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ОглавлениеPhysical chemists
Job Hunting
A Practical Manual for Job-Hunters and Career-Changers
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Copyright
Notice of Rights
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. No Claim to Orig. U.S. Govt. Works.
Notice of Liability
The information in this book is distributed on an As Is basis without warranty. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of the book, neither the author nor the publisher shall have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the instructions contained in this book or by the products described in it.
Trademarks
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations appear as requested by the owner of the trademark. All other product names and services identified throughout this book are used in editorial fashion only and for the benefit of such companies with no intention of infringement of the trademark. No such use, or the use of any trade name, is intended to convey endorsement or other affiliation with this book.
Good solid advice and great strategies
for getting interviews and landing the Physical chemists job.
To Prepare for the Job this book tells you:
the training and education needed
earnings
expected job prospects
the job’s activities and responsibilities
working conditions
To Land the Job, it gives you the hands-on and how-to’s insight on
Finding Opportunities - the best places to find them
Writing Unbeatable Resumes and Cover Letters
Acing the Interview
What to Expect From Recruiters
How employers hunt for Job-hunters.... and More
This book offers excellent, insightful advice for everyone from entry-level to senior professionals. None of the other such career guides compare with this one. It stands out because it:
Explains how the people doing the hiring think, so that you can win them over on paper and then in your interview;
Is filled with useful cheat and work-sheets;
Explains every step of the job-hunting process - from little-known ways for finding openings to getting ahead on the job.
This book covers everything. Whether you are trying to get your first Job or move up in the system, you will be glad you got this book.
Contents
FINDING AND APPLYING FOR Physical chemists JOBS AND EVALUATING OFFERS
Where to Learn About Job Openings
School career planning and placement offices.
Classified ads.
Internet resources.
Labor unions.
State employment service offices.
Job matching and referral.
Services for special groups.
Federal Government.
Community agencies.
Private employment agencies and career consultants.
Internships.
Applying for a Physical chemists Job
Resumes and application forms.
Gathering information.
Choosing a format.
Resume and KSA (knowledge, skills & abilities) tips:
Cover letters.
Physical chemists Job Interview Tips
Preparation:
Personal appearance:
The interview:
Information to bring to an interview:
Evaluating a Physical chemists Job Offer
The organization.
Should you work for a relatively new organization or one that is well established?
The job
Where is the job located?
Does the work match your interests and make good use of your skills?
How important is the job to the company or organization?
What will the hours be?
How long do most people who enter this job stay with the company?
The company should have a training plan for you.
Salaries and benefits.
WHAT TO EXPECT FROM THE OTHER SIDE OF THE TABLE…
THE INTERVIEW AND SELECTION PROCESS
Step 1
Technical Competencies Assessment Guide
Step 2
Determine the Customer Service Focused
Competencies of the Job
Definitions:
Responsible.
Likeable.
Believable.
Outgoing.
Unflappable.
CUSTOMER SERVICE FOCUSED BEHAVIORS ASSESSMENT GUIDE
Step 3
Develop Interview Questions to Assess Both
Technical and Customer Service
Focused Competencies
Step 4
Conducting the Interview
Step 5
Background and Reference Checks
Making a Job Offer
Confirming Job Offer Letter
Informing Unsuccessful Candidates
Retention of Interview Materials
SAMPLE CUSTOMER SERVICE FOCUSED INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
Responsible
Likeable
Believable
Outgoing
Unflappable
INTERVIEWING Physical chemists
A Practical Guide for Selecting
THE INTERVIEW PROCESS
Planning
Confirming/Scheduling Interview
Conducting the Interview
Closing
Follow Up
TIPS ON INTERVIEWING
Interview Questions To Get You Started
Supervisor and Manager Competencies
Interviewing People With Disabilities
Accommodating Persons With Disabilities For An Interview
Interview Do’s and Don’ts
CHECKING REFERENCES
Which References Should I Check?
Tips for Checking References
The Reference Check Questions To Ask
Prohibited Questions and Practices
RECORDING A PROFILE OF IMPRESSIONS
Supervisory and Managerial Competencies:
Building Coalitions/Communication:
Recruiting Physical chemists - It Takes More Than A Job Announcement
Before Submitting the Vacancy
When the Vacancy Announcement is Open
Once the Certificate of Eligibles is Received
After The Selection is Made
ASSESSING YOUR RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION PRACTICES
Policies and Procedures
Recruitment Strategies
“There are few, if any, jobs in which ability alone is sufficient. Needed, also, are loyalty, sincerity, enthusiasm and team play.” - William B. Given, Jr.
