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Hubert Foster. Organization: How Armies are Formed for War
Organization: How Armies are Formed for War
Table of Contents
ERRATA
ABBREVIATIONS
INTRODUCTION
PART I. WAR ORGANIZATION OF THE PRESENT DAY
CHAPTER I. THE OBJECT OF ORGANIZATION
Command
Definition of Organization
The Chain of Command
Units or Formations of Troops
CHAPTER II. THE FIGHTING TROOPS
The Arms of the Service
Characteristics of the Arms
1. CAVALRY. ITS SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
ITS WEAK POINTS
ITS MODE OF FIGHTING
EMPLOYMENT OF CAVALRY IN WAR
2. ARTILLERY
DISADVANTAGES OF ARTILLERY
3. ENGINEERS
(a) WORK WITH THE FIGHTING TROOPS
(b) WORK IN REAR OF THE FIGHTING TROOPS
4. INFANTRY
CHAPTER III. ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITS OF EACH ARM
1. INFANTRY
THE COMPANY
THE BATTALION
THE INFANTRY REGIMENT
THE INFANTRY BRIGADE
2. CAVALRY
THE SQUADRON
THE CAVALRY REGIMENT
THE CAVALRY BRIGADE
3. ARTILLERY
FIELD ARTILLERY
HEAVY ARTILLERY
MOUNTAIN ARTILLERY
THE BATTERY
THE ARTILLERY BRIGADE
HIGHER UNITS OF ARTILLERY
AMMUNITION COLUMNS
BRITISH AMMUNITION SUPPLY
GUN AMMUNITION
SMALL-ARM AMMUNITION. ROUNDS PER RIFLE
ROUNDS PER MACHINE GUN
4. ENGINEERS
CHAPTER IV. NEW VARIETIES OF FIGHTING TROOPS
1. Mounted Infantry
2. Mountain Infantry
3. Mountain Artillery
4. Machine Guns
5. Cavalry Pioneers
6. Cyclists and Motor Cars
MOTOR CAR SERVICE IN WAR
7. Scouts
8. Field Orderlies
9. Military Police
CHAPTER V. FORMATIONS OF ALL ARMS
1. The Division
THE INFANTRY DIVISION
THE CAVALRY DIVISION
2. The Army Corps
MEANING OF THE TERM
REASON FOR ORGANIZATION BY ARMY CORPS
COMPOSITION OF AN ARMY CORPS
3. Cavalry Corps
4. The Army as a Unit
THE ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES
ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES IN FOREIGN ARMIES
CHAPTER VI. THE STAFF
Head-Quarters
COMPOSITION OF HEAD-QUARTERS
Varieties of Staff
THE GENERAL STAFF
THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL’S BRANCH (A.G.)
THE QUARTER-MASTER-GENERAL’S BRANCH (Q.M.G.)
STAFF OF SUBORDINATE COMMANDS
Importance of the Staff
Number of Officers Allotted to the Staff
CHAPTER VII. WAR ESTABLISHMENTS
Their Object and Utility
States and Returns
Reinforcements
Evils of Improvised Organizations
Importance of Preserving Original Organization
The Ordre de Bataille
PART II. BRITISH WAR ORGANIZATION
CHAPTER VIII. THE EXPEDITIONARY FORCE. FIGHTING TROOPS
The Expeditionary Force
Expeditionary Force. COMPOSITION OF SUBORDINATE COMMANDS
CAVALRY BRIGADE
CAVALRY DIVISION
INFANTRY BRIGADE
DIVISION
MOUNTED BRIGADE
ARMY TROOPS
Strength of Field Force and of its Main Subdivisions
STRENGTH OF SUBORDINATE COMMANDS
Total by Arms
TOTAL STRENGTH OF EACH ARM AND SERVICE, IN ROUND NUMBERS
Establishments of Units. INCLUDING THOSE ATTACHED—VIZ. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY OFFICERS, MEN OF MEDICAL CORPS AND ARMY SERVICE CORPS FOR 2ND LINE TRANSPORT
Strength of Units of Fighting Troops
Composition of Head-Quarters
GENERAL HEAD-QUARTERS
ARMY HEAD-QUARTERS
HEAD-QUARTERS OF THE LINES OF COMMUNICATION
HEAD-QUARTERS OF THE BASE
HEAD-QUARTERS OF A DIVISION (INFANTRY OR CAVALRY)
HEAD-QUARTERS OF A BRIGADE OF CAVALRY OR INFANTRY, OF MOUNTED BRIGADES, AND OF DIVISIONAL ARTILLERY
CHAPTER IX. THE EXPEDITIONARY FORCE (continued) ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES
Organization of the Lines Of Communication
1. Service of Inter-communication
WIRELESS TELEGRAPH COMPANY
DIVISIONAL TELEGRAPH COMPANY
ARMY TROOPS TELEGRAPH COMPANIES
BALLOON COMPANIES, FOR RECONNAISSANCE
2. Transport
REGIMENTAL TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT ON THE LINES OF COMMUNICATION
3. Supply
(I.) MOBILE SUPPLIES WITH THE TROOPS
COMPOSITION OF FIELD RATION
DISTRIBUTION OF SUPPLIES
(II.) SUPPLY DEPÔTS ON THE LINES OF COMMUNICATION
INTERIOR ORGANIZATION OF TRANSPORT AND SUPPLY UNITS
