Оглавление
Ian W. Hamley. Small-Angle Scattering
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Professor Ian Hamley's Book Publications
Small‐Angle Scattering. Theory, Instrumentation, Data, and Applications
Preface
1 Basic Theory. 1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 WAVENUMBER AND SCATTERING AMPLITUDE
1.3 INTENSITY FOR ANISOTROPIC AND ISOTROPIC SYSTEMS AND RELATIONSHIPS TO PAIR DISTANCE DISTRIBUTION AND AUTOCORRELATION FUNCTIONS. 1.3.1 General (Anisotropic) Scattering
1.3.2 Isotropic Scattering Systems
1.4 GUINIER APPROXIMATION
1.5 FORM AND STRUCTURE FACTORS
1.6.1 Analytical Expressions
1.6.2 Periodic Structures and Bragg Reflections
1.6.3 Partially Ordered Systems and Paracrystals
1.6.4 The Phase Problem
1.6.5 Fractal Structures
1.6.6 Microemulsions
1.6.7 Integral Equation Theories, Closures, and Structure Factors
1.7 FORM FACTORS. 1.7.1 Examples of Form Factor Expressions
1.7.2 Limiting Behaviours
1.7.3 Factoring Scattering from the Particle Cross‐Section
1.7.4 Effect of Polydispersity
1.8 FORM AND STRUCTURE FACTORS FOR POLYMERS
REFERENCES
2 Data Analysis. 2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 PRE-MEASUREMENT SAMPLE CONCENTRATION AND POLYDISPERSITY MEASUREMENTS
2.3 OVERVIEW: DATA REDUCTION PIPELINE
2.4 CORRECTIONS FOR SAMPLE TRANSMISSION AND OTHERS
2.5 BACKGROUND CORRECTIONS
2.6 DETECTOR CORRECTIONS, MASK FILES, AND INTEGRATION
2.7 ANISOTROPIC DATA
2.8 CALIBRATION OF Q SCALE
2.9 ABSOLUTE INTENSITY CALIBRATION
2.10 ABSORPTION
2.11 SMEARING EFFECTS
2.12 SOLUTION SAXS DATA CHECKS
2.13 POROD REGIME
2.14 KRATKY PLOTS
2.15 ZIMM PLOTS
2.16 INVARIANT AND RELATED INFORMATION CONTENT FROM SAS MEASUREMENTS
2.17 FORM FACTOR FITTING
2.18 SAS SOFTWARE
REFERENCES
3 Instrumentation for SAXS and SANS. 3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 SYNCHROTRON FACILITIES
3.3 NEUTRON SCATTERING FACILITIES
3.4 SYNCHROTRON SAXS INSTRUMENTATION
3.5 LABORATORY SAXS INSTRUMENTATION
3.6 SANS INSTRUMENTATION
3.7 ULTRA‐SMALL‐ANGLE SCATTERING INSTRUMENTS
3.8 STANDARD SAMPLE ENVIRONMENTS – SAXS
3.9 STANDARD SAMPLE ENVIRONMENTS – SANS
3.10 STANDARD SAMPLE ENVIRONMENTS – GISAS
3.11 MICROFOCUS SAXS AND WAXS
3.12.1 Stopped Flow
3.12.2 Rheology
Couette Cells
Plate Rheometers
Continuous Flow
Other Flow Systems
3.12.3 Tensile Deformation
3.12.4 Pressure Cells
3.12.5 Temperature Jump
3.12.6 Microfluidic Devices
3.12.7 Electrical and Magnetic Fields
3.12.8 Controlled Humidity
3.12.9 Gas‐Phase SAS
3.12.10 Simultaneous Spectroscopic Measurements
3.12.11 Simultaneous SAXS and Light Scattering
REFERENCES
4 Applications and Specifics of SAXS. 4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 PRODUCTION OF X‐RAYS
4.3 SCATTERING PROCESSES FOR X‐RAYS
4.4 ATOMIC SCATTERING FACTORS
4.5 ANOMALOUS SAXS AND SAXS CONTRAST VARIATION
4.6 BIOSAXS: SOLUTION SAXS FROM BIOMACROMOLECULES, ESPECIALLY PROTEINS
4.6.1 Determination of Pair Distance Distribution Function
4.6.2 Reconstruction of SAXS Profiles from Known Structures (pdb Files)
4.6.3 Particle Shape Envelope Reconstruction
4.6.4 Dummy Atom Models for SAXS Profile Reconstruction
4.7 SOLUTION SAXS FROM MULTI‐DOMAIN AND FLEXIBLE MACROMOLECULES
4.8 SOLUTION SAXS FROM MULTI‐COMPONENT SYSTEMS – BIOMOLECULAR ASSEMBLIES
4.9 PROTEIN STRUCTURE FACTOR SAXS
4.10 SAXS (AND WAXS) STUDIES OF SOFT MATTER SYSTEMS
4.11 SAXS AND WAXS FROM SEMICRYSTALLINE POLYMERS
4.12 LIPID PHASES: ELECTRON DENSITY PROFILE RECONSTRUCTION
4.13 SAXS STUDIES OF PEPTIDE AND LIPOPEPTIDE ASSEMBLIES
4.14 SAXS STUDIES OF THE STRUCTURE FACTOR OF COLLOIDS
4.15 SAXS AND SAXS/WAXS STUDIES OF BIOMATERIALS
4.16 FAST TIME‐RESOLVED SAXS
REFERENCES
5 Applications and Specifics of SANS. 5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 PRODUCTION OF NEUTRONS
5.3 DIFFERENTIAL SCATTERING CROSS‐SECTION
5.4 SCATTERING LENGTHS
5.5 SANS DATA REDUCTION CONSIDERATIONS
5.5.1 Resolution Function
5.5.2 Multiple Scattering
5.5.3 Inelastic Scattering
5.6 CONTRAST VARIATION. 5.6.1 Introduction
5.6.2 Contrast Variation Studies on Polymers
5.6.3 Contrast Variation Studies on Microemulsions
5.6.4 Contrast Variation Studies on Lipid Mixtures
5.6.5 Contrast Variation Studies of Proteins and Protein Complexes
5.7 SINGLE MOLECULE SCATTERING FROM MIXTURES OF PROTONATED AND DEUTERATED MOLECULES
5.8 SANS FROM LABELLED POLYMERS
5.9 KINETIC SANS USING LABELLED MIXTURES
5.10 ULTRA‐SMALL‐ANGLE SANS (USANS)
5.11 SANS AND USANS (AND SAXS AND USAXS) STUDIES ON POROUS STRUCTURES
5.12 SANS ON MAGNETIC MATERIALS. 5.12.1 Unpolarized Neutron Beam
5.12.2 Polarized Neutron Beams
5.13 SPIN‐ECHO SANS (SESANS)
5.14 COMPLEMENTARY SAXS AND SANS
REFERENCES
6 Grazing‐Incidence Small‐Angle Scattering. 6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 BASIC QUANTITIES: DEFINITION OF ANGLES, REFRACTIVE INDEX, AND SCATTERING LENGTH DENSITY
6.3 CHARACTERISTIC SCANS. 6.3.1 Specular Reflectivity (z Scan)
6.3.2 Other Scans
6.4 THE DISTORTED WAVE BORN APPROXIMATION
6.5 DATA ANALYSIS
6.6 EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLES OF GISAS DATA
6.6.1 Block Copolymer Films
6.6.2 Nanoparticles
6.6.3 Kinetic and In situ Studies
6.7 EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLES OF GIWAXS/GIXD DATA
REFERENCES
Index
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