“When people go to work, they shouldn’t have to leave their hearts at home.” - Betty Bender
“One machine can do the work of fifty ordinary men. No machine can do the work of one extraordinary man.” - Elbert Hubbard
”To find joy in work is to discover the fountain of youth.” - Pearl S. Buck
“One of the symptoms of an approaching nervous breakdown is the belief that one’s work is terribly important.” - Bertrand Russell
“Opportunity is missed by most people because it is dressed in overalls and looks like work.” - Thomas A. Edison
“Far and away the best prize that life offers is the chance to work hard at work worth doing.” - Theodore Roosevelt
“Going to work for a large company is like getting on a train. Are you going sixty miles an hour or is the train going sixty miles an hour and you’re just sitting still?” - J. Paul Getty
“The world is full of willing people, some willing to work, the rest willing to let them.” - Robert Frost
“So much of what we call management consists in making it difficult for people to work.” - Peter Drucker
”Nothing is really work unless you would rather be doing something else.” - James M. Barrie
”I’m a great believer in luck, and I find the harder I work the more I have of it.” - Thomas Jefferson
“Success in business requires training and discipline and hard work. But if you’re not frightened by these things, the opportunities are just as great today as they ever were.” - David Rockefeller
Physical chemists FACTS:
Summary, What Physical chemists do, Work Environment, How to become one, Pay, Job Outlook, Similar Occupations and Contacts for More Information.
Chemists and Materials Scientists
Summary
Chemists and materials scientists use powerful microscopes to examine the structures of substances.
Quick Facts: Chemists and Materials Scientists
2010 Median Pay $69,790 per year
$33.55 per hour
Entry-Level Education Bachelor’s degree
Work Experience in a Related Occupation None
On-the-job Training None
Number of Jobs, 2010 90,900
Job Outlook, 2010-20 4% (Slower than average)
Employment Change, 2010-20 4,000
What Chemists and Materials Scientists Do
Chemists and materials scientists study the structures, compositions, reactions, and other properties of substances. They use their knowledge to develop new and improved products, processes, and materials.
Work Environment
Chemists and materials scientists work in laboratories and offices. They typically work full time and regular hours.
How to Become a Chemist or Materials Scientist
Chemists and materials scientists need at least a bachelor’s degree in chemistry or a related field. However, a master’s degree or Ph.D. is needed for many research jobs.
Pay
The median annual wage of chemists was $68,320 in May 2010. The median annual wage of materials scientists was $84,720 in May 2010.
Job Outlook
Employment of chemists and materials scientists is expected to increase by 4 percent from 2010 to 2020, slower than the average for all occupations. Chemists and materials scientists with an advanced degree, particularly those with a Ph.D., are expected to experience better opportunities.
Similar Occupations
Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of chemists and materials scientists with similar occupations.
O*NET
O*NET provides comprehensive information on key characteristics of workers and occupations.
Contacts for More Information
Learn more about chemists and materials scientists by contacting these additional resources.
What Chemists and Materials Scientists Do
Most chemists and materials scientists work as part of a team.
Chemists and materials scientists study the structures, compositions, reactions, and other properties of substances. They use their knowledge to develop new and improved products, processes, and materials.
Duties
Chemists and materials scientists typically do the following:
Plan and carry out complex research projects, such as the development of new products, processes, and testing methods
Direct technicians and other workers in testing procedures to analyze components and physical properties of materials
Instruct scientists and technicians on proper chemical processing and testing procedures, such as ingredients, mixing times, and operating temperatures
Prepare test solutions, compounds, and reagents (such as acids) used in laboratory procedures
Analyze substances to determine their chemical and physical properties, such as their structure and composition
Conduct tests on materials and other substances to ensure that safety and quality standards are met
Write technical reports that detail methods and findings
Present research findings to scientists, engineers, and other colleagues
Many chemists and materials scientists work in basic and applied research. In basic research, chemists investigate the properties, composition, and structure of matter. They also experiment with the laws that govern the combination of elements and reactions of substances to each other.
In applied research, chemists create new products and processes or improve existing ones, often using knowledge gained from basic research. Chemistry research has led to the discovery and development of new and improved drugs, plastics, cleaners, and thousands of other products.
Almost all materials scientists work in applied research. They study the structures and chemical properties of various materials to develop new products or enhance existing ones. They also determine ways to strengthen or combine materials or develop new materials for use in a variety of products. Applications of materials science include superconducting materials, ceramics, and metallic alloys.