4. The Medical Services
(a) WITH THE TROOPS AT THE FRONT
(b) ON THE LINES OF COMMUNICATION
DETAILS OF MEDICAL ORGANIZATION
THE SANITARY SERVICE
CHAPTER X. THE EXPEDITIONARY FORCE (continued) SERVICES ON THE LINES OF COMMUNICATION
5. The Veterinary Service
THE REMOUNT SERVICE
6. The Ordnance Services
ARRANGEMENTS FOR AMMUNITION SUPPLY
GUN AMMUNITION
SMALL-ARM AMMUNITION
7. The Railway Services
8. The Works Service
9. The Postal Service
10. The Accounts Department
11. The Records Branch
12. Depôts for Personnel
CHAPTER XI. THE TERRITORIAL FORCE—THE INDIAN ARMY
The Territorial Force
The Army of India
Indian Army Organization
Cavalry Brigade
Infantry Brigade (British or Indian)
Infantry Division
CHAPTER XII. SPECIAL FEATURES OF BRITISH WAR ORGANIZATION
Organization by Divisions
Facility of Subdivision
Staff
Cavalry Organization
Machine Guns
Field Artillery
Ammunition Supply
Engineers
Organization of the Division
Inter-communication
Lines of Communication
Finance and Clerical Work
Postal Service
Reinforcements
PART III. ORGANIZATION OF FOREIGN ARMIES
CHAPTER XIII. WAR ORGANIZATION OF THE FIGHTING TROOPS
Normal War Organization of Foreign Armies
INFANTRY
CAVALRY
FIELD ARTILLERY
Rank of the Officers commanding the above Formations
GERMANY
Infantry
Cavalry
Artillery. FIELD ARTILLERY
HEAVY ARTILLERY
Ammunition Columns
FRANCE
Infantry
Cavalry
Artillery. FIELD ARTILLERY
HEAVY ARTILLERY
RUSSIA
Infantry
Cavalry
Artillery
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
Infantry
Cavalry
Artillery
HEAVY ARTILLERY
MOUNTAIN ARTILLERY
ITALY
Infantry
Cavalry
Artillery
JAPAN
Infantry
Cavalry
Field Artillery
SWITZERLAND
Infantry
Cavalry
Artillery
UNITED STATES
Infantry
Cavalry
Artillery
CHAPTER XIV. COMPOSITION OF NATIONAL ARMIES
Armies of First Line
Armies of Second Line (Reserve or Territorial Armies)
Reserves
Table of War Strengths of the Various Powers
TOTAL WAR STRENGTH
A. ARMIES ORGANIZED BY ARMY CORPS
B. ARMIES ORGANIZED BY DIVISIONS
PART IV. HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER XV. ORGANIZATION IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
A Sketch of the Origin of Organization as seen in the Early Standing Armies of Europe
The Regiment
EARLIEST REGIMENTAL ORGANIZATION
CHAPTER XVI. THE EVOLUTION OF INFANTRY
The Halberd and Pike
The Firearm
Musketeers
Infantry under Maurice of Nassau
Brigades
Battalions
Spanish Infantry—Sixteenth Century
Infantry under Gustavus
French Infantry
Fusiliers
Grenadiers
Light Infantry
Light Infantry and Rifles
CHAPTER XVII. THE EVOLUTION OF CAVALRY
Origin of true Cavalry in the “Reiters”
Light Horse
CHAPTER XVIII. THE EVOLUTION OF ARTILLERY AND ENGINEERS
The Artillery
GUNS
The Evolution of the Engineers
CHAPTER XIX. ORGANIZATION IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES
The “New Model” Army
The Armies of the Eighteenth Century
UNIFORM
MILITARY MUSIC
FLAGS OR COLOURS
CHAPTER XX. ORGANIZATION IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
Organization in the Wars following the French Revolution
DIVISIONS
CORPS D’ARMÉE (ARMY CORPS)
DETAILS OF NAPOLEON’S ORGANIZATION
STRENGTH OF ARMY CORPS
Prussian Organization in the Nineteenth Century
Proportions of the Arms
CAVALRY AND INFANTRY
GUNS AND INFANTRY
CHAPTER XXI. THE EVOLUTION OF THE STAFF AND ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES
1. The Staff
UNITED STATES STAFF IN THE CIVIL WAR
PRUSSIAN STAFF IN 1870
2. The Supply and Transport Services
3. The Medical Organization for War
PART V. MILITARY COMMAND
CHAPTER XXII. PRINCIPLES OF COMMAND
Mode of exercising Command
Instructions
Orders
Division Commanders
Limits of Initiative in Staff Officers
CHAPTER XXIII. PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ARMIES
APPENDIX A. ORIGIN OF MILITARY TERMS
1. RANKS AND OFFICES
2. VARIETIES OF TROOPS, AND THEIR UNITS AND FORMATIONS
3. ARMS AND ACCOUTREMENTS
4. MISCELLANEOUS
APPENDIX B. REMARKS ON MILITARY NOMENCLATURE
