 Worker’s Compensation Laws
36.6.2.3 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
36.6.2.4 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act
36.6.2.5 The Americans with Disabilities Act
36.6.2.6 Age Discrimination in Employment Act
36.6.3 Employment Agreements
36.6.4 Compensation with Equity in the New Venture
36.7 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
36.7.1 The Purpose of Financial Statements
36.7.2 Basic Accounting Concepts
36.7.3 The Types of Financial Statements. 36.7.3.1 The Balance Sheet
36.7.3.2 The Income Statement
36.7.3.3 The Cash Flow Statement
36.8 RECOMMENDATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENT
37. Current Events. 37.1 AC VERSUS DC
Bibliography. ELI WHITNEY
CHARLES BABBAGE
FRANK J. SPRAGUE
MARY ANDERSON
CHAPTER 2
CHARLES GOODYEAR
JOHN BOYD DUNLOP
CHAPTER 3
GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE
GIDEON SUNDBACK
CHAPTER 4
JOHN DEERE
ERASTUS BRIGHAM BIGELOW
CHAPTER 5
ALFRED NOBEL
CHAPTER 6
LOUIS PASTEUR
ELISHA OTIS
CHAPTER 7
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
CHAPTER 8
THOMAS EDISON
CHAPTER 9
GEORGE EASTMAN
EMILE BERLINER
CHAPTER 10
OTTMAR MERGENTHALER
THEODORE MAIMAN & GORDON GOULD
CHAPTER 11
NIKOLAUS OTTO AND RUDOLF DIESEL
CHAPTER 12
NIKOLA TESLA
CLARENCE BIRDSEYE
CHAPTER 13
HEDY LAMARR
HERMAN HOLLERITH
CHAPTER 14
ROSALIND FRANKLIN, JAMES WATSON, FRANCIS CRICK, & MAURICE WILKINS
HERBERT W. BOYER & STANLEY N. COHEN
CHAPTER 15
YVONNE BRILL
LUTHER BURBANK
CHAPTER 16
WILBUR AND ORVILLE WRIGHT
CHAPTER 17
ROBERT GODDARD
C. DONALD BATEMAN
CHAPTER 18
CHARLES KETTERING
CALVIN SOUTHER FULLER, GERALD PEARSON AND DARYL CHAPIN
CHAPTER 19
PHILO T. FARNSWORTH
ROBERT ADLER
CHAPTER 20
WILLIS CARRIER
IVAN A GETTING, ROGER L. EASTON AND BRADFORD W. PARKINSON
CHAPTER 21
GRACE HOPPER
HUBBLE TELESCOPE
CHAPTER 22
JOHN BARDEEN, WALTER BRATTAIN AND WILLIAM SHOCKLEY
CHAPTER 23
JACK KILBY AND ROBERT NOYCE
CHAPTER 24
FEDERICO FAGGIN, MARCIAN HOFF, AND STANLEY MAZOR
JOSEPHINE COCHRANE
CHAPTER 25
STEVE WOZNIAK
HAARTSEN – BLUE TOOTH
CHAPTER 26
STEPHANIE KWOLEK – KEVLAR
PERCY JULIAN
CHAPTER 27
CHESTER F. CARLSON
CHAPTER 28
SAMUEL BLUM, JAMES WYNNE AND RANGASWAMY SRINIVASAN
CHAPTER 29
JOHN MAUCHLY AND JOHN PRESPER ECKERT
CHAPTER 30
GEORGE DE MESTRAL
JOHN A. ROEBLING
CHAPTER 31
LES PAUL
CHAPTER 22
IGOR SIKORSKY
FRANK ZAMBONI
CHAPTER 33
FERDINAND VON ZEPPELIN
BERNARD SILVER AND NORMAN WOODLAND
CHAPTER 34
GODFREY HOUNSFELD & ALLAN CORMACK
PAUL LAUTERBUR & PETER MANSFIELD
CHAPTER 35
HARRY COOVER
SPENCER SILVER
CHAPTER 36
CURRENT EVENTS
Index
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