Chemists and materials scientists use computers and a wide variety of sophisticated laboratory instrumentation for modeling, simulation, and experimental analysis. For example, some chemists use three-dimensional (3D) computer modeling software to study the structure and other properties of complex molecules that they make.
Most chemists and materials scientists work as part of a team. An increasing number of scientific research projects involve multiple disciplines, and it is common for chemists and materials scientists to work on teams with other scientists, such as biologists and physicists, computer specialists, and engineers. For example, in pharmaceutical research, chemists may work with biologists to develop new drugs and with engineers to design ways to mass produce them. For more information, see the profiles on biochemists and biophysicists, microbiologists, zoologists and wildlife biologists, physicists and astronomers, computer and information technology occupations, and engineers.
Chemists often specialize in a particular branch of the field. The following are examples of some types of chemists:
Analytical chemists determine the structure, composition, and nature of substances by examining and identifying their various elements or compounds. They also study the relationships and interactions between the parts of compounds and develop new techniques for carrying out their work. Their research has a wide range of applications, including food safety, pharmaceuticals, and pollution control.
Inorganic chemists study the structure, properties, and reactions of molecules that do not contain carbon, such as metals. They work to understand the behavior and the characteristics of inorganic substances. Inorganic chemists figure out how these materials can be modified, separated, or used in products, such as ceramics and superconductors.
Medicinal chemists research and develop chemical compounds that can be used as pharmaceutical drugs. They work on teams with other scientists and engineers to create and test new drug products. They also help develop new and improved manufacturing processes to produce new drugs on a large scale effectively.
Organic chemists study the structure, properties, and reactions of molecules that contain carbon. They also design and make new organic substances that have unique properties and applications. These compounds have, in turn, been used to develop many commercial products, such as pharmaceutical drugs and plastics.
Physical chemists study the fundamental characteristics of how matter behaves on a molecular and atomic level and how chemical reactions occur. Based on their analyses, physical chemists may develop new theories, such as how complex structures are formed. Physical chemists often work closely with materials scientists to research and develop potential uses for new materials.
A growing numbers of chemists work in interdisciplinary fields, such as biochemistry and geochemistry. For more information, see the profiles on biochemists and biophysicists and geoscientists.
Many people with a chemistry background become professors or teachers. For more information, see the profiles on high school teachers and postsecondary teachers.
Work Environment
Chemists must wear protective clothing such as gloves and goggles when handling hazardous chemicals.
Chemists and material scientists held about 90,900 jobs in 2010. The industries employing the largest numbers of chemists in 2010 were the following:
Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences 19%
Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing 18
Testing laboratories 11
Federal government, excluding postal service 8
Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state, local, and private 5
Most materials scientists work in manufacturing and scientific research and development.
Chemists and materials scientists typically work in laboratories and offices where they conduct experiments and analyze their results. In addition to laboratories, materials scientists work with engineers and processing specialists in industrial manufacturing facilities. Some chemists also work in these facilities and are usually responsible for monitoring the environmental conditions at the plant.
Chemists and materials scientists can be exposed to health or safety hazards when handling certain chemicals, but there is little risk if proper procedures are followed.
Work Schedules
Most chemists and materials scientists work full time and regular hours, though longer hours are common.
How to Become a Chemist or Materials Scientist
Most chemists and materials scientists work in laboratories.
Chemists and materials scientists need at least a bachelor’s degree in chemistry or a related field. However, a master’s degree or Ph.D. is needed for many research jobs.
Education
A bachelor’s degree in chemistry or in a related field is needed for entry-level chemist jobs. Although some materials scientists hold a degree in materials science, these scientists commonly have a degree in chemistry, physics, or engineering. Many employers, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry, prefer to hire chemists and materials scientists with a Ph.D and postdoctoral experience to lead basic and applied research.
Many colleges and universities offer degree programs in chemistry. The number of colleges that offer degree programs in materials science is small but gradually increasing. Also, many engineering schools offer degrees in the joint field of materials science and engineering.
Undergraduate chemistry majors are typically required to take courses in analytical, organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry. In addition to chemistry coursework, they also take classes in mathematics, biological sciences, and physics. Computer science courses are essential, because chemists and materials scientists need computer skills to perform modeling and simulation tasks and to operate computerized laboratory equipment.
Experience, either in a college or university laboratory, or through internships, fellowships, or work-study programs in industry, is also useful.
Graduate students studying chemistry commonly specialize in a subfield, such as analytical chemistry or inorganic chemistry, depending on their interests and the kind of work they wish to do. For example, those interested in doing research in the pharmaceutical industry usually develop a strong background in medicinal or organic chemistry.
Important Qualities
Analytical skills. Chemists and materials scientists need to be able to carry out scientific experiments and studies. They must be precise and accurate in their analyses because any errors could invalidate their research.
Critical-thinking skills. Chemists and materials scientists carefully evaluate their own work and the work of others. They must determine if results and conclusions are based on sound science.
Mathematical skills. Chemists and materials scientists regularly use complex mathematical equations and formulas, and they need a broad understanding of mathematics, including calculus, algebra, and statistics.
Problem-solving skills. Chemists and materials scientists research and develop new and improved chemical products, processes, and materials. This work requires a great deal of trial and error on the part of chemists and materials scientists before a unique solution is found.
Speaking skills. Chemists and materials scientists frequently give presentations that describe their findings.
Teamwork. Chemists and materials scientists typically work on research teams. They need to be able to work well with others towards a common goal. Many serve in a leadership capacity and need to able to motivate and direct other team members.
Writing skills. Chemists and materials scientists often write memos, reports, and research papers that explain their findings.
Advancement
Chemists typically receive greater responsibility and independence in their work as they gain experience. Greater responsibility is also gained through further education. Ph.D. chemists usually lead research teams and have control over the direction and content of projects.
Some chemists and materials scientists move into managerial positions, often as natural sciences managers. For more information, see the profile on natural sciences managers.
Pay
Chemists and Materials Scientists
Median annual wages, May 2010
Materials Scientists
$84,720
Chemists and Materials Scientists
$69,790
Chemists
$68,320
Total, All Occupations
$33,840
All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
The median annual wage of chemists was $68,320 in May 2010. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $39,250, and the top 10 percent earned more than $116,130.
Median annual wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of chemists in May 2010 were the following:
Federal government, excluding postal service $100,910
Research and development in the physical,
engineering, and life sciences 77,110
Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing 67,540
Testing laboratories 52,220
Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state,
local, and private 49,430
The median annual wage for materials scientists was $84,720 in May 2010. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $45,810, and the top 10 percent earned more than $130,070.
Most chemists and materials scientists work full time and keep regular hours, though longer hours are not uncommon.
Job Outlook
Chemists and Materials Scientists
Percent change in employment, projected 2010-20
Total, All Occupations
14%
Materials Scientists
10%
Chemists and Materials Scientists
4%
Chemists
4%
All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.
Employment of chemists and materials scientists is expected to increase by 4 percent from 2010 to 2020, slower than the average for all occupations.
Employment of chemists is expected to grow by 4 percent, as they will continue to be needed in scientific research and development and to monitor the quality of chemical products and processes.
Employment of materials scientists is expected to grow by 10 percent, owing to demand for cheaper, safer, and better quality materials for a variety of purposes, such as electronics, energy, and transportation.
Declines in employment of chemists is expected at chemical and drug manufacturers. To control costs and minimize risks, many of these companies are expected to partner with research universities and smaller scientific research and development (R&D) and testing services firms to perform work formerly done by in-house chemists. Additionally, companies in these industries are expected to conduct an increasing amount of manufacturing and R&D in other countries, further limiting domestic employment growth.
Environmental research will offer many new opportunities for chemists and materials scientists. For example, chemical manufacturing industries will continue to invest billions of dollars each year to develop technologies and processes that reduce pollution and improve energy efficiency at manufacturing facilities.
Also, the development of improved battery technologies and alternative energy sources should lead to greater demand for chemists and materials scientists. Chemists will continue to be needed to monitor pollution levels at manufacturing facilities and ensure compliance with local, state, and federal environmental regulations.
Job Prospects
In addition to job openings resulting from employment growth, some job openings will result from the need to replace chemists and materials scientists who retire or otherwise leave the occupations.
Chemists and materials scientists with advanced degrees, particularly those with a Ph.D., are expected to experience better opportunities. Large pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms provide openings for these workers at research laboratories, and many others work in colleges and universities. Furthermore, chemists with advanced degrees will continue to fill most senior research and upper-management positions.
Employment projections data for chemists and materials scientists, 2010-20
Occupational Title SOC Code Employment, 2010 Projected Employment, 2020 Change, 2010-20 Employment by Industry
Percent Numeric
Chemists and Materials Scientists
19-2030 90,900 94,900 4 4,000
Chemists
19-2031 82,200 85,400 4 3,200
Materials Scientists
19-2032 8,700 9,500 10 900
Similar Occupations
This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of chemists and materials scientists.
OCCUPATION JOB DUTIES ENTRY-LEVEL EDUCATION MEDIAN ANNUAL PAY, MAY 2010
Agricultural and Food Scientists
Agricultural and food scientists work to ensure agricultural productivity and food safety.
See How to Become One $58,450
Biochemists and Biophysicists
Biochemists and biophysicists study the chemical and physical principles of living things and of biological processes such as cell development, growth, and heredity.
Doctoral or professional degree $79,390
Chemical Engineers
Chemical engineers apply the principles of chemistry, biology, and physics to solve problems. These problems involve the production or use of chemicals, fuel, drugs, food, and many other products. They design processes and equipment for large-scale safe and sustainable manufacturing, plan and test methods of manufacturing products and treating byproducts, and supervise production.
Bachelor’s degree $90,300
Environmental Scientists and Specialists
Environmental scientists and specialists use their knowledge of the natural sciences to protect the environment. They identify problems and find solutions that minimize hazards to the health of the environment and the population.
Bachelor’s degree $61,700
Geoscientists
Geoscientists study the physical aspects of the Earth, such as its composition, structure, and processes, to learn about its past, present, and future.
Bachelor’s degree $82,500
High School Teachers
High school teachers help prepare students for life after graduation. They teach academic lessons and various skills that students will need to attend college and to enter the job market.
Bachelor’s degree $53,230
Materials Engineers
Materials engineers develop, process, and test materials used to create a range of products, from computer chips and aircraft wings to golf clubs and snow skis. They also help select materials and develop new ways to use materials.
Bachelor’s degree $83,120
Natural Sciences Managers
Natural sciences managers supervise the work of scientists, including chemists, physicists, and biologists. They direct research and development projects and coordinate activities such as testing, quality control, and production.
Bachelor’s degree $116,020
Physicists and Astronomers
Physicists and astronomers study the fundamental nature of the universe, ranging from the vastness of space to the smallest of subatomic particles. They develop new technologies, methods, and theories based on the results of their research that deepen our understanding of how things work and contribute to innovative, real-world applications.
Doctoral or professional degree $105,430
Postsecondary Teachers
Postsecondary teachers instruct students in a wide variety of academic and vocational subjects beyond the high school level. They also conduct research and publish scholarly papers and books.
Doctoral or professional degree $62,050
Contacts for More Information
For information on career opportunities, earnings, and education for chemists and materials scientists, visit
American Chemical Society
For information on obtaining a position as a chemist with the federal government, visit
USAJOBS
This chapter provides clear insight in the current state of Physical chemists jobs - the next chapter covers how to find and apply for Physical chemists jobs.
FINDING AND APPLYING FOR Physical chemists JOBS AND EVALUATING OFFERS
Finding—and getting—a job you want can be a challenging process, but knowing more about job search methods and application techniques can increase your chances of success. And knowing how to judge the job offers you receive makes it more likely that you will end up with the best possible job.
Where to learn About Job Openings
Job Search Methods
Applying for a Job
Job Interview Tips
Evaluating a Job Offer
Where to Learn About Job Openings
Personal contacts
School career planning and placement offices
Employers
Classified ads:
National and local newspapers
Professional journals
Trade magazines
Internet resources
Professional associations
Labor unions
State employment service offices
Federal Government
Community agencies
Private employment agencies and career consultants
Internships
Job Search Methods
Finding a job can take months of time and effort. But you can speed the process by using many methods to find job openings. Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics suggest that people who use many job search methods find jobs faster than people who use only one or two.
Personal contacts.
Many jobs are never advertised. People get them by talking to friends, family, neighbors, acquaintances, teachers, former coworkers, and others who know of an opening. Be sure to tell people that you are looking for a job because the people you know may be some of the most effective resources for your search. To develop new contacts, join student, community, or professional organizations.
School career planning and placement offices.
High school and college placement offices help their students and alumni find jobs. Some invite recruiters to use their facilities for interviews or career fairs. They also may have lists of open jobs. Most also offer career counseling, career testing, and job search advice. Some have career resource libraries; host workshops on job search strategy, resume writing, letter writing, and effective interviewing; critique drafts of resumes; conduct mock interviews; and sponsor job fairs.
Employers.
